Lessons of Integration of Aliens into Finland between 1917 and 1944

Global Politician, NY
Dec 12 2004
Lessons of Integration of Aliens into Finland between 1917 and 1944
12/13/2004
By Antero Leitzinger

When Finland became independent on 6th of December 1917, the
constitution, dating back to Swedish rule over a century earlier,
required all Finnish citizens to be of Evangelical Lutheran faith.
Exceptions had been made regarding other Protestant, Roman Catholic,
and Russian Orthodox religions (after all, the Grand Duke himself, as
Emperor of Russia, was Orthodox). Non-Christians, however, were
excluded from the citizenship. They included Jews and Muslims. Jews
in Finland were Yiddish-speaking immigrants from Russia, who were
later integrated into the Swedish-speaking minority. Muslims in
Finland were mainly Turkic-speaking Mishar Tatars from the Middle
Volga region, who were later integrated into the Finnish-speaking
majority, but who have retained their own mother tongue. There are
still about 1000 Jews and almost equally many Tatars in Finland. How
were they naturalised?
A distinct Finnish citizenship had developed by 1832, when the Grand
Duke (Emperor) declared, that all applications would be subjected to
his approval. Since then, the citizenship was applied and all
applications are preserved in the National Archive. Although Finns
enjoyed full rights everywhere in the Russian Empire, Russian
subjects did not automatically enjoy full rights in Finland. The
Finnish citizenship was a restricted privilege. Because of the
tendencies of Russification, no law of citizenship was passed until
in 1920 when Finland was already independent. Instead, many different
decrees and political considerations regulated the acquisition of
Finnish citizenship.
In 1914, out of three million inhabitants in Finland, an estimated 40
000 were foreigners – mostly Russian subjects. Their number decreased
since then, and only in the 1990s did both the number and the
proportion of foreigners in Finland pass the pre-independence level.
The most alien minorities were the Jews and Muslims, whose
integration within a generation was an interesting achievement. The
Jews have been studied among others by Taimi Torvinen in “Kadimah –
Suomen juutalaisten historia” (Keuruu 1989) [“Kadimah – the history
of Finland’s Jews”], and the Muslims by Antero Leitzinger in
“Mishäärit – Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteisö” (Helsinki 1996) [“The
Mishars – Finland’s old Islamic community”].
Jews in Russia suffered heavily from the pogroms starting in April
1881. Although international attention forced the government to deny
its direct responsibility, laws officially restricted the freedom of
residence, occupation, and education of the Jews even more. In 1891,
Jews were systematically ousted from Moscow. (Torvinen, p. 43-44)
Pogroms were repeated in 1897, 1899, 1903, and 1904-1905. Finland,
however, was more liberal-minded, sought Western support, and
emphasised the rule of law in order to strengthen its autonomy as a
Grand Duchy. After a long legal process, Jews were declared equal by
law on 12th of January, 1918.
Both Jews and Muslim started to apply Finnish citizenship in 1918.
The Muslims, however, could be accepted only after general freedom of
religion was declared in the constitution by 1919. The naturalisation
proceeded slowly, although three quarters of the Jews were born in
Finland by 1920. (Torvinen, p. 107-108)
THE ATTITUDES OF THE FINNISH AUTHORITIES
Finnish authorities were initially relatively positive regarding the
social and political activities of Russian emigrant groups, specially
of the “frontier nations”, among whom the Tatars were considered
potentially influential. Finnish politicians and academicians met
with Tatar leaders, like Sadri Maksudi, president of Idel-Ural, an
autonomous republic in the Middle Volga region in 1917-1918. Even
when it became obvious, that the Idel-Ural autonomy was crushed and
Soviet power established all over Russia, Tatar nationalism was
considered friendly and it was encouraged by Finns. This made a
lasting impression on several Tatar activists, who later promoted
Finland in various international forums. Musa Jarullah Bigi, a
Crimean Tatar cleric, spoke warmly about Finns in a pan-Islamic world
congress in Jerusalem in 1932. (Helsingin Sanomat 28.2.1932)
The Finnish security police (Etsivä keskuspoliisi, EK; later
Valtiollinen poliisi, Valpo) screened through all citizenship
applications and rejected many on accounts of political suspicions,
if the applicants were suspected of communist sympathies. In
September 1920, however, the Border Land commandant Heinrichs
complained to the foreign minister, that most Russian emigrants were
“rich Jews”, and that “appealing to humanity is nothing but a
despicable Jewish business trick”. (Kristiina Erhola: “Suomen
pakolaispolitiikka 1917-1922” [Finnish Refugee Policy], Licentiate
work in the Helsinki University Political Sciences Department, 1994,
p. 233) In July 1921, the Interior Ministry was reported to have
started restricting immigration by turning down asylum applications.
Professor Yrjö Jahnsson intervened in behalf of Tatars and other
“frontier nations” and attributed the change of climate to the
“agitation” of the EK. (File 5 of the private collection of Yrjö and
Hilma Jahnsson in the National Archive)
>From 1921 to 1939, the EK was becoming increasingly defensive and
cautious. This may have been caused by swifts in the personal – many
of the older detectives had been people who knew Russian, had lived
in St. Petersburg or in the frontier area, and used to cross the
border easily, but they were replaced by men who (like the later
president Urho Kekkonen) had no personal experience of Russia and
little interest in contacts with Russians or representatives of
various minorities. A cosmopolitan tendency prevailed in army
intelligence, which employed many Tatars during the Continuation War,
but the EK considered Tatars and other alien groups a potential
source of trouble. Even anti-Semitism became evident.
In May 1926, an EK detective claimed in his report, that Jewish
citizenship applications should be rejected because experience had
shown, that they would not turn into good citizens, and that ethnic
Russians living in the border area should be rejected because there
were living already too few reliable people. The head-division of the
EK put it only slightly less clear by instructing the sub-divisions
to filtrate well especially Russian and Jewish applicants of
citizenship. Next year the same detective regretted in his report,
that the new government did not care to discriminate against Jews,
and was not hostile to emigrants. Even president Lauri Kristian
Relander was criticised in the EK reports for frustrating the
anti-Semitic security police officers. (Documents in a file titled
“Suomen kansalaiseksi ottaminen” [Accepting to Finnish Citizenship]
in the archive of the Directorate of Immigration)
The last Muslim refugees from Russia crossed the border secretly in
1929-1936, some of them escaping from the Solovetsk camp (“Gulag”) by
foot. Among them was also a remarkable Armenian, Anushavan Zatikyan,
who provided the Finnish military intelligence with information and
organised a common Armenian-Muslim resistance against Soviet rule in
the Caucasus. (EK-Valpo head-division interrogation protocol 82/1930
in the National Archive, referred to in my article in the Ararat
Quarterly 37/1996) His case is not only most interesting for Armenian
resistance history, but also because it implied deep-lying tactic
differences between the EK and the military intelligence of Finland.
FINAL TEST: WAR-TIME LOYALTY
The Winter War was a decisive test for the loyalty of various
political and ethnic minorities. Both “Red” (pro-Soviet) and “White”
(including pro-German) Finns, who had been fighting each other in
1918, were united in a national resistance. Also ethnic Russians and
other ethnic minorities, some of whom were not yet Finnish citizens,
proved to be loyal to their new homeland. Although the authorities
did take some communists, ethnic Russians, and other suspect
individuals into custody, in extremely few cases any kind of
pro-Soviet inclination was really recognisable.
Among the most dramatic potential loyalty conflicts were the
encounters between Finnish Jewish officers and Nazi Germans, who were
allied with Finland from 1941 to 1944. When a German Colonel Pilgrim
had been rescued by a Finnish captain, then still Lieutenant Salomon
Klass, the German offered his rescuer his thanks and the Iron Cross,
which Klass however declined to accept. When the German heard that
his rescuer was a Jew, he nevertheless shook the latter’s hand and
said: “I personally have nothing against you as a Jew. Heil Hitler!”
(Hannu Rautkallio: “Suomen juutalaisten aseveljeys”, Jyväskylä 1989,
p. 157-158) [“Finnish Jews as Germany’s Waffenbrüder”].
Soviet Union produced in 1944 a list of suspected war criminals. The
list included also a Jewish Captain Eugen Apter, who remained
innocently imprisoned until 1947. (Rautkallio, p. 142)
In the wars, 23 Jews and 10 Muslims fell for the freedom of Finland.
Many of the Jews and Muslims fought as volunteers, having not yet
received the Finnish citizenship.
NON-CITIZENS UNDER STATE PROTECTION
Those aliens, who had not acquired Finnish citizenship by 1939 –
mostly defined as “subjects of former Russia” – were nevertheless
granted protection as refugees or simply foreigners with residence
permit. Beside the immigrants, Finland hosted also tens of thousands
of ethnic Finns evacuated from the German-occupied Ingermanland
[Ingria], or living in occupied East Karelia. There were also large
numbers of Soviet prisoners of war, and some additional war-time
refugees.
Both Jewish and Muslim prisoners of war in Finland were provided with
religious literature by the Jewish and Muslim congregations. Tatar
prisoners of war were employed by fellow Tatars, and could thus live
outside prison camps in relative comfort. Some of them refused to be
returned to the Soviet Union after armistice in 1944.
Finland had received Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria in the
1930s. The chief of Valpo, Arno Anthoni, however, deported in
November 1942 a group of foreigners, some of whom had committed petty
crimes in Finland, including eight Jews, to Germany. Seven of the
Jews perished in Auschwitz. This action was deeply resented by the
media and by many Finnish politicians, and the situation of Jewish
foreigners in Finland was secured thereafter – some of the refugees
were naturalised, others removed to Sweden. At the same time, Finland
succeeded in protecting half a dozen Jewish citizens living in
Germany and German-occupied countries. (The Finnish refugee policy in
the 1930s and early 1940s has been studied by Taimi Torvinen in her
book “Pakolaiset Suomessa Hitlerin valtakaudella” [“Refugees in
Finland during Hitler’s Reign”], Keuruu 1984.)
The Germans planned that the Finnish Jews would be sent to Maidanek
concentration camp. (Torvinen, p. 139 & 141) It was irony of history,
that a Maidanek survivor was married to Finland after the war, and
his son Ben Zyskowicz became a member of parliament in 1979, and one
of the most respected Finnish politicians. His wife happened to be a
Tatar. Thus, the Zyskowicz family symbolises not only the success of
Jewish integration in the Finnish society, but also the good
relations between Jewish and Muslim communities in Finland. Another
famous Finnish Jew is the retired diplomat Max Jakobson, whose
attempt to become general secretary of the United Nations failed only
because of the Soviet preference for Kurt Waldheim, a former SS
officer.
An Austrian Jewish organisation tried to get financial restitution
from Finland in 1968-1971. This, however, was considered unfair by
the Jewish World Congress. (Torvinen, p. 163)
Finland had also received Estonian refugees in 1943-1944. Among them
there were Tatars, one of whom served among other Estonian volunteers
in the Finnish army until August 1944, when he was given leave to
escape to Sweden. Before the Soviet occupation, Estonia had its own
Tatar community, related to those in Finland, of 200-300 persons.
After the war, they became the nucleus of the first Muslim community
in Sweden.
The article was originally written in October 2000.
Antero Leitzinger is a political historian and a researcher for the
Finnish Directorate of Immigration. He wrote several books on Turkey,
the Middle East and the Caucasus.

