Azerbaijan says officer killed along Nagorno-Karabakh ‘line of contr

Azerbaijan says officer killed along Nagorno-Karabakh ‘line of control’

Associated Press Worldstream
November 8, 2004 Monday 10:17 AM Eastern Time

BAKU, Azerbaijan — An Azerbaijani army officer was killed in firing
along the no man’s land separating the country’s military from
ethnic Armenian forces in Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding territory,
Defense Ministry spokesman Ilgar Verdieyv said Monday.

He said the officer died Sunday in the Agdam region. Agdam is
a destroyed, deserted city within territory occupied by ethnic
Armenian forces.

Armenian forces drove the Azerbaijani army out of Nagorno-Karabakh,
an ethnic Armenian enclave, in the 1990s and took control of several
areas outside the enclave as well. Since a 1994 cease-fire, the sides
have been separated by the so-called “line of control,” a demilitarized
buffer zone, but occasional shooting breaks out and each side accuses
the other of mounting small incursions.

Negotiators under the auspices of the Organization for Security
and Cooperation in Europe are trying to work out an agreement on
Nagorno-Karabakh’s final status, but no visible progress has been made
in recent years and Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliev has repeatedly
raised the prospect of military action if no negotiated solution
is reached.

Also Monday, an Armenian organization issued an appeal to the OSCE
negotiators to press Azerbaijan for information about Armenians and
Nagorno-Karabakh residents who disappeared during the conflict.

The appeal did not specify how many such people are believed held,
but other estimates have placed the number at several hundred.

Un officier =?UNKNOWN?Q?azerba=EFdjanais_tu=E9_pr=E8s_du?=Nagorny-Ka

Agence France Presse
8 novembre 2004 lundi 12:03 PM GMT

Un officier azerbaïdjanais tué près du Nagorny-Karabakh (ministère)

BAKOU 8 nov

Le ministère azerbaïdjanais de la Défense a assuré lundi qu’un de ses
officiers avait été tué par les forces arméniennes près de la
frontière entre les deux Etats, non loin du territoire disputé du
Nagorny-Karabakh.

Bahaddin Abdiyev, un lieutenant de 24 ans, a été tué dimanche soir
lors d’un échange de coups de feu avec les forces arméniennes dans la
région d’Agdam, au sud de l’Azerbaïdjan, a souligné un porte-parole
du ministère de la Défense.

Enclave à population majoritairement arménienne en Azerbaïdjan, le
Nagorny-Karabakh a été le théâtre d’un conflit meurtrier au début des
années 90 au moment de la désintégration de l’Union soviétique. Il
reste depuis un cessez-le-feu en 1994 sous le contrôle des Arméniens,
qui l’avaient emporté sur le terrain.

Le cessez-le-feu est globalement respecté, mais des échanges de coups
de feu restent fréquents autour de la frontière
arméno-azerbaïdjanaise.

Bakou considère toujours que l’enclave fait partie de l’Azerbaïdjan
et a menacé de recourir à la force pour reprendre le contrôle du
territoire.

Des négociations de paix se déroulent par intermittence depuis dix
ans avec la médiation du groupe de Minsk, qui opère sous le mandat de
l’Organisation pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europe (OSCE).

–Boundary_(ID_r7aytmSMRo2bnVtJ+ugPFQ)–

1914-18 est l’invention de la guerre totale

L’Express , France
8 novembre 2004

”14-18 est l’invention de la guerre totale”;
Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau

par Makarian Christian

Peut-on encore apprendre quelque chose sur la guerre de 14-18?
Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau prouve que oui. Spécialiste de la Première
Guerre mondiale, ce jeune historien a consacré toute son oeuvre à la
redécouverte d’un conflit en passe de devenir mythique. Il s’est
penché sur la fibre humaine, les ressorts psychologiques, les effets
à long terme. Il a ainsi été le premier à s’intéresser aux enfants
nés de l’ennemi, au mécanisme du deuil, à l’usage de l’enfance par la
propagande… Il a contribué à fonder l’Historial de la Grande Guerre
de Péronne, dont il dirige, avec sa collègue Annette Becker, le
centre de recherche. Professeur à l’université de Picardie
Jules-Verne, à Amiens, médaillé de bronze du CNRS, il est un des
coordonnateurs, avec Jean-Jacques Becker, de la remarquable
Encyclopédie de la Grande Guerre, publiée par Bayard (voir l’article
de Jacques Duquesne, page 104). Il donne ici, pour L’Express, une
vision éclairante de ce conflit.

Presque un siècle après le déclenchement du premier conflit mondial,
si l’on essaie de se détacher du fil des événements et de s’abstraire
de la charge émotionnelle de la Grande Guerre, quel bilan peut-on
tirer au titre de l’histoire universelle? Je crois que ce qui
subsiste de 1914-1918 peut se résumer à une expérience de violence
sans aucun précédent historique. En tout cas à l’échelle de
l’Occident et plus particulièrement de l’Europe. La Première Guerre
mondiale à la fois représente la mort de masse et induit les autres
formes de violence qui l’accompagnent. A l’impact du conflit lui-même
s’ajoutent les effets sur les survivants, puis sur les générations
suivantes.

