Film Review: Aurora’s Sunrise

Aug 11 2023
Reviews
3.5 stars
My grandfather served valiantly in World War II, landing on the beaches of Normandy, coming home, and never speaking of it again for decades. Near the end of his life, he started to share some stories, often unexpectedly at family gatherings, things he had never told anyone, but one suspects he had thought about for decades. I often wished I could get him to sit down and talk about his life, but I knew it was too painful for him to do so. I thought of that feeling of what’s lost when we don’t record history while watching the excellent “Aurora’s Sunrise,” a film that both chronicles a horrendously dark chapter in the world but also speaks to the value of filmmaking in the first place. It’s a stunning hybrid that melds animation, interview footage with its subject, and a 1919 silent film once thought lost to history that’s about her life. Imagine being able to sit with a loved one and see their harrowing life story unfold both in new animated recreations and actual footage from the era that’s over a century old. Aurora Mardiganian’s story is a moving tale of heroism that Hollywood once thought harrowing enough to make into a truly disturbing feature film. Now it’s been resurrected, over a hundred years later, to be told again. It's a reminder that film doesn't just record history, it can transport us through it. 

Arshaluys Mardiganian was born in 1901 in a small village in the Ottoman Empire. In 1915, the Ottomans committed genocide against the Armenian people, and Aurora’s family was ripped apart. As thousands of Armenians were murdered, Aurora was part of a death march that nearly killed her multiple times and forced her to bear witness to countless atrocities. Like a lot of young women, she was sold into the slave market, but she escaped, finding her way eventually to St. Petersburg, which promised a route home. Eventually landing on a boat out of Oslo to New York City, she made it to America, and she wrote a book called Ravished Armenia that would be used to draft the film “Auction of Souls,” a project designed to bring attention to the plight of Armenians. Lost for generations, part of the film was found in the ‘90s and restored for release in 2009. Scenes from “Auction of Souls,” starring Mardiganian herself, are cut into “Aurora’s Sunrise,” including a lengthy interview with Aurora from the ‘90s and animated recreations of her story.

“Aurora’s Sunrise” is a historical documentary about the horror of the Armenian genocide, but its power comes from being filtered through the eyes and voice of one of its survivors. It forces one to consider how many stories, horrors, and triumphs have been lost to history because they didn’t have a film like “Auction of Souls” or a confident storyteller like Aurora to tell them. The events in this film unfolded over a century ago, yet it all feels so present in director Inna Sahakyan’s hands because of how much she gives them to Aurora. A narrator tells parts of her story, but we also hear Aurora herself often, intercut with footage of her as a young woman recreating her trauma. The layers of filmmaking—truth on recreation on truth—give the whole thing a fascinating power because it emphasizes the need to not only have people willing to tell these stories but also to listen.

I wished some of the animation was a little sharper, although I suspect the lack of style is intentional. Characters have a habit of floating instead of walking and minimal facial expressions, but a stronger animated look might have really amplified the sense of memory in the overall piece. Christine Aufderhaar’s lovely score helps greatly with the animated segments, giving them an even greater sense of loss without being manipulative.

The interview with Aurora herself is captivating, but I found myself most entranced every time “Sunrise” cut to “Auction of Souls.” Here’s a silent film with hundreds of extras shot in the California desert, depicting abject horrors that took place relatively recently on the other side of the world. It was clearly an act of activism, but it’s also just a breathtakingly daring production that looks like it was truly dangerous to film. And all of it was almost lost forever. In an era when it seems like everything is being recorded all the time, leading to unbelievable access to events happening around the world, “Aurora’s Sunrise” is a reminder that we can’t let it all turn into just white noise, that we need to truly see and hear, or we risk losing the history that has shaped us all.

In limited release now, expanding across the country over the coming weeks.


https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/auroras-sunrise-movie-review-2023

Prominent genocide scholars have submitted an open letter to the UN Secretary-General, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights…

"The Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute" Foundation
Aug 11 2023


H.E. António Guterres
UN Secretary-General,

Mr. Volker Türk
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights,

Ms. Alice Wairimu Nderitu
Special Adviser of the UN Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide,

UN Security Council Member States

9 August 2023

We, the undersigned scholars and experts on genocide, are writing to you with an overwhelming sense of urgency and concern about the potential for genocide in the Republic of Artsakh (also known as the Nagorno Karabakh Republic). As scholars deeply engaged in the study of genocide, we bear witness to the horrors of history, rigorously analyze past and present atrocities, working to prevent new genocides from occurring. Presently, we find ourselves profoundly concerned by the emergence of unmistakable warning signs of genocide in Artsakh. The most significant risk factor is the unlawful blockade of the Lachin Corridor, which serves as the vital link connecting Artsakh to Armenia.

Since December 2022, the Lachin Corridor, the sole lifeline connecting the Artsakh population to the outside world, has been unlawfully blockaded by Azerbaijani authorities. This distressing situation reached a critical juncture on June 15, 2023, when Azerbaijan sealed off this vital road, subjecting the Republic of Artsakh and its 120,000 residents to a dire state of siege. For the past two months, Artsakh has been forcibly deprived of its ability to access essential supplies such as food, medicine, and other critical goods. Even humanitarian relief efforts conducted by Russian peacekeepers and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) have been obstructed, exacerbating an already grave humanitarian crisis.

The escalating humanitarian crisis has prompted the ICRC, the sole international organization with a presence on the ground, to issue a grave alert. In a public statement released on July 25 (https://www.icrc.org/en/document/azerbaijan-armenia-sides-must-reach-humanitarian-consensus-to-ease-suffering), the ICRC unequivocally documented that“The civilian population is now facing a lack of life-saving medication and essentials like hygiene products and baby formula. Fruits, vegetables, and bread are increasingly scarce and costly, while some other food items such as dairy products, sunflower oil, cereal, fish, and chicken are not available.”