Turquia no tiene quien le alpauda

El Periódico de Catalunya
12 dic. 2004
TURQUÍA NO TIENE QUIEN LE APLAUDA

CARLOS Elordi
A medida que se acerca la cumbre que habrá de fijar posiciones, el
debate en torno a la entrada de Turquía en la Unión Europea ocupa
cada vez más espacio en las secciones de opinión de los diarios y
semanarios serios de nuestro continente. Y si algo se deduce de unas
y otras aportaciones es que son pocos, aunque a la cabeza de ellos
figuren nada menos que Chirac y Schröder, los partidarios firmes, sin
ambages, del sí. Muchos otros ponen pegas, matizan, proponen
retrasos. Y unos cuantos se oponen abiertamente a la idea.
Rudolph Scharping, exministro y expresidente del partido
socialdemócrata alemán, lo ha dicho muy claro en LE FIGARO: “No hay
duda alguna de que en el actual estado de cosas, Turquía no está en
condiciones de convertirse en miembro de la UE. Aunque ese país haya
llevado a cabo progresos sorprendentes y en plazos muy cortos, aún
sigue muy lejos del objetivo: la sociedad civil dista mucho de ser
estable; Turquía no asume la totalidad de su historia, y
concretamente el genocidio armenio. No están garantizados los
derechos de la mujer. Los ciudadanos turcos siguen siendo el mayor
colectivo de refugiados políticos en Alemania. Habrá que esperar
muchos años y algunos conflictos para ver si el control civil sobre
los militares y la prohibición de la tortura son pilares reales y
aceptados de una democracia fundada en un verdadero estado de
derecho”.
En un debate que ha publicado LE NOUVEL OBSERVATEUR, Daniel Cohn
Bendit, actual portaestandarte del europeísmo más entusiasta, ha
defendido una postura (más o menos la de “veamos que ocurre y
decidamos luego”) que, si no fuera porque se argumenta con
reflexiones fundadas, podría ser calificada de frívola. “Yo estoy por
la apertura de negociaciones, sin que por ello sepa cómo van a
terminar. En el actual estadio de nuestra historia debemos intentar
el milagro del Bósforo sin saber si se producirá. Al final del
periodo de prueba, no será la adecuación de las legislaciones lo que
nos permitirá confirmar que existe una comunidad de valores y que
podemos llevar a cabo la ampliación, sino la evolución global del
nivel de vida, la actitud hacia la religión, la laicidad, la
condición de la mujer. …”. Concluye con pragmatismo: En definitiva,
si dentro de diez años Turquía se convierte en ‘La Meca de la
democracia’, con un Islam secularizado de forma democrática, la
integración no sólo sería posible, sino deseable. Negarse a esa
perspectiva sería hacer el juego a los islamistas radicales”.
A más corto plazo, parece que Europa no tendrá más remedio que
resolver el contencioso que él éxito de ventas de los aviones Airbus
ha generado con los Estados Unidos. Porque si hasta LOS ANGELES
TIMES, tal vez el más anti-Bush de los grandes diarios
norteamericanos, se ha desmelenado en sus ataques a Bruselas con tal
motivo, hay que suponer que el ambiente está que arde en aquel lado
del océano: “Las relaciones transatlánticas, actualmente deterioradas
por el conflicto e Irak, pueden empeorar significativamente si EEUU y
la UE no resuelven su más importante disputa comercial. Los altos
subsidios con los que los gobiernos europeos apoyan al Airbus en su
competición con Boeing violan las leyes comerciales internacionales.
El gobierno Bush hace bien presionando a los europeos”, ha escrito el
gran diario californiano.

Lights down in majority of Georgian districts

ITAR-TASS News Agency
TASS
December 12, 2004 Sunday 9:45 AM Eastern Time
Lights down in majority of Georgian districts
By Tengiz Pachkoria
TBILISI
Lights went down in the majority of Georgian districts because of an
emergency shutdown of several power lines and a unit of the Inguri
hydropower plant.
Electricity imports from Armenia stopped late on Saturday night
because of the emergency shutdown of the Alaverdi power line, which
supplied 100 megawatts of electricity to Tbilisi and another 60
megawatts to Georgian areas bordering on Armenia, a source in the
Tbilisi-based Telasi electricity distribution grid told Itar-Tass.
Russia’s UES energy grid has a 75% interest in Telasi. Reasons for
the shutdown are yet unknown.
One of the two units of the Inguri hydropower plant stopped
functioning for several hours last night on technical reasons.
Consequentially, electricity imports from Russia by the Kavkasioni
power line was stopped. The power line supplies 100 megawatts of
electricity to Tbilisi and 100 megawatts to other Georgian districts.
Inguri hydropower plant head Levan Mebonia told Itar-Tass on Sunday
they had repaired the unit and resumed electricity imports from
Russia.
The ninth unit of the Tbilisi power plant, which produces over 200
megawatts of electricity, supplied electricity to several
neighborhoods of Tbilisi last night and on Sunday morning. The unit
met less than 50% of Tbilisi electricity needs.

ANKARA: Neither EU Nor Zana can dissuade Turks from Tonight’s Match

Journal of Turkish Weekly, Turkey
Dec 12 2004
Neither EU Nor Zana can dissuade Turks from Tonight’s Match
Turkish publics’ EU and Zana agenda will be disturbed tonight by
Galatasaray-Fenerbahce match. Once for this week 17th December,
Armenia and EU will not be talked but rather more `serious’ issues
like Hasan Sas, Hakan Sukur, Rustu, Tuncay Sanli will invade our
night.
Both teams are well prepared and close their doors to public until
the match. As usual Turkish Media printed pages of news coverages,
pictures of Hasan Sas and Tuncay Sanli and as usual asked for fair
play.
Galatasaray with its manager Georgia Hagi `the Maradona of Carpats’
is missing the old days, when they won the UEFA cup in 2000. After
2000, the team submerged into financial tides. Fatih Terim, the
Galatasaray’s local chap, tried anything but luck wasn’t on his side.
This year Galatasaray started the season with the veteran player
Georgia Hagi as the coach of the team. Hagi gathered up his old mates
and achieved better than former Real Madrid’s coach Del Bosque, in
the Turkish League.
Fenerbahce on the other side is an interesting team, with a coach
from Germany, players from Brazil and a group of media commentators
suffering from andropose. Although the football Fenerbahce performed
in the previous weeks was nice, (thanks to Brazilians Alex and Nobre)
it couldn’t escape from criticisms. Until this week’s Manchester
United win, some commentators were asking Manager of Fenerbahce
Christopher Daum to be sent, accusing Alex of not playing whole
heartly, and claiming there are divisions inside the team.
Turks can escape from the EU agenda but they can not hide. Executives
of both teams asked supporters to chill down and avoid any
unnecessary violence, claiming that any unnecessary event may damage
Turkey’s reputation before 17 December.
JTW

American dream becomes a nightmare

The Delaware County Times, PA
Dec 12 2004
American dream becomes a nightmare
Sitting at the dining room table in their Drexel Hill home Friday
night, Gary and Nadia Ambartsoumian and their daughters, Karina, 16,
and Rimma, 15, considered their fate. They are to be deported soon.
The only family member not at the table is 8-year-old George. He is
the lone American citizen in the house. He is upstairs in his room,
playing with his toys. George likes toys.
His sister, Karina is a junior at Upper Darby High School. She plays
lacrosse, works at the Superfresh and carries a 92.80 academic
average, which makes her a distinguished honor student. She and Rimma
volunteer for the Springfield Baptist Church youth group. They’ve
served meals at the CityTeam shelter in Chester. They’ve prayed with
the homeless in Washington, D.C.