Comment se manifeste ce deuxième impact, qui est parvenu jusqu’à
nous? D’abord, on ne peut qu’être frappé par la manière dont
l’expérience de violence s’est déplacée ailleurs, notamment dans le
champ politique et idéologique. La cristallisation des totalitarismes
au XXe siècle est un élément crucial, qui vaut tant pour le fascisme
ou le nazisme que pour le communisme. Cristallisation qui s’étend, de
surcroît, sur le court, le moyen et le long terme: dès 1917 pour la
Russie, le début des années 1920 pour l’Italie, les années 1930 pour
l’Allemagne et jusqu’à la fin des années 1980 pour le bloc
soviétique, la chute du mur de Berlin représentant, au fond, la
dernière séquelle géopolitique, et par contrecoup idéologique, de la
Grande Guerre. Ensuite, reste le problème du deuil de masse. Je suis
persuadé que les historiens n’ont pas vraiment mesuré son poids
persistant sur les sociétés européennes. Ils n’ont pas davantage
estimé les effets de récurrence de ce deuil, de génération en
génération. L’activité commémorative qui a commencé immédiatement
après la Grande Guerre, dans tous les pays et avec une intensité
inouïe, a sans doute empêché le deuil de se clore alors que c’était
le but initialement recherché. La présence si forte, de nos jours, de
ce passé guerrier dans notre présent révèle, dans une large mesure,
une parenthèse non refermée. C’est ce que les psychiatres
spécialistes des catastrophes de masse appellent un “phénomène de
troisième génération”. Ce sont les petits-enfants et
arrière-petits-enfants de 14-18 qui ramènent désormais la guerre au
premier plan.

N’y a-t-il pas, également, un “effet 14” qui perdure sur le fait
national, par exemple au centre et à l’est de l’Europe? Il y a
certainement un lien entre 14-18 et certaines résurgences actuelles
des affects nationaux. Indiscutablement, le premier conflit mondial
est avant tout une grande guerre des nations et, derrière les
nations, une guerre de civilisation, dont chaque grand pays se
croyait porteur. Les Français combattaient les Allemands avec la
conviction d’incarner la “civilisation” contre la “barbarie”. Les
Allemands, quant à eux, pensaient défendre l’avenir de la “Kultur”.
Les Britanniques et les Américains n’étaient pas en reste. Au-delà
des nations, ce sont des visions de l’humanité qui se sont
affrontées. Sans cet arrière-plan idéologique, qui peut aussi receler
des connotations ethniques de type raciste, on ne comprend rien à
l’ampleur du processus guerrier, à sa durée, à l’acharnement mis à le
poursuivre. L’Alsace-Lorraine, par exemple, n’est qu’un aspect mineur
s’inscrivant dans le cadre d’une défense de la nation qui elle-même
incarne la civilisation, et se veut donc l’expression de l’humanité
tout entière. Dans les enjeux de la Grande Guerre, on trouve une
composante eschatologique, très perceptible lorsqu’on relit les
discours tenus le 11 novembre 1918: la victoire devait permettre aux
sociétés humaines dans leur ensemble de connaître un âge d’or que,
sans la guerre, on n’aurait pu atteindre. Cela paraît aujourd’hui
monstrueux, mais c’est bien ainsi que la victoire des Alliés a été
perçue.

Il a fallu déchanter et retourner au réel. Comment s’est produite ce
que les historiens appellent la “démobilisation culturelle”? Cela
dépend des pays. En France et en Grande-Bretagne, l’écart se creuse
assez rapidement entre la perception des sacrifices consentis et les
résultats réels. Chez les vaincus – l’Allemagne ou l’Italie – il
n’existe pas de vraie démobilisation, mais une seconde étape
mobilisatrice, qui provoque la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le grand
moment d’un pacifisme susceptible de dévaloriser globalement, à
l’échelle de toute l’Europe occidentale, les affects guerriers et
nationaux date d’après 1945 et surtout des années 1960 et 1970. C’est
là seulement que tous les pays européens intériorisent définitivement
les effets du double choc de la Première et de la Seconde Guerre
mondiale. C’est là la justification profonde de la construction
européenne, qu’on ne peut comprendre autrement.

Où en sommes-nous aujourd’hui? Peut-être à un retour de balancier.
Les affects nationaux, si démonétisés, sont revenus, ici ou là, sur
le devant de la scène, dans une sorte de nostalgie du national. Ce
retour n’a, bien sûr, rien à voir avec ce que fut la surrection du
sentiment de nation en 1914, mais je crois qu’il ne faut pas négliger
le vague regret, qui ne peut évidemment s’avouer, que cette époque-là
engendre. En d’autres mots, le fait que 1914 puisse apparaître comme
une horreur, mais aussi comme une sorte d’apogée de la “France
parfaite” me semble peu discutable. Beaucoup de contemporains
entretiennent une relation ambiguë, à la fois horrifiée et fascinée,
avec l’investissement national qui s’est manifesté au cours des ces
quatre années, avec cet examen de passage sanglant et si tragiquement
réussi.