Furthermore, the Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect has issued an alarming atrocity alert for Nagorno Karabakh(https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/atrocity-alert-no-358/), highlighting the persistent risk of enduring mass atrocity crimes.

Considering the aforementioned circumstances and drawing upon additional pertinent information provided by various impartial organizations, human rights organisations, and other relevant stakeholders, we, as experts in the field of genocide studies, hold the view that compelling indicators exist that in the absence of prompt and resolute action, a genocide targeting the ethnic Armenian population of Artsakh is a looming possibility. The prevention of genocide and safeguarding vulnerable populations stand as fundamental obligations of the global community, as underscored by the United Nations Charter and the Genocide Convention of 1948, along with subsequent pledges undertaken by international actors. Guided by these principles, we strongly urge member states and UN bodies to promptly and resolutely step forward, exercising their responsibility to forestall any additional loss of innocent lives and preclude the occurrence of large-scale atrocities.

Specifically, we call upon the United Nations to activate its early warning mechanism, as stipulated within its mandates, to expeditiously address the tangible and imminent threat of genocide in Artsakh. We urge a concerted international effort to bring this grave situation to the attention of the UN Security Council. The Security Council should take decisive action to avert the progression of genocide by urgently removing the blockade on the Lachin Corridor, thereby reinstating unimpeded movement of persons, vehicles, and cargo along this life-supporting corridor in both directions. Security Council action should also support of the Provisional Measures order of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) of 22 February 2023 (reaffirmed 6 July 2023), which ordered Azerbaijan to ‘take all measures at its disposal to ensure unimpeded movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions’. A Provisional Measures order is binding, and Azerbaijan remains in breach of its international law obligations by not complying with the ICJ’s order. Furthermore, we urge that the UN establish and send a fact-finding mission to Artsakh for a thorough analysis of data, on-site reporting, and engagement with local communities and organizations to identify and eliminate the consequences of the ongoing crime.

The prevention of genocide requires a collective effort, a unified resolve, and unwavering commitment from the international community. We urge the United Nations and its bodies to prioritize the prevention of genocide in Artsakh and take decisive action to protect the lives and dignity of thousands of innocent people.

Time is of the essence. We urge you to act swiftly and decisively, guided by the principles of the United Nations and the mandate to protect humanity from the scourge of genocide.

Respectfully signed,

Melanie O'Brien, Associate Professor of International Law, University of Western Australia; and President of the International Association of Genocide Scholars

Henry C. Theriault, Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs at Worcester State University, Past President of the International Association of Genocide Scholars (2017-2021)

Andrew Woolford, Professor, Head of Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Manitoba, Past President of the International Association of Genocide Scholars (2015-2017)

Israel Charny, Director of the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide in Jerusalem, Past President of the International Association of Genocide Scholars (2005-2007)

Armen Marsoobian, Professor of Philosophy, Southern Connecticut State University, Past First Vice President of the International Association of Genocide Scholars (2019-23)

Elisa von Joeden-Forgey, Chair of Department of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Keene State College, Past First Vice President of the International Association of Genocide Scholars (2015-17)

Hervé Georgelin, Assistant Professor, Department of Turkish Studies and Modern Asian Studies, National and Capodistrian University of Athens

Dr. Vasileios Meichanetsidis, Greek Genocide scholar


Asbarez: Rep. Sherman Congratulates New Artsakh Parliament Speaker

Rep. Brad Sherman calls for lifting the Artsakh blockade during an event in Washington in January


Representative Brad Sherman (D-Calif.) congratulated Davit Ishkhanyan, who was elected as Speaker of the Artsakh National Assembly.

Sherman, who represents California’s 32nd Congressional district and is a senior member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee said he looked forward to working with Ishkhanyan, the leader of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation bloc in the parliament as well as a member of the party’s Bureau, who was elected Monday.

“I welcome the election of Davit Ishkhanyan as the new Speaker of the National Assembly of the Republic of Artsakh,” Sherman, a member of the Congressional Armenian Caucus said in a statement. 

“I look forward to this transformative phase of leadership and to continuing the work to further strengthen the U.S. bond with Artsakh and the Armenian people.”

RFE/RL Armenian Service – 08/11/2023

                                        Friday, 


Armenian Government Allocates Money For Snoop Dogg Concert In Yerevan

        • Marine Khachatrian

U.S. singer Snoop Dogg


The Armenian government has allocated more than $5 million for the organization 
of a concert of American rapper Snoop Dogg in Yerevan.

The concert is scheduled to be held at the Hrazdan Stadium in the Armenian 
capital on September 23.

Up to 25,000 people are expected to attend the event that is also hoped to bring 
more tourists to the South Caucasus country.

The first announcement of a possible Snoop Dogg concert in Yerevan was made by 
chief of the prime minister’s office Arayik Harutiunian in late July. A document 
appeared on the Internet shortly according to which more than $23 million would 
be allocated from the state budget for concert programs.

The kind of state funding sparked a public debate in Armenia, with many 
challenging the wisdom of such government spending.

The government stopped short of denying that some money would be allocated to a 
private company for a rapper’s concert in Yerevan, but insisted that it would 
not be anywhere near the claimed amount.

Observers note that concerts and visits to Armenia in recent years by such world 
stars and celebrities as American rapper 50 Cent, Armenian American musician 
Serj Tankian, Armenian American reality TV star Kim Kardashian and her former 
rapper souse Kanye West have helped raise the country’s international visibility 
and attract a greater number of tourists immediately as well as in the longer 
run.