Last summer, Karina traveled to New Orleans to do youth missionary
work with an evangelical group called Global Expeditions.
They come by their religious faith honestly. Their grandfather,
Nikolai Boiko, was the pastor of a Baptist church in the former
Soviet Union. For his beliefs, he was arrested and exiled to Siberia,
4,000 miles away from his home in Odessa. His wife, Valentina, and
eight children were left behind to fend for themselves.
Over the course of his life, Boiko spent some 25 years in exile. His
release in 1989 made big news in the Prisoner Bulletin, an English
language newspaper chronicling religious persecution in the old
Soviet Union.
Such was life behind the old Iron Curtain.
After a lifetime of seeing her father persecuted and suffering
through her own harassment for marrying a non-Ukrainian (Armenian)
Nadia and Gary decided it was time to get out. They fled west with
their two young daughters.
“When the iron door opened .. said Nadia, they didn’t hesitate.
They procured visas to Cuba, flew to Canada and immediately asked for
political asylum. After three and a half years waiting there, they
decided they might have a better chance of being granted refugee
status in the United States. They came over the border June 5, 1996.
“In those years it was easy,” Nadia explained. “You ask for political
asylum and they let you in. No visa. They could have sent us back.
But they say welcome. They make us papers.”
And into the system they went.
They moved to Philadelphia, then out to Upper Darby. They reported
dutifully once a month to the immigration office in Philadelphia.
They got Social Security cards, went to work and about the business
of raising a family.
Nadia got a job as a house cleaner, Gary a painter. What they loved
about being in America was the opportunity to work.
“Even with our broken language we found job,” said Nadia.
At their hearing three years later before an immigration court judge,
they testified to the beatings and incidents of harassment they faced
in the old Soviet Union. A University of Chicago professor and Soviet
historian backed up their claims in a three-page letter.
“There is abundant evidence in Mr. Ambartsoumian’s statements that he
and his family have been victims of ethnic struggles and political
and economic collapse that are far beyond their control. They have
also suffered because of their religious affiliations,”Prof. Ronald
Suny concluded. “It is my professional opinion that a petitioner
possessing this background, given the conditions prevailing in
Georgia, Armenia, Russia, and other parts of the former Soviet Union,
has a well-founded, genuine fear of persecution.”
But the judge didn’t appear moved, either by the professor’s
testimony or the Ambartsoumians.
In court, said Nadia, “I was crying because I see he doesn’t believe
us.”
The Ukrainian translator, 20 years on the job, told her not to worry.
He gave the family a 99 percent chance of being granted asylum. He
was wrong.
Two weeks later the judge’s decision came down. Their application was
denied.
The family’s most recent appeal in federal court was also turned
down.
Now their only chance of staying in this country seems to be an act
ofCongress. They have contacted the offices of U.S. Rep. Curt Weldon
and U.S. Rep. Jim Gerlach of Chester County.
Weldon’s Chief of Staff Mike Conallen says that since 9/11 it has
been much more difficult for congressmen to help people like the
Ambartsoumians.
“The entire process has grinded to a halt almost,” Conallen told me.
“Nobody wants to make the mistake that allows the next terrorist in.”
Bill Strassberger, a spokesman for Citizen and Immigration Services,
said that even if a congressman does propose a bill granting
citizenship in a particular case, only 10 percent of those bills
actually pass.
Which is to say, it doesn’t look great for the Ambartsoumian family.
“We love America,” said Nadia. “We not angry about this. But
something misunderstood maybe. I willing to work hard, pay taxes,
obey law.” Nadia looks at her husband.
“For us, we will never be rich. Who painter and housekeeper be rich?
But we happy. We take risk. We can get better life for our kids.”
She looks at her daughters across the table.
“They give us things they never had,” says Karina.
“Freedom,” says Nadia.
Now, she has to go. It is 7 p.m. Friday. She has an office to clean.

Denver: Armenians out of state custody

Grand Junction Sentinel, CO
Dec 12 2004
Armenians out of state custody
By DANIE HARRELSON
The Daily Sentinel
Ouray County residents on Saturday welcomed home the family it lost
last month and still could lose to deportation. Armenian transplants
Ruben Sargsyan and his children, Meri, Gevorg and Hayk, spent the
last five weeks locked up in a Denver immigration detention center.
They were unexpectedly released Thursday.
`They community is elated to see them back,’ said family friend and
Ouray resident Kelvin Kent.
The small western Colorado communities of Ouray and Ridgway, home to
the Sargsyans for six years, cheered and embraced their newly-freed
friends and neighbors Saturday afternoon at the town park in Ridgway.
The two towns have rallied to make sure the family stays put. Only
800 and 500 strong, residents raised $16,000 at a dinner last month
to cover exploding legal bills. They’ve been working the phones to
let everyone from Denver to Washington, D.C., know of the Sargsyans’
plight.
Immigration agents took the family into custody in early November
while their attorney was trying to obtain visas for them. The
Sargsyans contend they fell victim to an American con man who duped
others into paying him to obtain fraudulent visas to the United
States.
Ruben Sargsyan and his children may no longer be locked up, but they
are not home free.
`The government’s position is still exactly the same,’ said Lloyd
`Max’ Noland, who married Ruben’s eldest daughter, Nvart Indinyan,
about five years ago. `The government’s contention is that these
people were a flight risk, so what they are saying is they want to
keep them in jail so they won’t leave the country so they can deport
them.’
Immigrations agents did not take Nvart, and her mother, Susan, into
custody because their cases were heard separately.
Noland said the family is trying to determine who ordered their
release.
`We’re curious to see who finally saw the light,’ he said.
Hayk, a star soccer player and senior honor student, attends Ridgway
High School. Gevorg studies chemical engineering at the University of
Colorado and was on the dean’s list.
Noland said school district officials assured him Saturday they would
work with Hayk to ensure his five-week absence does not delay his
high school graduation in the spring. CU administrators offered
Noland similar assurances that Gevorg’s absence would not count
against his academic record and he could return to campus when he was
ready.
`The most amazing thing is that this small mountain community in
southern Colorado is making the government listen,’ Noland said. `I
haven’t seen anything like this. We would have been nothing without
the community behind us.’
The Sargsyans remain cautious about their release because it does not
affect their ongoing case.
Each of the four family members must check in with immigration
officials in Denver twice a week by phone and once a month in person.
`There is extreme elation now, but we’re going to continue the
fight,’ Kent said. `They’re just good, clean wholesome people.
`They’re the type of people America wants and needs.’