D’autant plus que, de façon confuse, les Français ont la perception
d’un déclin continu depuis… Question difficile pour l’historien. La
sensation d’un déclin français, qui existe effectivement avec force,
découlerait-elle de ce moment où la France aurait été une dernière
fois elle-même? C’est en tout cas vraisemblable. On le voit très
bien, par exemple, dans la manière dont les soldats français ont
perçu Dien Bien Phu, en 1954, cette dernière bataille de l’armée
française au XXe siècle. Quelle est alors leur référence constante,
comme le prouvent leurs lettres et leurs témoignages? Verdun. Or,
sans Dien Bien Phu, comprend-on l’intense investissement militaire
français en Algérie? Il est clair que 14-18 pèse sur tout le siècle
et, au-delà, sur toutes les représentations de nous-mêmes en tant que
nation. De nos jours, la nostalgie de la France en tant que grande
puissance fait peu de doute. Mais comment l’avouer sans admettre,
voire excuser, le massacre de masse de 1914-1918?

En va-t-il de même dans les autres pays européens? Les situations
sont très différentes, ce qui explique pourquoi il ne peut y avoir de
cérémonie du 11 Novembre au niveau européen. Le fait que la société
britannique n’ait pas subi, sur son sol, un choc aussi violent que la
France en 14-18, puis en 1940, contribue à une moindre érosion de
l’esprit “militaire” de 1914. On le constate lors des pèlerinages
britanniques sur les lieux: le continuum patriotique n’a pas connu de
rupture majeure. Il s’exprime jusqu’en 1982, lors de la guerre des
Malouines, cette dernière guerre de l’honneur menée par une société
occidentale au XXe siècle. Du côté allemand, c’est évidemment tout à
fait différent. Lors des cérémonies solennelles du 11 Novembre 1998,
à Paris, Jacques Chirac et Lionel Jospin n’ont pas réussi à
s’associer le chancelier Schröder pour la bonne raison que l’on
commémorait en Allemagne le 9 novembre 1938, date de la Nuit de
cristal. C’est très significatif. L’ombre portée du nazisme, de la
Seconde Guerre mondiale et de l’extermination des juifs bloque tout
processus empathique à l’égard de 14-18. La culpabilité globalise le
passé et suscite la coupure mémorielle. Le cas russe est également
différent. La mémoire est absolument occultée: la Grande Guerre n’y
est que l’épiphénomène d’un autre événement matriciel, la révolution
bolchevique de 1917.

Qu’en est-il des pays du centre et de l’est de l’Europe? Beaucoup de
ces pays n’existent qu’à l’issue de la guerre. Le conflit est donc
pour eux fortement identitaire, ce qui n’est pas simple pour autant.
En Pologne, au musée de l’Armée de Varsovie, il est impossible
d’avoir une vue globale. Une vitrine présente les soldats enrôlés
sous le drapeau russe, une autre ceux qui ont combattu dans l’armée
allemande, une autre encore ceux qui portaient l’uniforme
austro-hongrois. L’Autriche, démembrée en 1918, complètement
enclavée, devient une tête sans corps. Dans les Balkans, la Première
Guerre n’est qu’un moment dans une longue séquence de violence liée
au choc ininterrompu des nationalismes d’existence. Des luttes du
XIXe siècle contre l’Empire ottoman aux atroces guerres balkaniques
de 1912-1913 – qui donnent lieu au premier rapport humanitaire de
l’Histoire, établi par la Fondation Carnegie – jusqu’à la guerre de
Yougoslavie des années 1940, puis celle de la décennie 1990, la
violence extrême s’établit comme une constante, dans une chronologie
souvent vécue comme dépourvue de solution de continuité. Il n’y a eu
ni démobilisation culturelle ni pause de la conflictualité.

Pourquoi ne s’interroge-t-on jamais sur la perception de nos voisins
européens? Nous francisons en effet sans cesse la commémoration de
14-18, comme s’il ne s’était rien passé ailleurs, ce qui empêche de
comprendre la portée réelle de cette guerre. Prenez l’exemple du film
Capitaine Conan (Bertrand Tavernier), qui se passe en Roumanie mais
met en scène des soldats français. Le fait que l’action a lieu sur le
front d’Orient et que les Français ne soient pas en uniforme bleu
horizon, dans leur guerre à eux, sur leur territoire à eux, explique
largement l’échec public du film. Le film de Jean-Pierre Jeunet Un
long dimanche de fiançailles va en revanche dans le sens de la
victimisation à la française, le réalisateur franchissant même un
seuil inédit lorsqu’il déclare: “J’ai l’impression d’être mort
là-bas, dans une autre vie.” On passe de “mon arrière-grand-père est
mort en 14” à “je suis mort en 14”. Là, de mon point de vue, on
sombre dans une indécence totale.