Calvin Cordozar Broadus Jr., a 51-year-old rapper and actor professionally known 
as Snoop Dogg, has sold 35 million albums worldwide since 1992, remaining one of 
the world’s most popular performers during the past three decades.




Moscow Paper Reveals Russian Offer On Access To Karabakh

        • Hrach Melkumian
        • Ruzanna Stepanian

An Azerbaijani checkpoint at the entrance to the Lachin corridor leading from 
Armenia to Nagorno-Karabakh (file photo).


Citing an unnamed state official, Russia’s leading daily, Kommersant, wrote on 
Friday that Moscow had proposed ending the current situation with the blocked 
access to Nagorno-Karabakh by opening both the Agdam and Lachin roads.

The paper said the arrangement that both the Azerbaijani and Karabakh sides had 
almost agreed to eventually did not go through, however.

According to the official “familiar with the regional situation”, Russian 
Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov proposed opening the Agdam road first, through 
which Red Cross vehicles would deliver what was necessary to Nagorno-Karabakh, 
and a day later, according to Moscow’s proposal, the Lachin road would be opened.

“Such an option was brought to a high level of preparation,” said the unnamed 
official who spoke to Kommersant.

But, according to him, the Karabakh Armenians first set a condition that Lachin 
should be opened not one day later, but simultaneously and then demanded that 
Azerbaijani goods should not be delivered through Agdam. The paper writes that 
then a scandal related to Azerbaijan’s detention of a Karabakh resident at a 
checkpoint in the Lachin corridor on charges of war crimes allegedly committed 
during the early 1990s emerged and “the compromise did not happen.”

According to the official cited by Kommersant, Moscow assesses the situation as 
serious and believes that Baku is not inclined to make concessions.

“All attempts to somehow calm the situation that are being made by us, Western 
and international organizations lead to nowhere. Baku is not backing down,” the 
official said, adding that the Karabakh authorities are also persistent, in 
particular, in rejecting the option of using the Agdam road.

According to the Russian official, though, the Agdam road will be opened in any 
case.

Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Jeyhun Bayramov said at a meeting with the head of 
the Red Cross office in Baku on July 14 that Azerbaijan does not rule out the 
possibility of “providing assistance” to meet the needs of Karabakh Armenians by 
using the Agdam-Stepanakert road.

One day later, on July 15, after a meeting with Armenian Prime Minister Nikol 
Pashinian and Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev in Brussels, President of the 
European Council Charles Michel said that as well as urging Aliyev to reopen the 
Lachin corridor he “noted Azerbaijan’s willingness to equally provide 
humanitarian supplies via Agdam.”

“I see both options as important and encouraged the humanitarian deliveries from 
both sides to ensure the needs of the population are met,” he said.

Authorities in Stepanakert strongly rejected that option, insisting that the 
Agdam road cannot be an alternative to the Lachin corridor, which, they stressed 
should remain solely under the control of Russian peacekeepers in accordance 
with the terms of the 2020 Moscow-brokered ceasefire agreement.

Commenting on the publication in the Russian newspaper, Artur Harutiunian, a 
member of Nagorno-Karabakh’s parliament, stressed that alternative options could 
become a subject of discussion only after the Lachin road gets to be operated 
without interruption.

“We clearly say that we have a corridor under a signed document, the Lachin 
corridor, which should work without interruption. After it works without 
interruption, those alternative options are already issues to be discussed,” the 
region’s lawmaker told RFE/RL’s Armenian Service.




Pashinian Warns Azerbaijan Against ‘Nullifying Historic Opportunity For Peace’


Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinian speaks at a weekly cabinet meeting (file 
photo).


Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinian on Friday called for the lifting of 
Azerbaijan’s current blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh, warning Baku against 
“nullifying a historic opportunity for establishing peace.”

Speaking about the deepening humanitarian crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh brought on 
by what Yerevan views as an illegal closure by Azerbaijan of the Lachin 
corridor, the only road connecting Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia, Pashinian 
stressed that the Armenian-populated region haս been deprived of any commercial 
shipments since last December as well as any humanitarian supplies since the 
middle of June when Baku tightened its blockade at a checkpoint installed on the 
road in April.

Pashinian said that a convoy of about two dozen trucks with about 400 tons of 
humanitarian supplies, including flour, pasta, cooking oil, sugar, salt, 
medicines and some other basic products, that the Armenian government sent to 
Nagorno-Karabakh late last month still remains stranded in Armenia’s Syunik 
province not far from the Lachin corridor as Azerbaijan refuses to allow its 
passage.

He said there was no explanation to Azerbaijan’s banning humanitarian supplies 
to Nagorno-Karabakh “if we do not consider it within the context of Azerbaijan’s 
open policy of subjecting Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh to a genocide.”

“To be more precise, the ban on the entry of humanitarian cargoes to 
Nagorno-Karabakh makes more trustworthy statements about the policy being 
carried out by Azerbaijan on subjecting Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians to a 
genocide,” the Armenian prime minister charged.

Pashinian said that there is a growing opinion among international experts that 
“Azerbaijan’s policy on causing a humanitarian crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh by its 
illegal blockade of the Lachin corridor can be regarded from the point of view 
of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime 
of Genocide of December 9, 1948.”

Pashinian said that the humanitarian crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh caused by 
Azerbaijan’s blockade of the Lachin corridor has deepened to the extent that 
“greater efforts need to be taken in the direction of providing an international 
legal assessment of the created situation.” He stressed that Azerbaijan 
continues to fail to comply with the order by the Criminal Court of Justice to 
restore “unimpeded” traffic through the Lachin corridor that was first issued in 
February and then reaffirmed in July.