Moral Victory : Religious Exploitation, and the New American Creed

Axis of Logic, MA
Dec 12 2004
Moral Victory : Religious Exploitation, and the New American Creed
By Dom Stasi
`Our moral perils are not those of conscious malice or the explicit
lust for power. They are the perils which can be understood only if
we realize the ironic tendency of virtues to turn into vices when too
complacently relied upon; and of power to become vexatious if the
wisdom which directs it is trusted too confidently.’ – Reinhold
Neibuhr
I remember it as though it were yesterday. I was a young engineer
fresh from a successful and heady seven years in the manned lunar
expedition program called Project Apollo.
Along with thousands of other American engineers, scientists, pilots,
and technicians, people accustomed to working in relative obscurity,
we had found ourselves suddenly at the center of the universe. And
though Albert Einstein had already proven that everything and
anything can rightfully be considered the center of the universe, I’m
speaking less prosaically. For a young man in the morning of his
career, or an old man at its dusk, and today I can speak with
knowledge of both circumstances, Project Apollo was that something we
would remember the rest of our days. Physics aside, Apollo simply was
for a time the center of the universe of men. Anyone who had the
great good fortune and talent to be a part of it, would be changed
for the experience, and changed for the better. Such harmless vanity
is simply human nature. We are all of us creatures who delight in
success however small might be our part in its achievement. Self
esteem is critical to our well being as humans. On Apollo it made us
all work harder and with more passion than any work I’ve known since.
Contributing to Project Apollo, and earning the trust and respect of
project engineers older and wiser than I, and ultimately that of the
astronauts themselves, gave this and so many other young Americans a
special kind of self-confidence. Few have had such an opportunity so
early in their lives and careers. Fewer still might have accepted it,
for failure would have haunted all our days, and with each new
moonrise, our nights as well. It’s been said that experience doesn’t
change a person, but make him more of what he already is. Perhaps
that is so. Think of the challenges you have faced in your own life.
Think of how your responses to them tempered or softened you,
contributed to, or somehow affected your social, intellectual, and
perhaps, spiritual growth and attitudes. Reflecting upon ones life
can be a rewarding or a painful exercise. Yet it is a thing from
which we cannot hide. As Socrates observed, `An unconsidered life is
not worth living.’ Extreme? Perhaps. But keep these concepts of self
top of mind. Remain mindful of self-confidence, self-esteem, and, not
incidentally, self-worth as you read on.
Of course, even the best of good things must come to an end. So it
was with Apollo. But at its close, when few outside the program
really cared about silly-appearing moonwalks anymore, I was one of a
relatively small group of Earthlings who had learned the empirical
science of orbital mechanics and knew about sending moving pictures
home from space. In our seven years of transmitting and receiving
them, all of America had seen those pictures. All of the world would
see those pictures evolve over time from grainy, hardly discernable
monochromatic images to full color, full motion, high resolution
renditions worthy of National Geographic. Yet, in the mid-Seventies,
and the end of manned missions to other worlds, those of us still
with the civilian sector of the US Space Program were developing more
pragmatic concerns about its future and our own. We’d all be looking
for work soon. As for me and my own future, the ability to send
moving pictures back from space seemed an esoteric skill at best, a
skill wholly devoid of commercial value and now, with no new worlds
on the trip sheet, it was becoming boring as well. I grew restless.
As things turned out, I was one of the lucky ones. I could stay on at
the aerospace plant where we’d built the Lunar Lander. But with the
program essentially over, I would have to transfer back to jets, back
to reconnaissance flight test where I’d started out, but in 1975, I
and just about every other American had had his fill of warplanes.
Also, I came to realize that I’d lost my young man’s taste for
dangerous work. I was a husband and father now, and that was a
convenient excuse to rationalize my growing yellow streak. I needed a
change. I needed another kind of job, and we were in another stupid
recession that the equally stupid TV economists never saw coming, yet
dished out advice about to the credulous masses. Some things never
change. Some jobs don’t need a skill or a record of success to
prevail. Unlike the unforgiving field of flight test, TV seemed full
of such performance-free jobs. But I was an engineer, not a TV
economist. I’d learned about video technology flying Air Force
reconnaissance in the Arctic, transferred it to a civilian career. It
was the technology that revealed the Russian missiles in Cuba, and
kept tabs on the Russian bombers poised like coils to spring from
Siberia if things in Cuba went awry. It was that same video
technology in civilian dress that had allowed us to see the moon
walks. But in its private-sector application, the application known
as commercial broadcast television, video was used shamefully.
Commercial television it seemed, was a medium created by our
collective genius only to have it exploit our collective stupidity…at
least stupidity enough to buy the junk they were continuously
peddling from its screens. A career in broadcast television
engineering held little allure.
I was offered a job with the State Department’s Voice Of America
propaganda arm, went through all the loyalty and security checks only
to turn it down – twice. I tried teaching college for a time, but
found myself too young and selfish to be satisfied by teaching others
what I still wanted to be doing myself. But where? Who in the world
needed a guy whose skill was sending movies back from space?
The answer came in a completely unexpected phone call.
Home Box Office was something I’d never heard of before that call
came in out of the blue. Home Box Office. HBO? What’s that? I asked
the eager-sounding `head hunter’ on the other end of the phone.
Next thing I knew I was sitting in a mahogany clad room high in the
Time-Life Building on Rockefeller Center in New York City. This was
no airplane factory. Elegant perfect women glided by, sylphlike and
intimidating. All the men were dressed in white shirt and tie. I was
too, of course. Yet, hidden beneath my jacket, was the only
short-sleeved white shirt in the room. How impractical of them,
thought I. It’s high summer. Why wear long sleeves only to roll them
up? Don’t these guys get it? I’d found another world, it seemed,
right here on Earth.
Otherworldly or not, TV and motion pictures was the world in which I
would spend the next 30 years of my engineering career. But first I
had to get through this interview, or meeting or whatever it was.
Eventually, I was led to a private corner office where I was
introduced to yet another of the a long-sleeved executives. His
sleeves were not rolled, but terminated in silver cuff links:
obviously a big shot. To my amazement the guy wanted to send movies –
real Hollywood movies – back from space. Looking beyond his obvious
lack of industrial fashion sense, I told him he was nuts. Then I told
him why he was nuts. He dismissed my unqualified psychoanalytic
opinions, but listened intently to my technical ones. To my surprise,
he offered me a job. To my further surprise, I took it. So much for
lofty ideals and even loftier opinions. I was in the stupid
television business, and in it to stay.
Six months later, our antenna hoisted 22,300 miles above the Earth by
a converted Atlas Delta missile, HBO, was sending movies back from
space. It was an idea that caught on quickly in the private sector.
With a single satellite in space, TV signals – in the case of HBO,
movies – could be received at every single inch of the United States
mainland. There would be no 1500 foot towers (which as a pilot I’d
always hated), no million watt transmitters, and no 100 mile contour
limits of the sort that barricade traditional `terrestrial’ broadcast
signals. Nothing of the sort would impede our little 5 watt
transmitter in the sky. Borne upon a satellite channel whose power
was equal to but that of a night-light bulb, one signal from space
could blanket the entire continental US and most of populous Canada.
It was pure brilliance on the part of those long-sleeved executives –
practical physics and military technology now put to private and
peaceful use. No mind-numbing commercials, and no numb-minded censors
either. I liked it here. This wasn’t stupid. This was cool. This was
way cool. Funny, isn’t it, how we’re able to abandon even strongly
held opinions when our self interest is better served by forming new
ones?
Firmly ensconced in HBO’s fledgling engineering department, and with
our early successes a matter of technical record, I suddenly found
myself being invited to speak at seminars on how to do this TV from
space thing. Ironically, I was teaching again, albeit in a different
venue. Over the next couple of years I would visit all 50 states. But
it was a tutorial for TV execs in the deep South that would remain an
event apart from all the others. Though I was a speaker, I was still
new to the entertainment business, so I knew no one in attendance.
But my talk had gone well, the college teaching experience was paying
off, so there would be no problem finding eager dinner companions
among so large an audience.
Descending the podium, I had noticed but a single empty chair in the
entire room. Taking it, I found myself at a table of strangely
egalitarian folk. They were gentle in manner. They welcomed me
expansively. They introduced themselves. To my delight, they spoke
less of arcane technology than they did of their fellow man and their
responsibilities toward humanity that such technology could help them
fulfill. I listened, interested, noting that they all had that sort
of deliberate not quite real Dixie accent that I’d learned to
recognize in actors when playing Southern characters before the
camera. But why here? Their names – remarkable in retrospect, but
hardly noteworthy at the time – were Jimmy Swaggart, Paul Crouch, Jim
and Tammy Faye Bakker, Pat Robertson, Robert Tilton, and a guy named
Billy Batts. I was present, I know now, at American Televangelism’s
Big Bang, or if you prefer, its Genesis. Big league Fundamentalist
Christian TV Evangelism was born at that table that day.
These seemingly gentle folk were fairly voracious in their acceptance
of this new way to spread The Word, nationwide. Worldwide! They were
there to learn of a new way to propagate their version of the Gospel
Of Jesus Christ. They conversed in Biblical quotes, nodding their
heads in profound understanding, `Amen, brother,’ so on. The
experience seems a bit surreal now. It was not. They were there to
buy satellite antennas and anything else they would need to fulfill
their self-proclaimed mission as Christ’s revisionist vicars on
Earth. They each seemed to have a little licensed religious TV
station of their own somewhere in the US, and if they hooked that
signal to the satellite, they would not only be able, but mandated to
have that signal carried by another hot, new medium: cable
television. That mandate would come from a little known federal
communications law known as the Must Carry Rule. It was little known
to you and me, perhaps, but well known to the budding televangelists.
These seemingly innocent people, and the equally innocent seeming
circumstances that brought us together would change the lives of
everyone at that table in the decades to come. And that in turn would
affect the world in a way none of us could have imagined. Because,
and though I had no way of knowing it, America was about to take its
first step on a 30 year journey to the Dark Ages. Today we know it
only as the 21st Century. When looking back upon it, history will
prove less kind.
>From this butterfly effect, would grow e-piety’s perfect storm. It
was the mid-Seventies. Our culture had been reeling from the narcotic
excesses of the Sixties and the sexual intemperance of the Seventies.
The divorce rate was the highest it’s ever been in our nation’s
history. The entire concept of nuclear family was under siege as
never before in America. It seemed as if everything familiar was
changing. And while most Americans were blessed with moderate
appetites, self-disciplined behaviors, and a measure of common sense,
and thus well suited to social change, many others were not. To so
many of our repressed and simplistic countrymen and women every new
experience in this brave new age, however intuitive, however mundane,
seemed an epiphany. So, while most Americans also managed to remain
relatively unaffected by the willingly-acquired excesses that
characterized the period, many others could not. America had also
just emerged from a decade-long war of unspeakable horror, and
dubious purpose. Thanks to a still-relevant news media, a mandatory