Ne croyez-vous pas que, pour certains, il y a un moyen de se créer un
drame intime en se repeignant en victime? Nous sommes en effet dans
la “concurrence des victimes”. En novembre 1998, le maire de Craonne
accueille Lionel Jospin pour la célébration du 80e anniversaire de
1918 et déclare: “Il s’est produit sur le Chemin des Dames le premier
crime contre l’humanité resté impuni.” Faisant bon marché de
l’Histoire, il ignore que le génocide des Arméniens s’est produit
auparavant, en 1915. Sans parler du massacre des Herero, en Namibie
actuelle, perpétré sur un ordre explicite d’extermination donné par
le commandement allemand, et qui aboutit à l’élimination de 80% de
cette population entre 1904 et 1906. Peu importe, et Le Monde
reproduit sans aucune distance ses propos, faisant sien cet amalgame
insupportable: l’opération de translation des grandes exterminations
du XXe siècle vers les soldats de la Grande Guerre, victimes d’un
“crime contre l’humanité”. En quelque sorte, les tranchées se
transforment subitement en camps d’extermination. On trouve même des
“historiens” pour dénoncer un Etat français prétotalitaire… On
oublie que les poilus étaient des acteurs et pas seulement des
victimes. Et a-t-on jamais vu les victimes d’un génocide rentrer chez
elles pour une permission et revenir au front ensuite?

Tout le monde veut sa part d’horreur! Sans doute parce qu’elle fut
totale… 14-18 marque l’invention de la guerre totale. Et l’un des
critères de la guerre totale, c’est la rupture de la barrière
d’étanchéité entre population en armes et population civile. Il faut
distinguer quatre phases. D’abord, les grandes invasions de l’été
1914, qui se traduisent par des massacres de masse immédiats, en
Belgique et dans le nord de la France, en Prusse-Orientale, en
Serbie. Puis la phase des tranchées, véritables murailles en creux,
qui contribue à “essentialiser” l’ennemi: derrière la tranchée
adverse, il n’y a plus seulement des soldats, mais l’ennemi tout
entier. D’où le recours aux bombardements stratégiques: on considère
comme légitime de frapper, sans bénéfice militaire, des populations
civiles. La totalité de la population adverse est devenue l’ennemi,
et c’est un phénomène absolument nouveau dans l’histoire militaire
occidentale moderne. La Seconde Guerre mondiale ne fera que prolonger
cette vision en radicalisant encore la violence. Ensuite, le lien
entre le fait guerrier et l’extermination totale d’une population
perçue comme une cinquième colonne, devant être éliminée, qui culmine
avec le génocide des Arméniens. C’est un fait indiscutable et un legs
dont la dimension “performative” est très importante. Hitler avait
parfaitement souvenance non seulement de l’extermination des
Arméniens, mais aussi du silence qui l’avait entourée, lui qui
déclarera: “Qui, après tout, parle de l’anéantissement des
Arméniens?” Enfin, il y a des formes de violence complètement
anomiques, particulièrement celles des soldats démobilisés. On les
connaît moins, mais le cas de l’autodémobilisation de l’armée russe à
l’automne 1917, qui voit 1 million de soldats rentrer chez eux, ne
doit pas être oublié. En quelques semaines, les “capotes grises”
massacrent leurs officiers, puis ravagent tout sur leur passage en
s’en prenant, dans les villes, tout spécialement aux juifs. Cette
autodémobilisation ne se fait donc pas dans le refus de la violence;
elle en constitue au contraire une surrection radicalisée.

Et l’antisémitisme allemand? Il puise beaucoup dans la Grande Guerre.
Dans une Allemagne considérée souvent comme moins antisémite que la
France en 1914, une enquête est lancée à la fin de 1916 pour établir
le degré de présence au front des juifs allemands. Bien qu’elle ait
prouvé que le patriotisme des juifs était sans faille, elle ne fut
pas publiée, accréditant la conclusion inverse. Puis, après novembre
1918, l’antisémitisme apparaît comme le produit de la défaite
refusée, défaite prétendument provoquée par le “coup de poignard dans
le dos” des communistes et des socialistes, eux-mêmes assimilés aux
juifs. C’est là que s’établit le lien avec la Shoah. Car,
fondamentalement, le nazisme est une liturgie de la Grande Guerre
recommencée, la référence constante de Hitler. Le legs
éliminationniste à l’égard des juifs appartient au bilan de la
Première Guerre mondiale.

On parle toujours de l’Europe, mais la Grande Guerre a aussi
contribué à redessiner la carte du reste du monde. Songez aux
dominions de l’Empire britannique: Australie, Nouvelle-Zélande,
Afrique du Sud, Canada. 14-18 constitue véritablement l’acte de
naissance de ces pays, qui gagnent leur identité nationale à
l’occasion de la terrible saignée à laquelle ils consentent.