“The best solution to the current situation is the removal of Azerbaijan’s 
illegal blockade of the Lachin corridor and the start of a dialogue between 
Stepanakert and Baku within the framework of an international mechanism,” 
Pashinian said.

“The Republic of Armenia, for its part, continues to reaffirm its commitment to 
the peace agenda and calls on official Baku to refrain from steps nullifying a 
historic opportunity for establishing peace,” the Armenian premier underscored.

Armenia and ethnic Armenian authorities in Nagorno-Karabakh view the Azerbaijani 
checkpoint in the Lachin corridor as illegal as they accuse Baku of violating a 
Moscow-brokered 2020 ceasefire agreement that places the vital route under the 
control of Russian peacekeepers.

Azerbaijan’s de facto blockade has resulted in severe shortages of food, 
medicine, and energy supply in Nagorno-Karabakh, which is home to about 120,000 
ethnic Armenians.

Azerbaijan denies blockading Nagorno-Karabakh and offers an alternative route 
for supplies via the town of Agdam, which is situated east of the region and is 
controlled by Baku.

Ethnic Armenian authorities in Nagorno-Karabakh reject that offer, fearing that 
it could be a prelude to the region’s absorption into Azerbaijan.

Armenia and Azerbaijan have been locked in a conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh for 
decades. Some 30,000 people were killed in a war in the early 1990s that left 
ethnic Armenians in control of the predominantly Armenian-populated region and 
seven adjacent districts of Azerbaijan proper.

Decades of internationally mediated talks failed to result in a diplomatic 
solution and the simmering conflict led to another war in 2020 in which nearly 
7,000 soldiers were killed on both sides.

The 44-day war in which Azerbaijan regained all of the Armenian-controlled areas 
outside of Nagorno-Karabakh as well as chunks of territory inside the Soviet-era 
autonomous oblast proper ended with a Russia-brokered ceasefire under which 
Moscow deployed about 2,000 troops to the region to serve as peacekeepers.

Tensions along the restive Armenian-Azerbaijani border and around 
Nagorno-Karabakh leading to sporadic fighting and loss of life have persisted 
despite the ceasefire and publicly stated willingness of the leaders of both 
countries to work towards a negotiated peace.




Armenia To Raise Lachin Corridor Closure Issue At UN Security Council

        • Nane Sahakian

An Armenian truck convoy carrying humanitarian aid to Nagorno-Karabakh stranded 
near the Lachin corridor as Azerbaijan does not allow it to pass through its 
checkpoint. Armenia, Syunik Province, July 27, 2023.


Armenia will raise the issue of the closed Lachin corridor at the United Nations 
Security Council, the country’s Ambassador-at-Large Edmon Marukian said on 
August 10, adding that related work is “in progress.”

“No one can say when, on what day, but the Republic of Armenia will raise this 
issue at the UN Security Council. Why do I say that work is in progress? Because 
without preparatory work, at least to the extent that we can hope that we can 
expect a result for us, I think it is obvious that we cannot just fire this one 
shot with a blank cartridge,” Marukian said in an interview with CivilNet, a 
leading local news website.

In an August 8 urgent appeal to the international community on the situation in 
Nagorno-Karabakh caused by Azerbaijan’s effective blockade the region’s ethnic 
Armenian leader Arayik Harutiunian also asked Yerevan to immediately make the 
situation a subject of discussion at the UN Security Council.

The Armenian Foreign Ministry has not yet officially responded to the appeal.

Marukian said that Armenia is working to ensure that none of the members of the 
UN Security Council, especially its five permanent members -- the United States, 
Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom -- do not interfere with the 
process.

Edmon Marukian

“In this sense, I would not compare it with the previous times, because this 
time we are determined to go for a resolution. We have never been after a 
resolution. That is, in this sense, it is very important that thorough work be 
done, and we count on a UN Security Council resolution on the Lachin corridor. 
We need at least 9 “for” votes, and in this regard, I believe that serious work 
has been done, is being done and still needs to be done,” Armenia’s 
ambassador-at-large said.

Marukian said that Azerbaijan is taking countermeasures against Armenia’s move 
at the UN Security Council.

When asked which country unambiguously supports Armenia in this matter, Marukian 
said that it would be wrong to give the name of any country now. “There is a 
very important circumstance here that the process of adopting a resolution at 
the UN Security Council is open and public. Previous negotiations, for example, 
on an application, on the application of the chairman, were a different 
procedure, and they contained discussions that are not public, not visible. In 
this case, you will see which country will take which position,” he said.

Government critics in Armenia point out that Azerbaijan has further toughened 
its policy towards Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians after the statements of Armenian 
Prime Minister Nikol Pashinian following last year’s meeting in Prague where he 
recognized the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, including Nagorno-Karabakh. 
However, according to Marukian, a signed document, which is the November 9, 2020 
ceasefire agreement in Nagorno-Karabakh signed by the leaders of Armenian, 
Azerbaijan and Russia, has a higher legal force than a political statement.

“There is a tripartite document dated November 9 [2020], the presence of which 
is recognized by us, Azerbaijan and Russia, that is, this document has not been 
canceled, it exists, it is in force, its architecture in relation to 
Nagorno-Karabakh has not been completely canceled, on its basis the 
International Court of Justice adopted its interim decision. If we read this 
decision, we’ll see that it is also built on the November 9 document, and thus 
the international community gives force to the November 9 document. While in 
previous discussions at the UN our international partners wanted to avoid 
references to the November 9 document, how are they going to avoid it now, when 
the court is building its interim decision on it? This document from November 9 
[2020] is a valid document, and statements are statements of a political nature. 
I repeat that a document has a higher legal force,” Marukian underscored.