draft, and casualty rate topping 200,000 (58,000 KIA) Vietnam
affected all aware Americans. To avoid the draft, countless young
Americans married in haste and conceived unloved children in order to
gain deferment. Millions more enrolled and remained in colleges
though they would not ordinarily have done so but for the student
deferment. (No fewer than 12 deferments were granted to chickenhawks
Dick Cheney (5) and John Ashcroft (7) alone!) Since the college
deferment required actually going to college and studying something,
the experience exposed millions of commonplace minds to the volatile
philosophies of extraordinary – and quite often revolutionary –
thinkers for the first time in their personal, and America’s societal
history. One way or another, every American, regardless of family,
background, intellect, or social circumstance shared in the war’s
trauma and were made to look upon, and confront its distasteful
significance. Drenched in this cascade of social and moral upheaval,
vast numbers of Americans were driven to the edge. Many more went
over that edge and found comfort only in denial or in excess, or
both. Be it drugs, sex, alcohol, violence, or all of the above, there
was a measure of comfort and escape to be found in the sensual
distractions of excess, and it was available and beckoning from
wherever one turned.
Indulgence would yield a temporary comfort, and when the millions who
over-indulged came crashing back to reality, many needed comforting
of another kind. They needed reform, and some degree of certainty in
what seemed an even-more-uncertain society than that which they had
attempted to escape. They needed someone or something to which they
could turn for advice, direction, strength, and inspiration. For
those who survived the fall physically but not emotionally, there
arose a need for some mortal contact, someone who would not consider
them failed humans, someone or something to show them the way back.
Or, more simply stated, millions and millions and millions of
Americans needed a new addiction to wean them from and obviate the
mental scars left by their old addictions of war and sex and drugs,
and social transgression, and violence, and confusion, and behavior
outside the limits of their operant conditioning. Instead of
assessing and accepting their memories, so very many Americans needed
forgiveness for their actions. Those among the multitudes lacking the
resolve to accept and assess and repair their assaulted psyches,
those lacking the strength to pick themselves back up (and their
numbers were legion) needed something more. They needed an emotional
crutch. What people need, people tend to find. If they don’t find it
by themselves, there are always those willing to provide it… usually
for a price. In this case, it appeared literally right before their
eyes. Salvation, forgiveness, aggrandizement, self-esteem, courage,
moral superiority, all of it was beaming to them right from heaven
itself, and onto their television screens. Satellite delivered
televangelism was born on that day back in 1975. I watched it hatch.
Suddenly it was everywhere. There was never a time in modern history
when it was `needed’ more. From the flickering boxes in America’s
living rooms came the siren call to her desperate multitudes. `Hey
you out there in TV land, whatever you’ve done, and to whomever
you’ve done it, no worries. Put down that bottle, throw away that
needle, stop punching your wife, whatever. All is forgiven… or can
be. In fact, you can instantly become superior to those infidels
who’ve not found the light and The Way and have done so much to
degrade you for so long. Just listen to me, then send cash, check, or
money order to the address on your screen. You’ll be the best there
is, brothers and sisters, the best there is. Trust Jesus. Trust me.
Send a check. Halleluiah!
Given that so very many of `Christian’ fundamentalism’s contemporary
American adherents believe that they have failed in the eyes of those
who follow more moderate religious or societal paths, and given the
widespread genetic proclivity toward belonging, they also needed
something more extreme than rational theology to light their way back
from the abyss. They needed to be a part of something so extreme, so
strident that it would also provide them the psychological
wherewithal to dismiss their moderate fellows’ judgments of them.
That would require a system of beliefs and strictures so rigorous, so
abstemonious that it would also serve to obviate or at least
trivialize the beliefs and behaviors of their moderate
Judeo-Christian counterparts, and those of enlightened liberal
practitioners of any religion and religious thought, thus
discrediting those they saw as their mortal judges and despicable
scholarly elites, their betters. Once again, they needed an escape
from reality. They needed a mind fix.
There is but one major creed that has offered such impenitent
forgiveness, even aggrandizement for simply having rejected ones past
transgressions and accepting its tenets. There is but one creed that
associates itself so closely with an Anglo-Protestant American
heritage, despite that no such identity ever existed. (Nature abhors
a vacuum. The vacuum left by most Americans’ ignorance of their own
country’s relatively brief history, is a vacuum easily fill by myth.
Any student of American history knows well that many of the Founders
were religious, but none publicly fundamentalist Christian.
References to God, not to Jesus, prevail in their writings. The
crafters of our Republic were brilliant men. But few would dispute
that the three greatest geniuses among them were Thomas Jefferson,
Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton. Franklin and Jefferson
were professed deists, Hamilton a homosexual. From where does the
religious Right’s claim to their legacy stem? It stems from
imagination. Because it simply never was. Religion was a part of the
beautiful fabric of early America, not its foundation. The plurality
of the US Constitution superceded the singularity of the Mayflower
Compact.) There is but one creed that stimulates intolerance while
proclaiming an inclusiveness based on its very antithesis. And
finally, but most critical, there is but one creed that bases its
fundamentalism on an absolutely literal interpretation of a Bible it
considers absolutely flawless. Yet the Bible passed down through the
ages is largely a fabrication. It is laced with revisionist scripture
and distortions of convenience that the most serious of religious
scholars have found to be at best, only 18% historically factual.1 At
best.
Thus, proximate attribution to the approximate Word is the rough
equivalent of a 21st century airline or ship’s captain using 14th
century maps, and only 14th century maps, by which to navigate and
presuming them to be inviolate.
I’ll take the bus.
By exploiting this widespread proclivity to believe, the Bible has
become a convenient vehicle through which unscrupulous interpreters
can derive a creed, a creed which, if accepted with a zealot’s
fervor, would forgive anything – absolutely anything – one might have
inflicted upon himself or his fellow man, woman, child, beast,
vegetable or mineral in the past, and do so sans active or
substantive non-monetary penance. It is a creed that is conveniently
blind to any dichotomy between intolerance and forgiveness, theocracy
and democracy, benevolence and vengeance, faith and political
corruption. That is the creed that encourages one to be born again,
the Evangelical Creed of Biblical literalism. Or what is alternately
called rightist, conservative, Evangelical, fundamentalist
Christianity. So ill conceived and distorted is this ostensibly
`literal’ acceptance of oft revised, translated and interpreted
scripture, that serious Biblical scholars now consider it fabrication
in the interest of self-servitude and the exploitation of mind-cure.
Noted Biblical scholar and psychologist Edmund D. Cohen postulates
that, `Cast free form its Biblical moorings, Christianity came to
denote anything good or wholesome in American life.’2 Inventing
religions of convenience is characteristic of men, not the province
of man.
Nonetheless, and as usual, legions of credulous, disillusioned,
disconnected Americans fell victim to fundamentalism’s lure. Weather
the adherent fancies a turban, a topknot, or a Stetson, religious
extremism serves a purpose no different from drugs when it becomes a
crutch. Religious extremism has become the simplistic answer for far
too many of our countrymen’s mortal problems. For its `Christian’
adherents, the answers to all life’s problems are found between the
Bible’s covers. There is no need to actually indulge in the human
attribute of reasoning. Intellect is fabricated through rote
memorization of scripture. But were it all that simple.
Unfortunately, as with most other forms of extremism which abdicate
thought to dogmatic obedience, fundamentalism is also the source of
so very, very many more problems than it ever has solved, or ever
will solve.
Recall now, the earlier references to self-esteem, the vacuum it
leaves when it is absent or destroyed through self-destructive
living, excess, compulsive-obsessive behaviors, inflicted or accepted
abuse.
Anyone who would have been addicted to sex, drugs, and anything but
rock and roll, was a candidate for addiction to whatever else suited
his or her self-depreciated fancy. Anyone who needed forgiveness for
the harm he’d done to himself or to others, could find it here.
Christianity – but especially this strange, highly-selective, but
very heady new simplistic form of it – was an addiction about which
they could even feel good. They could even feel better than anyone
else. They could garner immense self-esteem, however ill-placed. That
rush was, and is to this day, a first in so many disturbed lives. In
fact, lets throw in faith-healing of the most desperately ill while
were at it. What’s the harm?
The ensuing decades would see the easily led, easily addicted, easily
persuaded, easily frightened, abused, downtrodden, secret-harboring,
pain ridden – in short, vulnerable – masses drawn to the flickering
images of these fire and brimstone preachers on their cable
televisions and they would be converted by the millions, by the
tens-of-millions. They would belong. All is forgiven. All is well, or
will be shortly. All. Absolutely all. Oh, by the way, don’t forget to
send the check.
If these words seem harsh, I simply make no effort to disguise my
disdain for those who would exploit the vulnerable, nor will I
soft-peddle the obvious abuse by so many, of a system of government
created to, among other things, tolerate and protect religious
freedom. The abuse of that trust by so many televangelists, and the
further misuse of the public electromagnetic spectrum to exploit the
irrational, credulous, impressionable, desperate, and weak who
believe them is an especially vile form of TV indecency. But don’t
look for any scrutiny by our current Federal Communications
Commission. Bush stooge and FCC Commissioner, Michael Powell, will be
too busy looking for bare breasts to keep the citizenry’s pathetic
popular mind from realizing that he’s destroying public interest
protections such as the station ownership cap. That cap remains the
only barrier to the continued expansion by the pious parasites of
televangelism. Powell is bent on destroying that cap in the special
interest of his owners.
FALSE PROPHETS / REAL PROFITS:
Keep in mind that we’re speaking of Christianity, albeit an extreme
form, but Christianity: a belief in the divinity of Jesus as Christ,
as God the Son, and in His teachings and principles upon this mortal
coil.
Keep in mind, too, that we’re speaking of the Old Testament as well,
of the introductory scriptures themselves, the scriptures to which
many Evangelicals adhere dogmatically, the fundament, Genesis
2:16-17, the garden, the forbidden fruit. The Bible virtually begins
with God’s admonitions to man on the virtues of moderation, the
perils of excess. It is the first admonition to Adam… the first! Yet,
somehow, today’s Biblical literalism seems to yield to interpretation
at such uncomfortable junctures as Genesis. The flesh is, after all,
weak. So on, so forth, ad infinitum.
As you read further, please remain mindful that Jesus in his Earthly
manifestation owned virtually nothing. Such modesty must have set a
poor example to TV evangelists. They own a lot of things. Boy, do
they own a lot of things. They want to own a lot more. Michael Powell
will soon allow them to do just that.
Need an example of how lucrative is the televangelist business?
Several examples? Easy.
Most of you know of a religious TV show called the `700 Club.’ It was
founded by presidential candidate, gay basher, and TV evangelist
extraordinaire Pat Robertson. It got its name from Robertson’s
admonition to his initial 700 rural viewers to send him a donation of
$10.00 each. That was the estimated cost of operating his fledgling
`terrestrial’ TV show. Ten years after Pat Robertson made his modest
$7000.00 request, and with his channel now being carried by
satellite, he had 26 million regular viewers across the country.
Operating revenues had grown to a staggering $145,517,000.00 annually
in the US alone.3 Today the `700 Club’ is carried in 66 countries.