Et c’est la montée en force des Etats-Unis… A dire vrai, les
Etats-Unis sont déjà la première puissance économique du monde avant
1914. Mais, militairement, ils ne représentent encore rien. Les 2
millions de soldats américains qui sont en France à la fin de 1918
sont équipés et formés par les Français et les Britanniques – la
différence est énorme avec le débarquement de 1944. Mais, en se
battant aussi vaillamment que les Français et les Britanniques aux
premiers jours du conflit, tandis que ces derniers ont quatre ans de
tranchées derrière eux, ils marquent leur différence. Opposés à des
Allemands fourbus, épuisés eux aussi par des années de combat, ils
obtiennent des résultats étonnants. La relative facilité des succès
américains, dans la phase finale de la guerre, a joué un rôle
considérable dans l’American self-esteem. Lorsque le président Wilson
arrive à Paris en décembre 1918, il bénéficie d’un triomphe public.
L’exemplarité, la conception morale, la dimension de croisade, qui
caractérisent l’idéologie américaine jusqu’à nos jours, trouvent
largement leur source dans la Première Guerre mondiale. C’est, pour
l’Amérique, le modèle même de la guerre juste (les Etats-Unis
n’étaient d’ailleurs pas alliés, mais “associés” à la France et à la
Grande-Bretagne). Ils prétendaient ne vouloir tirer aucun bénéfice de
cette opération prétendument désintéressée, menée pour le bien de
l’humanité.

Diriez-vous que les choses ont bien changé? L’Occident est porteur
d’un modèle de guerre d’une très grande violence. Or, après 1945, il
ne s’est plus appliqué cette violence à lui-même; ils l’a
externalisée, en Corée, en Algérie, au Vietnam, en Irak… D’où notre
fallacieux sentiment de déprise de la guerre. Il nous semble qu’un
conflit ne peut plus survenir au sein même de l’aire occidentale. Du
coup, nous déréalisons l’expérience de guerre et nous ne comprenons
pas son retour sous d’autres formes, comme celle du terrorisme, par
exemple, qui nous paraît d’une totale illégitimité. Nous ne voulons
pas admettre qu’il s’agit là d’une autre forme de confrontation que
celle dont notre modèle guerrier est porteur. C’est là, à mon avis,
que nous sommes désormais loin, très loin, de la Grande Guerre.

–Boundary_(ID_FKG/XJq00HEH2qM+BdnzmQ)–

AAA: Knollenberg, Pallone Call For Action To Stop AzerbaijaniManipul

Armenian Assembly of America
122 C Street, NW, Suite 350
Washington, DC 20001
Phone: 202-393-3434
Fax: 202-638-4904
Email: [email protected]
Web:

PRESS RELEASE
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
November 8, 2004
CONTACT: David Zenian
E-mail: [email protected]

REPS. KNOLLENBERG AND PALLONE CALL FOR ACTION
TO STOP AZERBAIJANI MANIPULATIONS AT THE UNITED NATIONS

Washington, DC – The Armenian Assembly this week commended Congressional
Caucus on Armenian Issues Co-Chairs Reps. Joe Knollenberg (R-MI) and Frank
Pallone, Jr. (D-NJ) for urging the Bush Administration to prevent Azerbaijan
from manipulating the Nagorno Karabakh peace process though “disruptive”
actions at the United Nations.

The Co-Chairs, in a joint letter to Secretary of State Colin Powell Monday,
said the United States should renounce and secure the retraction of a UN
General Assembly resolution introduced last week by Baku that urges the
removal of Armenians from Nagorno Karabakh – a move that could only derail
the peace process spearheaded by the Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Minsk Group co-chaired by the United
States, France and Russia.

Similar warnings and opposition were also voiced by the member states of the
European Union and the Minsk Group, which, in separate statements last week
spoke out against the Baku-introduced UN General Assembly draft resolution
on “The Status of Occupied Territories of Azerbaijan.”

Both the EU and the OSCE Minsk Group agreed that such a resolution will be
detrimental to efforts aimed at finding a lasting settlement to the Nagorno
Karabakh peace process.

The draft resolution was added to the agenda of the 59th session of the UN
General Assembly last week with the support of only 43 of the 191 member
states of the United Nations. Most of the 43 nations, including Turkey, who
voted in favor of considering the resolution, were from the Organization of
Islamic States. The United States, along with 98 other countries, abstained.

The Armenian Assembly, in meetings last week with U.S. officials most
closely involved in the Nagorno Karabakh peace process, urged the government
to publicly oppose Azerbaijan’s attempt to introduce a Nagorno Karabakh
resolution before the UN General Assembly.