Armenia and ethnic Armenian authorities in Nagorno-Karabakh accuse Azerbaijan of 
violating the Moscow-brokered 2020 ceasefire agreement that places the Lachin 
corridor, the only road connecting Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia, under the 
control of Russian peacekeepers. They insist, therefore, that the Azerbaijani 
checkpoint installed there earlier this year is illegal.

The de facto blockade imposed by Azerbaijan has resulted in severe shortages of 
food, medicine, and energy supply in Nagorno-Karabakh, which is home to about 
120,000 ethnic Armenians.

Azerbaijan denies blockading Nagorno-Karabakh and offers an alternative route 
for supplies via the town of Agdam, which is situated east of the region and 
away from Armenia and is controlled by Baku. Ethnic Armenian authorities in 
Nagorno-Karabakh reject that offer, fearing that it could be a prelude to the 
absorption of what remains of the former autonomous oblast into Azerbaijan.


Reposted on ANN/Armenian News with permission from RFE/RL
Copyright (c) 2023 Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, Inc.
1201 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington DC 20036.

 

As Armenian Fish Farming Expands, a Pristine Aquifer Is Drying Up

Aug 10 2023

In recent decades, aquaculture has proliferated in Armenia’s Ararat Valley. The heightened use of water, combined with a warming climate and increased drought, has led to groundwater reserves shrinking by two-thirds, once-bountiful farms withering, and wells going dry.


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On an overcast morning this past spring, Gegham Muradyan searches for signs of water trickling through the dry soils of Armenia’s Ararat Valley. In an opening between two stone houses in the village of Dalar, some 15 miles southwest of Yerevan, the nation’s capital, he finds a single pipe protruding from knots of weeds.

A hydrometeorologist at Armenia’s Ministry of Environment, Muradyan holds a measuring cup beneath the water flowing from the pipe and notes the time it takes to fill. He does a quick calculation, then records the well discharge rate — an indicator of underground water pressure — in a logbook. Over the past year, the rate has dropped from 850 milliliters per second to 570 milliliters. “That’s very serious for this one,” he says.

For several years, Muradyan and his colleagues have crisscrossed this region to record the depth and velocity of groundwater at wells and boreholes. In 2016, they surveyed more than 2,800 sites — the most comprehensive analysis performed since the early 1980s. Their painstaking work has confirmed that the aquifer has shrunk from more than 32,000 hectares, in 1983, to just over 10,000 hectares. In some parts of the valley, the water table has dropped as much as 49 feet.

Years of overexploiting groundwater in the Ararat Valley have brought the aquifer to a crisis point.

Muradyan knows why. “Look around,” he says, pointing toward the horizon. “Do you see those?” Barely perceptible in the distance are rows and rows of concrete vats filled with fish.

Years of overexploiting groundwater in the Ararat Valley have brought the aquifer to a crisis point. Today, the valley hosts more than 200 documented fish farms, with potentially dozens more operating without permits. Together they are responsible for more than half of the region’s annual groundwater consumption, according to data collected by the U.S. Agency for International Development — more than irrigation, industrial, and household use combined.

Rainfall and snowmelt replenish the aquifer, but climate change has reduced these flows. Now, despite government efforts to shut down illegal wells and encourage water reuse on fish farms, experts say more needs to be done to preserve this vital natural resource.


The Ararat Valley, which lies along the Turkish border and is home to roughly 260,000 people, is the nation’s agricultural hub. Its prized apricots and pears, its melons and vegetables, have long thrived thanks to the valley’s artesian aquifer, which holds an estimated 2 billion cubic meters of water, equivalent to about 800,000 Olympic swimming pools.

But today, a bird’s-eye view of the region would reveal a stark contrast: a dusty, brown landscape dotted with striking blocks of blue and green. These tanks are filled with native trout, salmon, and sturgeon, most of which will be exported to Russia.

Aquaculture is the world’s fastest-growing food sector, according to the United Nations. But commercial fish farming is relatively new in Armenia, and an unlikely industry for a mountainous, landlocked country. The government first granted water extraction permits in the 2000s, allowing dozens of entrepreneurs to tap into the valley’s aquifer. Hydrologists say those early permits allowed aquaculturists to set up too many wells that pumped too much water, and that the permits were granted without an understanding of how much extraction the aquifer could handle.

“It was not good management and not a long-term vision for the Ararat Valley,” says Alexander Arakelyan, a hydrologist at Armenia’s Institute of Geological Sciences, who works with Muradyan.

Nowadays, aspiring fish farmers pay about $1,000 for a water permit, according to Muradyan. But once they’ve done that, the clean, cold water is virtually free — fish farmers can fill an entire tank, about 280,000 liters, for just a few dollars. It’s not surprising, then, that the valley quickly became a hotspot for enterprising aquaculturists, who caused extensive groundwater depletion in just a few years.

The Ararat Valley, which receives just 8 to 10 inches of precipitation yearly, is likely to become even drier.

As fish farming has grown, groundwater withdrawals in the Ararat Valley have far surpassed the aquifer’s rate of replenishment. The problem was first discovered in 2013, when groundwater withdrawals were more than 1.5 times the sustainable level. Three years later, nothing had changed. Users withdrew 1 billion cubic meters more than the aquifer’s natural recharge amount for that year.

“If we keep using [the aquifer] indiscriminately,” says Muradyan, “the time will come when it cannot recover.”