Robertson and his Christian Coalition purport enormous influence in
American politics. This lofty pulpit allowed Robertson to predict
that Armageddon would arrive in 1982. This prospect would of course
leave faithful viewers with no practical need for such things as
green bananas, nor incidentally, their retirement savings, but that’s
just speculation by this jaded writer. When, despite Ronald Reagan’s
best efforts, the world failed to end, it didn’t matter much to
Robertson’s flock, no one was complaining or seeking a refund,
instead they were told to thank Jesus. They did. Later, Robertson
actually had his television crews preparing to televise the Second
Coming. That was in 1990. Why would Robertson believe that he and he
alone knew this? Are the TV crews still on location? Where might that
be?
Eventually, his lackluster performance as a prophet led Robertson to
abandon prediction in favor of the safer and more politically potent
practice of hindsight. For example, he has recently proclaimed credit
for George W. Bush’s `re’ election. However dubious a distinction
that might be, Bush believes him, so little else matters. As such we
can expect Robertson’s influence to increase in these four dismal
years ahead as Bush continues distributing our US Treasury’s contents
to his friends, and promotes his `Faith Based Initiative’ program.
Initiative indeed.
Robertson is not alone. Fabulous wealth and power would be visited
upon many of this new breed of high-tech missionaries, and now it
seems they and their fiscally less impressive sycophants are
everywhere one turns. There is no admission prerequisite to the
salvation club, and no barrier to moral superiority. All one need do
is buy it at the two-for-one sale that’s always going on. (Call the
number on your screen). State it aloud with some reference to Jesus,
wave your hand in the air, and back the rapt gestures with cash,
check, or money order, and you’re on the Heavenly Express. But don’t
forget that check. God don’t save no deadbeats. The tax-free American
dollar is still worth plenty in heaven.
Another dinner companion that fateful night was Paul Crouch. Like
Robertson and Jesus, Crouch, the televangelist, and story telling
founder of Trinity Broadcast Network (TBN), started out with
virtually nothing. Using a rented studio in southern California and a
set made from his living room furniture and shower curtain, Crouch
went on the air from Burbank. He claims that later, in 1975 to be
exact, he was visited by God one night. God projected a map of the
United States on Paul’s ceiling, and told him about satellite
technology. God went on to tell Paul Crouch how the satellite (No,
not the moon. God forgot to put batteries in that satellite. We’re
talking modern here.) would allow him to broadcast to all those
cities all across America.
Thanks to God’s little slide show on Paul Crouch’s ceiling, Paul
would have no further need of his living room sofa and shower curtain
as a set. In fact, today he sits upon a golden throne in a
velvet-curtained studio, all of it generously funded by the
$126,000,000.00 in annual donations from his faithful viewers in
satellite television land.4 I often wonder why Paul Crouch came to
that seminar at. Why listen to dopes like me babble on when God
Himself had already told Paul about satellite television? Funny how
Crouch never mentioned his nocturnal visit from God. It would have
been great dinner conversation. Because, except for that smelly guy I
always see at the corner of Hollywood and Vine, I’ve never met anyone
who’s been visited by God.
Yet another of these people is Robert Tilton. Tilton was flying high
with his TV ministries beaming forth from Texas or Oklahoma to
America’s living rooms, thus pulling in $800,000.00 per month in
donations. But an industrious dumpster-diving reporter would find
thousands of prayer requests intended for the preacher’s attention,
in that dumpster unopened and unread except to extract the checks and
cash enclosed. The story got to ABC-TV and put a temporary crimp in
Reverend Tilton’s style. He’s back on the air again though, and doing
just fine.8 Today’s media takes no notice.
There were more. Everyone remembers Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker. We all
of us endured their spectacular public implosion, so I won’t drag it
out here. But they, of course, had a TV ministry too. They called it
Praise The Lord. Its letters, like those of TBN, were PTL. Remember
PTL? It was not long, however, before their intemperately flamboyant
lifestyle had the FBI wondering whether PTL stood for Praise The
Lord, or Pass The Loot. They found out. When Bakker went to jail,
Jerry Falwell took over the ministry. Falwell would shortly be
accused of swindling his new flock out of $73 million in a bond
scheme.5 Falwell also claims credit for Bush `re’ election. Only
history will decide which was the more heinous offense.
Of the seven people at that fateful dinner table, most would be
embroiled in scandals. They would stand accused or proven guilty of
behavior violating their very admonitions and those of their
professed god. One would be indicted for fraud, another convicted,
two would be involved in extramarital affairs with prostitutes and
another accused of sexual harassment by a same-sex employee.6 The
preacher accused of this laying on of hands would pay that employee
nearly half-a-million dollars to keep his silence. Another would
enter drug rehab. One I would personally witness attempting to pass a
worthless check for $2,000,000.00 of satellite equipment and
services. Nice bunch.
Yet they prevail. One multi-millionaire not mentioned previously, is
Armenian-born preacher, Benny Hinn. Clad in a strange,
cassock-emulating Nehru suite, Hinn is a player’s player.
An Elmer Gantry style faith healer, to this day Hinn has been unable
to show concrete admissible physical evidence of having healed anyone
of anything at any time, anywhere. No problem. (Though he has not yet
been able to re-attach the slugger’s ear, Hinn does accept credit for
curing Evander Holyfield’s heart problems. While most overly-muscular
athletes simply stop taking steroids to accomplish this, Holyfield
credits Benny Hinn with his miraculous recovery.) But to the point,
Hinn takes a salary of $500,00.00 per year for his medical miracle
work. That’s actually modest by many standards. But there’s no mal
practice premium, and it’s taxable. His ministry, however, takes in
$80,000,000.00 a year in donations. He says the donations go back
into the ministry, but Hinn refuses to join the Evangelical Council
for Financial Accountability. (Ministers such as Billy Graham are
members in good standing, but membership requires revealing ones
finances.) Hinn does not make any apologies. `I don’t need gold in
Heaven,’ Hinn says, `I got to have it now.’ Benny Hinn owns several
homes, including his multimillion dollar residence in Dana Point,
California. He travels in a $7 million Gulfstream jet between
$2000.00 a night hotel rooms. He rarely quotes from Genesis 2:16-17.
He’s apparently getting it now.7
In fact, nearly all of them are. These TV preachers prevail and
flourish regardless of their obvious transgressions against their
own, and their gods’ admonitions. And why wouldn’t they? All they
have to do is go back on the air, shed a few tears, promise to be
good, proclaim their love of Jesus, and everyone believes them,
starts crying, hugging one another and writing checks again. Like the
battered wife who believes the `never again’ lies and keeps going
back for more, America is a society ever-more driven by faith and the
dependencies which rationalize it. We’re constantly told what a good
thing faith is. Yet Webster’s defines faith as a belief in something
for which there is neither evidence nor proof. What makes that a good
thing? Imagine if the Justice Department operated on such a premise.
They could jail whomever they wanted to jail, for whatever reason
they chose, with neither evidence or proof of wrongdoing…oh,
they’ve already started doing that? Sorry. My mistake.
We are the most religious advanced society on earth today.9 A recent
poll showed that 59% of Americans consider God and religion very
important in their everyday lives. Compare this to Italy’s 23%, or to
Japan’s and France’s 12% and you start to get the picture.
Surprising, isn’t it? It doesn’t change much between the oceans
either. While we might fondly consider ourselves socially and
economically more similar to our progressive northern neighbors than
we do those to our south, the similarities begin and end with
language. Mexicans answered the same question with 57% of them saying
that religion plays a very important part in their lives. That
compares tightly with the 59% of Americans, while only 30% of
Canadians considered this to be so. Thus, with the most moneyed
country in the world publicly proclaiming its citizens’ faith – or
more simply stated, their eagerness to believe things without
supporting evidence – it’s no wonder the preachers of prey find their
way to our shores, while their bank accounts remain off-shore. It’s
no wonder they have become ever wealthier in material things, ever
more revered by their faith-filled-flocks. They prevail and have been
joined by many others, with doubtless many more yet to come. In
Isaiah 1:18, the Bible tells us – and them – exactly why: `Though
your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow.’
Despite their record of apparent hypocrisy, scandal, and evident
deceit, the televangelists prevail, and have become ever more
powerful a political force in a no-longer secular US government. The
empire of influence – real or perceived – has been built by the TV
preachers on the faith, fortunes, and fealty of the credulous,
desperate, terrified. That it has been founded upon and in violation
of the American Creed is of no concern to them or their
history-oblivious flocks. Now, it is welcomed and even nurtured by
one of the most irrationally faithful among them. In their poster boy
of the moment the fundamentalists have found a man who believes the
world is doomed to destruction in our lifetime, so take what you can
get, and throw the wrapper in the river. And what’s worse, with his
return to power, the idiot-king seems bent on fulfilling that false
prophecy of doom himself if only to prove it correct. I am speaking
of course of extremism’s repentant, born again Christian
fundamentalist and reformed party animal, deserter, tooter, boozer,
stock manipulator, and president, George W. Bush.10, 11, 12, 13
It’s important to know that Bush recently said, `If you want to
understand me, you got to go to Midland Texas.’ I did. What I learned
there is this. George W. Bush bottomed out in Midland, Texas in the
mid-Eighties. But in doing so, he was by no means alone. Midland,
Texas in the Eighties was filled with failed oil men. Not even the
competent ones could make a go of it then. The town was wracked by
suicides and drunkenness as a result of its one and only industry
going bust. When one does not have work in Midland, there are few
alternatives to idleness. One alternative is drink. The other is
Church. Among troubled men the alternatives often proceed one to the
other, and in that order. When George W. Bush, despite his background
of incalculable privilege, found himself just another drunken and
failed oil man in Midland, he had run his string full out. Cocaine
had failed him, business had failed him, drink had failed him. He had
called himself the Bush family’s black sheep. Small wonder. Despite
being the fortunate son of the incumbent Vice President of the United
States, the fortunate heir to a fortune his grandfather Prescott Bush
had amassed as a banker to such luminaries as Adolph Hitler, despite
massive investment from the bin Laden family in his Arbusto oil
business, George could not make a go of it.14, 15 He couldn’t find
oil in Texas. There was little left for the hapless drunk but God.
Midland might have run out of customers, and George might have run
out of other people’s money, but God was everywhere here, still is
despite the town’s economic upturn.
Skip Hedgepeth, a contemporary in the Midland Men’s Community Bible
Study group explains Bush’s epiphany thus, `Hard times have a way of
making people draw closer to God. When we’re faced with troubles, we
realize we’re not in charge of everything. So we start looking for a
power greater than ourselves to help us in our troubles.’
While most of us realize we’re not in charge of everything at about 3
months of age, it takes others a bit longer. For them, there’s God.
So, in the Fall of 1985, his cocaine and alcohol abuse no longer a
viable escape, his Arbusto Energy company now just plain busto,
George W. Bush joined the Midland Men’s Community Bible Study Group.
Here he would be introduced to daily Bible readings and the emotional
security found through hugging other men, crying, and dogma. To the
surprise of few who knew him, George’s addictive personality was
about to take control of his ever-smaller brain yet again.16
In Evangelical Christianity, George W. Bush found a culture
supporting non-judgment and unearned forgiveness of ones past deeds.
This is known as Motivated Belief. Further, Evangelicals quite
deliberately separate themselves from moderate Protestants by their