“It is long past time for the U.S. to be more forceful with Azerbaijan, to
indicate what is not helpful to a peaceful and just resolution of the
Karabakh conflict and to demonstrate that there are consequences to actions
that frustrate regional peace, security and prosperity,” Assembly Board of
Directors Chairman Anthony Barsamian said.

In their joint letter to Secretary Powell, Reps. Knollenberg and Pallone
said U.S. interests in the Caucasus “are best served by the continuation of
dialogue on the outstanding issues related to Nagorno Karabakh within the
OSCE framework, not by fragmentation of this orderly process.”

The joint letter to Secretary Powell said in full:

Dear Mr. Secretary:

We are writing to share with you our alarm over the prospect that
Azerbaijan’s continued efforts at the United Nations to manipulate the
Nagorno Karabakh conflict will, if unchecked, undermine our clearly
articulated national interest in the stability of the Caucasus.

We refer, of course, to Azerbaijan’s recent introduction of an ill-advised
resolution on the “Situation in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan.” 
This intentionally disruptive resolution threatens the principles and
procedures of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
as well as the Minsk Group mediation effort, co-chaired by the United
States, France and Russia, to resolve the Karabakh conflict.  Azerbaijan’s
proposal represents a hostile declaration against the entire peace process,
aimed only at fostering increased divisiveness.  Its consideration can only
set back the cause of peace.

We are deeply concerned that the OSCE Minsk process cannot survive
Azerbaijan’s destabilizing tactics.  Continued tampering with this process
will inevitably produce a chain reaction resulting in its demise.  We cannot
afford to allow Azerbaijan to continue to disrupt the work of the OSCE,
which, as you know, has been recognized by the UN itself as the lead arbiter
in this conflict.

We value the vital role the United States plays as an honest broker in the
Nagorno Karabakh peace process.  In this capacity, given our commitment to
keep the parties talking and moving forward, it is necessary for the United
States to act forcefully against destabilizing steps that will unravel the
peace process.  Our interests are best served by the continuation of
dialogue on the outstanding issues related to Nagorno Karabakh within the
OSCE framework, not by the fragmentation of this orderly process.

Efforts to reinforce stability and reduce the risk of conflict are in the
best interests of the U.S. and the South Caucasus region.  To this end, we
urge that the United States forcefully renounce this proposal, secure its
retraction, and impress upon the Azerbaijani government that it should drop
such counter-productive tactics in favor of a serious and lasting commitment
to the OSCE Minsk Group process.

Thank you for your consideration of our views.  We stand ready, of course,
to assist you in addressing this matter in the interest of the American
people.

Sincerely,

Joe Knollenberg                 Frank Pallone, Jr.
Member of Congress              Member of Congress

The Armenian Assembly of America is the largest Washington-based nationwide
organization promoting public understanding and awareness of Armenian
issues. It is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt membership organization.

###
NR#2004-096

–Boundary_(ID_O7oJTAkTfmcGjUWuMDumkg)–

www.armenianassembly.org

NATO Secretary General Looking For Partners In Caucasus

NATO SECRETARY GENERAL LOOKING FOR PARTNERS IN CAUCASUS

Azg
9 Nov 04

Serge Sargsian: No Issue of Becoming NATO Members Included in
RA Political Agenda. Relations between RA and NATO Canâ~@~Yt Have
Negative Impact on Russian-Armenian Relations

Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, NATO Secretary General, who paid a short
visit to Armenia within the framework of his regional visit, stated
in the course of the press conference held after the meeting with RA
President Robert Kocharian that “Armeniaâ~@~Ys relations with NATO
are developing very well.”

President Kocharian told Scheffer that Armenia is ready to
deepen relations with NATO. According to the press release of RA
Presidentâ~@~Ys press office, Kocharian stated that recently Armenia
has enlarged the cooperation with NATO. “Armenia has already its
representative at NATO, we try to participate in a number of programs
more actively,” he said.

In late June it was fixed in the joint communiqué adopted at NATO
Istanbul summit that NATO is going to pay special attention to the
South Caucasus and the Central Asian regions. Already on September
15, Brussels appointed NATOâ~@~Ys special representative for these
regions. Robert Simons was accompanying Scheffer during his visits
to Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia.

NATO Secretary General informed the journalists that NATO is not going
to compete with any country or organization in this region. During his
meeting with the students of the Yerevan State University, Scheffer
said that NATO needs partners in this region.

He said that the Organization is conducting peacemaking activities in
Kosovo and Afghanistan and, in particular, emphasized Armeniaâ~@~Ys
contribution to the peacemaking activities in Kosovo. NATOâ~@~Ys role
in the peacemaking activities will be enlarged. Scheffer said that the
Organization is deepening its relations with the countries that can
contribute to the settlement of such global issues as those related
to mass destruction arms and anti-terrorist struggle. Scheffer said
that one canâ~@~Yt fight against such enemies alone. That is why it
is necessary that the anti-terrorist struggle should be conducted by
joint efforts.