For a time, the problem seemed to be under control. In 2016, the Ministry of Environment attempted to close illegal farms and plug some of the valley’s unused, free-flowing wells. But now the warming climate — which enhances evaporation, triggers more drought and ramps up water demand — is exacerbating the crisis, says Alexander Arakelyan, a hydrologist at the Institute of Geological Sciences in Armenia.

Groundwater is the most important source of water for at least half of the world’s households and supports about a quarter of the world’s irrigation systems. But as the planet warms, water scarcity is expected to affect two-thirds of the world’s population by mid-century, according to the U.N.


The Ararat Valley, which has historically received just 8 to 10 inches of precipitation a year, is likely to become even drier. The United Nations Development Programme predicts rainfall will decrease by about 8 percent by 2100. “Armenia is warming much faster than expected,” says Naira Aslanyan, climate change coordinator at the UNDP in Yerevan.

This past winter, the lack of snowpack dramatically shifted the basin’s timeframe for regeneration. Usually, the water table rises until April as snow from the surrounding mountains melts into the valley’s recharge zones. But in 2022, the regeneration season ended in February, according to Muradyan. This year, he says, the water table started declining even earlier — in January.


The consequences of a decade of unmitigated groundwater abstraction and increasing climate pressures are already emerging, sometimes miles away from the heaviest users. Gevorg Avakian grows strawberries, eggplants, and grapes on a small farm in the village of Aknashen. Up until 2016, water flowed freely from an artesian well on the edge of his property, between the chicken pen and a few rows of grape vines.

“It’s not the right approach if we think that we can bring water from other places to close the deficit,” says a hydrologist.

In 2016, Muradyan helped install a deeper well on Avakian’s property to replace one that had dried up. But even this one is dying. “It’s only going down and down,” says Avakian. “You can see the fields around me. They’re all yellow. That’s because the water isn’t coming.” Avakian found the money to install a pump on his dry well, but it’s expensive to operate.


In more than 30 communities dotting the valley, residential wells are now too shallow to reach the ever-dropping water table. Villagers — not all of whom have access to municipal water supplies, which draw on reservoirs — have watched their wells dry up in the space of a few short years. Like Avakian, they are forced to either dig deeper or install costly pumps.

Farmers who partly depend on the aquifer for irrigation are increasingly reliant on water discharges from Lake Sevan — a large, freshwater lake about 45 miles northeast of the Ararat Valley that is already suffering from algal blooms and low water levels. This summer, the Armenian government agreed to discharge 240 million cubic meters of water from the imperiled lake to service shortfalls around the country, even though the annual maximum is set at 170 million cubic meters.

“It’s not the right approach if we think that we can bring water from other places to close the deficit,” says Arakelyan.

Still, many local fish farmers won’t accept that they’re part of the problem. Samvel Lablajyan, based outside of Hayanist village, insists nothing has changed on his plot of land. “The water isn’t going down, and it isn’t going up, either,” he says. “This situation will work for 100,000 years.”

In other parts of the Valley, Lablajyan concedes, “there are places where the water is decreasing naturally.” He blames climate change. “There’s no rain, the winds are stronger, everything on the Earth is changing,” he says.

Groundwater is not evenly distributed beneath the Earth’s surface, so some areas may feel the pinch of depletion more than others — at least for now. Fish farmers like Lablajyan, says Arakelyan, will inevitably come face-to-face with the problem. “We need to [make] these businesses understand that this environment is for everyone, it’s not a private thing,” he says.

After harvesting their fish, most farmers drain their nitrogen-rich water into the nearby Aras River.

Experts say all of the basin’s residents have to face reality: The years of insatiable extraction have caught up with them. “We don’t want to get to a situation where we have a massive water shortage, and we’re not that far off,” says Garabet Kazanjian, an aquatic ecology researcher at the American University of Armenia. “What are we going to do then?”


Powerful economic interests have stymied any reforms of aquaculture. After years of economic hardship, fewer Armenians are choosing to work the land. Many young people have moved to the city or left the country altogether. Creating employment opportunities for the remaining rural population is more important than ever.

Fish farms annually produce more than 18,000 tons of commercial fish, most of which is exported to Russia, according to the Ministry of Economy. Russian consumers have a taste for Armenian red and black caviar, as well as its trout and sturgeon — varieties that are too expensive to be viable on Armenian grocery shelves. The farms also employ local villagers. Artyom Torosyan’s business, called Svet Fish, recruits 10 people from Hovtashat, a village of about 3,000. Dozens of other fish farms do the same.


Torosyan’s expansive business is impossible to miss on Hovtashat’s Yerkatughayinner (metal works) Street. His elaborate, brass-trimmed gates stand out on the dirt road, where a half-mile of dilapidated factories once produced car parts and machinery. Torosyan believes he’s part of revitalizing the country’s economy and its global status, he says, because 90 percent of his product goes abroad.

Still, Torosyan calls himself one of the unlucky fish farmers: neighboring farms have about five permitted wells each, he says, whereas he has a permit for only one. And so Torosyan, like other aquaculturists without enough water, implemented water-saving measures out of need.

After harvesting their fish, most farmers drain their nitrogen-rich water into the nearby Aras River, which flows to the Turkish border. The process is both wasteful and polluting. On Torosyan’s farm, a system filters the water, reoxygenates it, and then reroutes it to another tank, ready to host several hundred more fish.

The pace of depletion will determine whether the fish farming industry can continue to operate.

Torosyan built the recirculating system himself, importing materials from China, Russia, and the European Union, and he believes his efforts could be a blueprint for the region’s other fish farms. But while recirculating systems result in higher fish production with less water use, the capital investment — from $16,000 to $130,000, depending on the size of the farm — can be prohibitive for smaller farms, according to research from the International Centre for Agribusiness Research and Education, an agricultural NGO based in Yerevan.