belief in the Bible’s absolute unerring accuracy as the written word
of God. Unless God has continually edited it vicariously, that stands
in stark contrast to logical and rational religious belief and
learning. It stands in equal contrast to Anglo-American concepts of
jurisprudence. It profanes science. But it thrives because it serves
a purpose, and that purpose is self-delusion. It has no place in
enlightened government or philosophy, yet today it dominates
America’s. It is the primary reason Bush won or stole this election
despite his abysmal performance as president these last four years,
and it is the primary reason that he, just like the tainted
televangelists who sent their legions of faithful lemmings out to
vote for their born-again miscreant, can get away with just about
anything in the conditioned minds of his and their followers.
The point of all this is simple. After all, if these American `value
voters’ cannot find it within themselves to ignore the mountains of
evidence and FORGIVE their very leaders of dastardly deeds, and do so
unconditionally, how can they expect to be forgiven themselves? Yet
there is a sinful dichotomy at play here. They will forgive one
another, but condone the vengeance-killing of 100,000 Iraqis without
evidence that any of these slaughtered men, women, or children were
guilty of anything – anything other than being different, that is. To
me, such inconsistent beliefs as forgiveness and vengeance,
sanctifying life while taking it indiscriminately, do not pave the
way to Heaven. Such beliefs are the road to Hell. Unfortunately we’re
all on it together and the kooks are driving.
To Bush and his ilk, life, despite its being a gift from God, is
trivialized as nothing more than a dress rehearsal for the afterlife.
Here you make your mistakes, and here you correct them in order to
achieve salvation. The misused concept is emphasized in the New
Testament, and called upon often by preachers, `…he that shall endure
unto the end, the same shall be saved.’ In the Evangelical
interpretation, it’s not where you start, it’s where you finish after
you’ve finished. This removes the fear of `salvation doubt’ if
believed with vigor and absolution. To the literalists, the Bible
teaches that everyone should be judged only after they’ve died.
Consider how sainthood is ascribed but posthumously. Only thus are
mortals afforded full opportunity to repent and be saved. However,
inconsistent in this interpretation is how the Religous Right’s
dogmatic adherents, such as George W. Bush, deny other potential or
wayward Christians this chance by their vindictive actions. Bush sent
147 convicts to the death chamber in five years as governor. That’s a
record. Nearly all called themselves Christians. Were they given the
opportunity to `endure unto the end,’ and achieve repentance by their
actions, or was Bush better suited to determine their temporal end
than was God? While the wholesale execution of prisoners is an
extreme example, to Bush’s mind, it seems once you’re born, you’re
kill fodder for a greater good independent of your past deeds. He
spent as little as four minutes deciding who lives and who dies. In
this context then, once again, consider the bloodbath that is Iraq.
When and where did Jesus Christ teach this stuff to anybody? Simple.
He did not. Mortal men of purpose made it up. Mortal men find purpose
by acting on those beliefs.
Sigmund Freud writing in his 1927 postulation, The Future Of An
Illusion, says of conservative Christians, `Their acceptance of a
universal neurosis spares them the task of constructing a personal
one.’ Can there be a better explanation of why fear is so liberally
used in our theocratic government’s message today? Can there be any
doubt as to whom they are speaking?
As Americans, as members of what was so recently called the most
advanced society in human history, should we not be looking forward?
Why then do we reward those who always look backward for guidance,
backward to a time and place and a circumstance that never existed
but in their fantasies and the imagination of those who foist such
false ideas about America’s religious heritage upon them? The
Evangelists’ version of That Old Time Religion is, in reality, a very
new concept. But unless we’re about to start burning witches again,
and offering our daughters into slavery, it’s just another bill of
goods they’ve sold themselves…sold being the operative word.
As a culture, we will be made to understand the perils of blind faith
and of retrospection without reference, perils we’ve already loosed
on a more rational world. It has never been stated more succinctly
than wherein Proverbs 29:18 observes how, `Without vision the people
perish.’ Yet by its very definition, blind faith is without vision.
Could there be a more profound misinterpretation of scripture than
that manifest by this administration and the fundamentalist
sycophants who’ve not only rewarded its crimes, but assured their
continuance? They ask us to have faith while they take the lives of
our young in exchange for oil. They ask us to have faith because if
we were intelligent or courageous enough to demand evidence we would
ask them why they’ve embarked upon an illegal war with no plan for
termination; a daily slaughter of Iraqi innocents within their own
homes, a slaughter devoid of honest objectives or reasonable
justification; a daily desecration of the most holy of places without
concern for mortal suffering or divine retribution; a national
security plan that breaks the bank while obviating national security;
a financial deficit with no plan for recovery; a Social Security
privatization plan with no vehicle for funding it other than robbing
an entire generation of retirees and borrowing $2-trillion from
foreign nations; a headlong rush to deny the weak among us aid and
comfort in violation of Christ’s teachings; a national economic model
equal to that of the second worst economy in the hemisphere,
Argentina; a policy of spend and borrow that will leave our children
bankrupt and beholden to the children of other nations; an energy
policy leading to fatal global climate change with no plan for
counteraction or survival of the human race; a collapse of the U.S.
Dollar on world markets with no plan for recovery; a spiraling
national debt with no ability to repay so much as its interest
without selling our country to the Chinese at wholesale; and finally,
the deliberate and pointless alienation of the 6.4 billion people who
did not vote for George W. Bush but whose lives will be affected by
his actions and to whom we will owe trillions of the US dollars our
children must repay.
Summary:
Satellite television today allows the majority of those billions and
billions of foreigners to see America and her government’s actions in
her people’s name. This has never before been so. We’ve always known
that power corrupts. But corrupt leaders have been able to shield
themselves from the world’s view in past generations. They’ve often
been able to do so long enough to amass great wealth and power at the
expense of their peoples before running off. But they cannot do so
any longer, not with impunity. America’s actions affect the whole
world. Today, the entire world is watching us. They’re nervous. Their
multitudes will not allow their `values’ to cloud the truth unfolding
before their very eyes on the planet they are willed by God to share
with us, the `superpower.’ For the moment, we’ve abdicated our nation
to delusional screwballs. Many nations have done this before. They
already `get it.’ We don’t The world will not follow our lead. They
will bankrupt us this time. This time they can.
Conclusion:
We’ve examined but a few of the shortsighted, self-serving and
visionless prospects for our America under its current irrational,
faith driven `leader.’ On Saturday he told us that `God is guiding
our nation.’ So I guess Bush has delegated even that task to faith.
Call it charm, lunacy, ignorance, stupidity, or just call it what it
is, policy, Bush’s attributes work wonders with many Americans. As
one wag put it, `I like Bush `cause he’s as dumb as me.’
Bush’s style appeals to what the TV ministers call their `Value
Voters.’ So, let the exit polls be damned, the Evangelicals carried
the day for their poster boy. If they didn’t, they at least gave the
Republican crooks who own this president a plausible vehicle to which
they might attribute the otherwise inexplicable vote counts in this
year’s national election. They have changed our country into
something its founders never intended it to be, a virtual theocracy,
and they did it through abuse of the very system first designed to
prevent it.
Though 30 years ago they had no substantive national influence,
today, by their own literally incredible estimate, born-again
Evangelicals represent 38% of voting age Americans. This year they
appeared in record numbers casting, according to Barna Research, an
estimated 53% of the total vote. That’s a majority however you cut
it. Their votes went overwhelmingly to George W. Bush and his
anti-gay, anti-science, anti-pluralist, anti-social, anti-secular,
anti-Earth, backward-looking, blind faith agenda.
Evangelicals have been convinced that they were the spoiler in this
election. They equate Bush’s victory with their infantile ideas about
morality. They think they exhibited free will, imposed it upon the
Liberal infidels by sending the Bush numbers over the top. In reality
all they did was fall for the Republican line the same way they fall
for their TV preachers’ baloney. They responded as a herd. As always,
it’ll cost them. That’s expected, and it’s old news. What’s really
troubling is this. The TV preachers have shown the manipulators in
the Bush administration how easy it was to use the credulous masses,
to direct them to ends that most would consider outrageously stupid
at the very least. The faithful herd will now be led to the
slaughter, double crossed, deserted, and robbed of something they
consider valuable, as have so many others the Bush administration has
used and discarded during these four graceless years. Perhaps they
deserve it. Perhaps we all do. For, after all, haven’t the rest of
us, those who so fondly consider ourselves enlightened, behaved no
better? Have we not silently and passively ignored the empirical
evidence of exit polls? 17, 18 It was these very exit polls which
caused my source to hear one White House official exclaim, `We’re
being creamed,’ before it miraculously changed in their favor.19 Have
we not ignored the mathematical improbability that nearly every error
uncovered accrued to Bush’s advantage? The laws of probability demand
that multiple random errors trend toward even distribution, but only
if they are truly errors. Are we questioning the electronic `news’
media’s absence from this story? Nope. So, having seen all this
before, are we not therefore, accepting the nearly impossible results
of this election on blind faith?
Blind faith is not a plan for any society’s future survival; neither
is it cognition worthy of the fully developed human mind. Blind faith
is just a pretty mask that hides the ugly face of ignorance. Today,
America wears that mask, and it does not represent the moral or
ethical or religious `values’ of its most rational citizens. Neither
is it fooling anyone but other Americans.
It is said that of all God’s creatures, only humans can deliberately
consider any but their immediate future. Humans and humans alone have
the power of mind to appreciate the implications of their present
actions upon their long-term future and the welfare and survival of
their children. Despite these unique gifts of mind, we are told and
apparently believe that 59,054,087 Americans voted to continue a
dismally failed presidency. Despite that presumably cognitive
understanding, despite that ability to anticipate disaster, another
estimated 80,000,000 voting age Americans chose to stay home on
Election Day altogether. They chose not to vote. One can only ponder
upon what kept them away from the polls, and what might be the values
they consider important, but not important enough to get them get out
of their easy chairs in the interest of saving their lives. There is
but one conclusion to be drawn from these disparate behaviors.
America has suffered a crisis of intellect. We are become a people no
longer adequate to the rigors of sustaining an ethical and equitable
democracy.
As Thomas Paine said at America’s birth, `A people gets the
government it deserves.’
Oh, well. God save America! Her citizens, it seems, are all watching
television.
Footnotes
Please have no faith in anything you’ve read here. Unless and until
you check the facts for yourself, that’s all they are, some
stranger’s written words. The following references are provided to
start you on that road – or as an aid to sleep, whichever you prefer.
(DS)
1/
2/ The Mind Of The Bible Believer; by Edmund Cohen, Prometheus Books,
2003
3/
4/
5 /
6 /
7 /
8/ ond_coming.htm
9/ An Anatomy Of American Nationalism, by Anatol Lieven; Oxford
University Press, 2004.
10/
11/
12/
13/ 37.htm
14/
01/Bush___Bin_Laden_-_George_W__B/bush___bin_laden _-_george_w__b.html
15/ ler.htm
16/ s/view/
17/
iscuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address3x79760
18/
1 9/
0604Madsen/120604madsen.html ic.com/artman/publish/article_14418.shtml