Scheffer noticed in the talk with the journalists that Armenia took a
principal step expressing its determination in signing an Individual
Partnership Action Plan with NATO. He emphasized that Armenia should
independently decide on its priorities and represent them to NATOâ~@~Ys
consideration.

Itâ~@~Ys worth mentioning that only Georgia is cooperating with
NATO on Individual Partnership Action Plan among the South Caucasus
countries. On November 5, during a short talk with journalists, Serge
Sargsian, RA Defense Minister, said that the government should approve
the program, it also concerns the reforms in the armed forces, while
the Individual Partnership Action Plan means deepening Armeniaâ~@~Ys
relations with NATO.

Answering question put by Azg Daily Sargsian said that there is no
issue of becoming a NATO member on the foreign political agenda of
Armenia, and the deepening of Armenia-NATO relations canâ~@~Yt have
any negative impact on the Armenian-Russian relations.

Scheffer noticed during the meeting with the journalists that the
three South Caucasus countries have different positions in the issue
of becoming NATO members. According to him, if President Mikheil
Saakashvili directly announces about his countryâ~@~Ys determination
to become a NATO member, he heard nothing similar in Armenia. In this
respect, Scheffer repeated that deepening of Armenia-NATO relations
does not mean that it is directed against a third country. “I
havenâ~@~Yt come here to compete with anyone,” he said.

During the meeting with the students, Scheffer stated that NATO
has no plan on establishing a military station in any of the South
Caucasus countries. He reminded that Georgia has unsolved issues in
the South Ossetia, Armenia in Nagorno Karabakh. He added that NATO
isnâ~@~Yt going to interfere in these conflicts. Earlier Scheffer
told the journalists: “NATO is for brief settlement of Nagorno Karabakh
conflict. The alliance has no determination to deal with the settlement
of the conflict. We believe that OSCE Minsk group should play the
main role in achieving the settlement.”

In Tbilisi, during a joint press conference with Mikheil Saakashvili,
Scheffer said that Russia and NATO have very good relations, but,
henceforth, the alliance will also demand from Russia to meet the
commitments undertaken in OSCE Istanbul assembly in 1999. Itâ~@~Ys
worth reminding that, according to the commitments of Istanbul
assembly, Russia should begin negotiations with Tbilisi around the
deadlines of dislocating Batumiâ~@~Ys 12th and Akhalkalakâ~@~Ys 62d
military bases.

According to Civil online newspaper, Saakashvili announced that Georgia
is getting closer and closer to NATO. The president said probably
till 2009 Georgia will become a NATO member-country. Scheffer said
in his turn that he is realistic and optimistic, but he added that
he will speak of no deadlines in the issue of Georgiaâ~@~Ys membership.

At Yerevan State University, Scheffer said the Organization considers
the South Caucasus as one region, but it applies individual principal
in relations with each republic. “Armenia can develop relations with
NATO without decreasing its relations with other countries. NATO is
Russiaâ~@~Y partner,” Scheffer said.

NATO Secretary general announced in Yerevan that the alliance is not
going to play an active part in the issue of securing the safety of
Baku-Tbilisi-Jeihan oil pipeline.

By Tatoul Hakobian

–Boundary_(ID_SgvIg2g5ipZyWkU/dImwkw)–

From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress

Educators in Nebraska to learn, teach

Omaha World-Herald (Nebraska)
November 6, 2004, Saturday

Educators here to learn, teach

by Emily Gersema

LINCOLN — A group of Eurasian educators is here for a month to learn
about civics education, but they’re teaching Nebraska students,
professors and administrators a lesson about the freedoms that many
Americans take for granted.

“I think it probably improves our outlook on the world,” said Larry
Dlugosh, professor and chairman of educational administration at the
University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

The group of 21 educators from the former Soviet countries of
Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan are visiting schools in Nebraska,
including some in Omaha and Lincoln, to study how Americans teach
children about civic rights and responsibilities.

The UNL program is funded by an $ 83,450 grant from the U.S.
Department of State. The countries have been getting support from the
United States to make the transition into independent states since
the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991.

The foreign educators’ situation is especially unique because Armenia
and Azerbaijan have been in conflict for nearly two decades. Although
the countries declared a cease-fire in 1994, their relationship
remains tense.

But the educators said their countries have worked side by side for
several years to improve education for children in their nations.

“There have been conferences in Georgia,” said Tatev Margaryan, who
works for an educational policy organization in Armenia.

Programs like this “are a rich experience for us,” said Liana
Ayvazyan, a vice principal for an Armenian school.

Already, Rasmiya Badirov said she intends to connect her students in
Azerbaijan with some of the students she’s met in Nebraska.

“We are going to do cross-cultural projects,” Badirov said. “I think
it would be beneficial for our students to learn U.S. culture.”

Joe McNulty, a UNL professor of education administration who applied
for the grant project, said some Nebraska educators will visit the
countries in the spring.