Nor do relatively water-rich fish farms have any incentive to invest in building a sustainable system, says Torosyan. “The fish farms around me have a lot of water already,” he says. “They don’t use these kinds of processes.”


Still, local environmental authorities are encouraging widespread adoption of recirculating systems. In January, the Ministry of Environment gave fish farms one year to install them, but experts on the ground have not seen any progress. “I’m not so sure that it will be done by January because it requires a lot of money and effort from businesses,” says Arakelyan. And without government subsidies to make the upgrades, smaller businesses might close if the deadline remains. “As usual in Armenia,” Arakelyan adds, “everything will happen at the last moment.”

Even for an enterprising operator like Torosyan, there might not be much water left to recirculate within a few decades. The pace of depletion will determine whether the fish farming industry can continue to operate. “If the water runs out,” Torosyan says, “we’re all going to be in trouble.”

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Lori Youmshajekian is a freelance journalist based in New York covering science, health, and the environment. MOREABOUT LORI YOUMSHAJEKIAN →

 

Former ICC prosecutor warns of Azerbaijan’s continued ‘genocide’ against Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh

Aug 10 2023
by ATHENS BUREAU

A leading expert in international law and former prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) warned that Azerbaijan's blockade of the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh constitutes genocide.

Luis Moreno Ocampo accused Azerbaijan of genocide in Nagorno-Karabakh as the humanitarian situation in the besieged region continues to worsen.

‘Starvation is the invisible Genocide weapon. Without immediate dramatic change, this group of Armenians will be destroyed in a few weeks, Ocampo wrote in a 28-page report on the Lachin corridor blockade published on 7 August.

‘Starvation as a method to destroy people was neglected by the entire international community when it was used against Armenians in 1915, Jews and Poles in 1939, Russians in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) in 1941, and Cambodians in 1975/1976’, wrote Ocampo. ‘Starvation was also neglected when used in Srebrenica in the winter of 1993/1994’.

Ocampo suggested that Azerbaijani dictator Ilham Aliyev should be investigated by the ICC, explaining that that could only take place were the UN Security Council to adopt a resolution regarding the blockade of the Lachin corridor and refer it to the court.

In the report, he stated that there was ‘reasonable basis’ to believe that President Aliyev had genocidal intentions, having blocked the delivery of essential goods to Nagorno-Karabakh, disobeyed the orders of the International Court of Justice to ensure unimpeded movement of persons, vehicles, and cargo along the Lachin Corridor, and having ignored calls regarding the ‘real and imminent risk’ to the region’s Armenian population created by the blockade.

‘President Aliyev’s public statements affirming that the blockade was the consequence of people smuggling minerals and iPhones through the Lachin Corridor is a diversion. Smuggling activities should be properly investigated but they are not an excuse to disobey a binding order of the International Court of Justice or a justification to commit a Genocide’, wrote Ocampo.

He added that obtaining a UN Security Council resolution to provide ICC jurisdiction was ‘feasible’.

‘Under the Genocide Convention, state parties have an obligation to prevent and punish Genocide, and 14 of the current 15 members of the UN Security Council are also parties of that Convention, providing an overwhelming majority’, he added.

The statement also calls for cooperation between Russia, which oversees peacekeeping in Nagorno-Karabakh, and the United States and EU Member States. All are parties to the Genocide Convention, with Ocampo stating that they are in the ‘privileged position’ to prevent the genocide.

‘Their intense confrontation due to the Ukrainian conflict should not transform the Armenians into collateral victims’, wrote Ocampo.

Hikmet Hajiyev, assistant to Azerbaijan’s President Aliyev, called the report ‘biased’ and ‘anti-Azerbaijani’.

Azerbaijan denies blockade

Despite the humanitarian crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh continuing to deepen, with neither peacekeepers nor Red Cross able to transport basic goods and humanitarian aid into the region, Azerbaijan’s government in Baku has maintained its denial that any blockade is taking place.

In response to a call on Monday by UN Human Rights Experts to lift the blockade and open the Lachin corridor, Azerbaijan’s Foreign Ministry gaslit by dismissing the accusations as 'political manipulations' by UN experts.

The statement added that ‘the usage […] of expressions such as ‘Nagorno-Karabakh’ in clear disrespect of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Azerbaijan, the interference in the internal affairs of Azerbaijan, as well as the double standards against it […] are unacceptable’.

In recent days, authorities in Nagorno-Karabakh have released reports describing the worsening humanitarian situation in the region, noting that mortality rates were significantly higher than average.

The region’s Ministry of Health reported on Tuesday that mortality due to cardiovascular disease had more than doubled, with rates in July 2.6 times higher than the same month of the previous year.

‘This includes a 66% increase in mortality from acute and chronic heart failure, a 20.8% increase in mortality from acute myocardial infarction, and an 8.8% increase in mortality from brain paralysis’, it wrote.

Provision of medical supplies to the region has been suspended since mid-June, when Azerbaijan blocked the transport of humanitarian aid into the region. Transport of patients to Armenian hospitals is also taking place at minimal rates, with Red Cross transport of severely ill patients resuming after Azerbaijan blocked the organisation’s access to the region.

On 29 July, Azerbaijani border guards arrested a 68-year-old resident of the region as he was being evacuated to Armenia by the Red Cross for heart surgery, accusing him of genocide.

Shortages of food and other essential supplies have worsened in the months since the Azerbaijan blocked deliveries of humanitarian aid.

https://greekcitytimes.com/2023/08/11/former-icc-prosecutor-azerbaijan/#google_vignette

Armenpress: Deterioration of humanitarian situation in NK threatens peace efforts, Armenia warns U.S. State Department

 21:30, 9 August 2023

YEREVAN, AUGUST 9, ARMENPRESS. On August 9, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia Ararat Mirzoyan had a telephone conversation with U.S. acting Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Yuri Kim, the foreign ministry reported.