Christian International Information Meeting Held in Antelias

CHRISTIAN INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION MEETING HELD IN ANTELIAS
ANTELIAS, December 9 (Noyan Tapan). The Christian International
Information Meeting started at the Mother Church of the Catholicosate
of the Great Cilician House in Antelias on December 5. It was held
upon the initiative of the Church World Council. The special
commission of the Church World Council participates in the
meeting. Manushak Boyajian is the Chairwoman of the Committee, she the
Chairowman of the Inter-Church Committee of the Catholicosate of the
Great Cilician House simultaneously.
According to the press divan of the Catholicosate of the Great
Cilician House, the work of the meeting completed on December 9.

UE: les ratis de l’integration musulmane inquietent l’opinion public

Agence France Presse
10 décembre 2004 vendredi 9:52 AM GMT
UE: les ratés de l’intégration musulmane inquiètent l’opinion
publique (DOSSIER – SYNTHESE)
BERLIN
Les ratés de l’intégration des musulmans dans les sociétés
européennes accroissent encore le décalage entre des gouvernements
officiellement favorables à une entrée de la Turquie dans l’Union
européenne et une majorité de l’opinion qui l’appréhende
économiquement, socialement et culturellement.
L’assassinat par un islamiste du réalisateur Theo van Gogh aux
Pays-Bas a déclenché une prise de conscience dans de nombreux pays
européens de l’intégration insuffisante de la minorité musulmane.
La discussion est vive en France qui compte la plus forte communauté
musulmane d’Europe avec près de 5 millions de personnes. La majorité
de la classe politique et de l’opinion du pays, qui compte aussi
450.000 personnes d’origine arménienne, sont opposées à l’adhésion
turque. Le président Jacques Chirac s’y est toujours proclamé
favorable, alors que notamment son propre parti UMP s’est prononcé
contre.
Autres clivages profonds en Allemagne, qui compte près de 3,5
millions de musulmans, dont 2,8 de Turcs, où les troubles
interculturels aux Pays-Bas ont provoqué un débat sur le
“patriotisme”.
Le ministre de l’Intérieur Otto Schily a dénoncé le
“multi-culturalisme béat” des décennies passées. Le chancelier
Gerhard Schroeder a mis en garde contre les “sociétés parallèles” et
un “conflit des cultures”, demandant aux musulmans d’adhérer aux
“valeurs des Lumières” de la démocratie allemande.
Le gouvernement, qui soutient à fond une adhésion pleine de la
Turquie, veut persuader son opinion rétive de l’abîme séparant une
minorité extrémiste d’une majorité musulmane pacifique.
Aux Pays-Bas, réputés pour leur tolérance, l’affaire van Gogh a
suscité de véritables tensions intercommaunautaires. Une semaine
après le meurtre, 80% des Néerlandais espéraient un durcissement de
la politique d’intégration.
En Belgique, le débat sur l’intégration des musulmans s’est
radicalisé avec la montée en puissance en Flandre du Vlaams Blok,
parti d’extrême droite au discours xénophobe.
En Autriche, plus de 75% de la population est opposée à l’ouverture
de négociations avec Ankara.
En Grande-Bretagne, la tradition reste libérale à l’égard des 1,6
million de musulmans, mais la crainte du terrorisme islamiste a amené
les hommes politiques à leur demander de faire davantage pour
s’intégrer. Le ministère de l’Intérieur a relancé l’idée d’une loi
qui condamnerait l’incitation à la haine religieuse.
En Espagne, l’intégration des musulmans se pose sous l’effet conjugué
d’une poussée migratoire en provenance du Maghreb et du terrorisme
international. La xénophobie commence à se développer.
En Italie, le débat est surtout agité par la Ligue du Nord, populiste
et xénophobe. A propos de la Turquie, elle va à contre-courant des
positions du président du Conseil Silvio Berlusconi, de longue date
défenseur de son adhésion.
En Scandinavie, celle-ci fait surtout débat au Danemark, où elle est
plutôt mal vue. Le renforcement des lois sur l’immigration et
l’influence de l’extrême droite y traduisent un climat difficile dans
l’opinion vis à vis des musulmans.
Le facteur religieux joue un rôle dans ce débat. Dans l’entourage du
ministre français des Affaires étrangères Michel Barnier
reconnaissait que l’opposition en France “est fondalement due à des
questions de religion”.
Les Eglises, dépitées par l’absence de mention des racines
chrétiennes dans la Constitution de l’UE, alternent les appels au
respect mutuel et des remarques acerbes à l’égard des dignitaires
musulmans qu’ils accusent de non-réciprocité.

Le memorial armenien a Valence

Le Point
9 décembre 2004
Natation;
Le mémorial arménien à Valence
par Pascal Mateo
L’idée avait germé dès le milieu des années 90. En juin 2005 ouvrira
dans la capitale de la Drôme un Centre du patrimoine arménien.
«Il s’agit d’une première en Europe, souligne Annie
Koulaksezian-Romy, conseillère municipale chargée du dossier à la
mairie de Valence. Ce lieu sera consacré à l’histoire des Arméniens,
de la fin du XIXe siècle à nos jours.»
Un parcours interactif
Implanté sur 400 mètres carrés dans l’ancienne faculté de droit, le
centre présentera un parcours interactif autour des fondements de
l’identité arménienne: «Des bornes-son permettront aux visiteurs
d’écouter des témoignages d’immigrés», explique la conseillère. En
outre, une salle sera destinée aux objets identitaires, une autre à
la foi apostolique. Les 5 000 Valentinois d’origine arménienne
bénéficieront ainsi d’un lieu de mémoire. «Le centre abordera des
thématiques universelles: l’intégration, les diasporas et les
génocides, notamment celui des Rwandais ou celui que le peuple
arménien a subi en 1915 du fait du gouvernement turc», précise Annie
Koulaksezian-Romy. Une question épineuse au moment où la Turquie
frappe à la porte de l’UE