Minister Mirzoyan briefed on the escalating situation in Nagorno-Karabakh resulting from Azerbaijan's illegal blockade of the Lachin corridor, which has already lasted for about 8 months and which may turn into a real humanitarian catastrophe in front of the eyes of the international community. Minister Mirzoyan emphasized that since June 15, the people of Nagorno-Karabakh have been under a total blockade, facing an acute shortage of food, medicine and other essential supplies.

The minister added that the continuous deterioration of the humanitarian situation in Nagorno-Karabakh threatens the efforts of Armenia and the international community aimed at establishing stable peace in the region. He underscored the need to make the best use of existing mechanisms and to immediately lift the blockade of the Lachin corridor in accordance with the Orders of the International Court of Justice. 

Both sides stressed the need to take steps in order to resolve the situation and agreed to continue contacts in that direction. Minister Mirzoyan emphasized the imperative of joint efforts of the international community in the current situation.

xUnited States Congressman Brad Sherman congratulates new Speaker of Parliament of Nagorno-Karabakh on election

 09:57,

YEREVAN, AUGUST 10, ARMENPRESS. United States Congressman Brad Sherman has congratulated the new Speaker of Parliament of Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh) Davit Ishkhanyan on his election.

"I welcome the election of Davit Ishkhanyan as the new Speaker of the National Assembly of the Republic of Artsakh," Congressman Brad Sherman (CA-32), senior Member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee and Congressional Armenian Caucus said in a statement published by his office.  "I look forward to this transformative phase of leadership and to continuing the work to further strengthen the U.S. bond with Artsakh and the Armenian people."

ARF's Davit Ishkhanyan was Speaker of Parliament of Nagorno-Karabakh on August 7.

https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1117110.html?fbclid=IwAR3Hyc8ggut1XZLeTTdqspbCz9Nl6HRyNVj6vCOei8VSjnHeCKs6RMggA6o

Protesters block 134 Freeway in Glendale to call attention to crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh

 10:41,

YEREVAN, AUGUST 10, ARMENPRESS. Several hundred protesters blocked one side of the 134 Freeway in Glendale, California Wednesday night to call attention to the humanitarian crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh resulting from Azerbaijan’s blockade of Lachin Corridor.

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Using a big rig, protesters blocked off the eastbound side of the freeway at Central and Brand avenues, ABC7 reports.

Protesters then gathered on freeway lanes and unfurled signs calling for support from U.S. Congressman Adam Schiff, a staunch supporter of the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh.

Protesters have also been showing up at Schiff's local office in recent days, calling on the Democratic congressman to do more to support their cause, according to ABC7. 

In the past, Schiff has issued statements condemning the blockade and calling for the Biden Administration to take action. He also has authored a House resolution calling for recognition of Artsakh's sovereignty and condemning Azerbaijan's aggression.

In a statement released August 7, Schiff said, “With Azerbaijan's refusal to allow the International Committee of the Red Cross to deliver lifesaving humanitarian aid in, and transport patients requiring urgent medical attention out of Artsakh, the need for the international community to take action and find a lasting solution to the conflict grows with each passing day. I've persistently called for Azerbaijan to lift the blockade and allow humanitarian aid to move freely via the Lachin Corridor, and I have urged President Biden to take immediate action to address the dire situation in Artsakh.”

On Wednesday, he issued a new statement which read:

"I stand with the people of Armenia, Artsakh, and the Armenian-American community – not only my constituents but those around the world. I hear and see your pain over the inhumane situation your brothers and sisters are facing.

From condemning ceasefire violations, to advocating for the release of Armenian prisoners of war, to calling for sanctions and accountability for Azerbaijan, I've always been, and will continue to be, steadfast in my commitment to ensuring the protection of fundamental rights for the people of Artsakh."

I am in communication with the Biden Administration, the State Department, and my Congressional colleagues and am advocating for using all tools at our disposal, including pushing for U.S. humanitarian aid to Artsakh, cutting off military and other assistance to Azerbaijan, and imposing sanctions on those responsible for this crisis.

I will be with you every step of the way and will always stand with the people of Armenia and Artsakh."

Armenpress: Foreign Minister of United Arab Emirates briefed on humanitarian crisis in Nagorno- Karabakh

 21:36,

YEREVAN, AUGUST 11, ARMENPRESS. On August 10, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia Ararat Mirzoyan had a telephone conversation with Minister of Foreign Affairs of UAE Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan.

Minister Mirzoyan briefed his counterpart on the deepening humanitarian crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh resulting from Azerbaijan's illegal blockade of the Lachin Corridor which has been going on for about 8 months, the foreign ministry said in a readout.

Minister Mirzoyan emphasized that since June 15, Nagorno-Karabakh has been under total blockade as a result of which 120,000 people of Nagorno-Karabakh are facing an acute shortage of food and medicine, and people with serious health problems as well as 9,000 pregnant women are deprived of urgent medical assistance.

Ararat Mirzoyan emphasized that Azerbaijan does not comply with two Orders of the International Court of Justice regarding the restoration of movement along the Lachin corridor and ignores the targeted calls of international partners and various bodies. Therefore, in current conditions, clear steps are needed that will result in the immediate lifting of the blockade of the Lachin corridor.

During the phone call, the sides also touched upon the bilateral agenda and expressed readiness to take steps towards the development of collaboration between Armenia and the UAE, noting the importance of high-level mutual visits.