From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress

1979 hostage crisis raised tensions in US

Columbus Dispatch (Ohio)
November 4, 2004 Thursday, Home Final Edition

’79 HOSTAGE CRISIS RAISED TENSIONS IN U.S.

by Jeb Phillips, THE COLUMBUS DISPATCH

Twenty-five years ago today, people who looked Middle Eastern had
reason for concern in central Ohio.

A Middle Eastern student was stabbed in the Ohio State University
area after being taunted. Another’s apartment was firebombed. An
Oriental-rug dealer displayed a sign in the front window of his
store: “We are Americans and we are proud of our country.”

In some ways, these and other incidents were a precursor of what
would come after Sept. 11, 2001. But this was what followed Nov. 4,
1979, after militant Islamic students had seized the U.S. Embassy in
Tehran, Iran. For 444 days, the students held 52 Americans hostage,
including Bert C. Moore of Mount Vernon, who died in 2000.

Middle Easterners, particularly Iranians, living in the United States
saw for the first time how their U.S. neighbors could see them as the
enemy, even if they deplored what was happening in their homeland.

“It was a very stressful time,” said Behzad Bavarian, an Iranian who
attended OSU from 1978 to ’84 and is now an engineering professor at
California State University in Northridge.

A month after the embassy takeover, Jolah Bomjon Schuck, then a
24-year-old Ohio Wesleyan student, was walking with her brother near
OSU when they were confronted by a gang of young men, according to a
Dispatch story. The men asked if they were Iranian. When they nodded
yes, one man brandished a knife and stabbed Schuck in the leg as she
tried to flee.

Loyalties were complicated, said Nozar Alaolmolki, an Iranian who is
a political science professor at Hiram College in northeastern Ohio.
At the time of the hostage crisis, he was a young professor traveling
between Iran and Ohio.

“The problem here was the tendency to feel Iranians were all alike,”
he said.

Some Iranians in the United States, especially students, supported
the hostage-takers, he said. They felt the United States had
installed Iran’s shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlevi, whom they viewed as
corrupt. A revolution just before the hostage crisis sent the shah
into exile and put the Ayatollah Khomeini in de facto power.

The shah came to the United States in October 1979 for medical
treatment. That angered Khomeini’s followers and fueled the embassy
takeover.

Dozens of Iranians, including many students, demonstrated Downtown in
support of the hostage-takers and against U.S. imperialism. They felt
that Khomeini’s rise was good for their country, Alaolmolki said.

Some workers in Downtown office buildings spit on them.

“(The students) wanted to establish a republic,” Alaolmolki said of
those celebrating the embassy takeover. But in his estimation, the
students were proved wrong in supporting Khomeini’s oppressive
regime.

Iranian students who objected to the embassy takeover were painted
with the same broad brush as those who supported it. All Iranian
students in the United States had their visas examined to make sure
they were in compliance. At least 14 “deportable aliens” were found
at OSU.

In September 1980, an officer of the an Iranian student association
at OSU said that someone tossed a Molotov cocktail at his apartment
building, The Dispatch reported.

The unease spread to people Americans thought looked Iranian.

Walter Menendian, 64, who is of Armenian heritage but was born in the
United States, said that Iranian rugs made up about 15 percent of
sales at his family store, K.A. Menendian Oriental Rugs on W. 5th
Avenue in Columbus. He and his relatives could feel opinion turning
against anything that even seemed Iranian, including their business.
So they put the patriotic sign in the store window.

“We thought it couldn’t hurt,” said Menendian, now retired.

Still, the tension caused by the hostage crisis did not rise to the
level of suspicion and “us-against-them” feeling that arose after
Sept. 11.

“The hostage crisis was remote,” Alaolmolki said. “On 9/11, the
visual evidence here was vivid.”

Armenian official to speak in Boston

The Boston Globe
November 4, 2004

ARMENIAN OFFICIAL TO SPEAK HERE

A top adviser to the president of Armenia will talk with
Watertown’s Armenian-American community Nov. 12 about the country’s
latest efforts to control corruption. Bagrat Yesayan, who chairs
Armenia’s State Commission on the Monitoring of Anti-Corruption
Strategy Implementation, was appointed in September 2003 to create a
plan to combat corruption, particularly after parliamentary elections
last year. Yesayan is working with the Council of Europe’s Group of
States Against Corruption, which will monitor the campaign’s
effectiveness in January. The free talk will be held at the Armenian
Cultural and Educational Center, 47 Nichols Ave., beginning at 8 p.m.
– Christina Pazzanese

ARKA News Agency – 11/05/2004

ARKA News Agency
Nov 5 2004

RA President and NATO Secretary general discuss Armenia-NATO
relations

Armenian Deputy Energy Minister Artak Davtyan discharged from post
held

Carlos Petrosian released from the position of the head of RA
National Security Service

Armenian Deputy Culture and Youth Affairs Minister awarded medal for
responsible parental care

Inter-university games `What? Where? When’ to be opened today in
Russian-Armenian University in Yerevan today

Meeting of Heads of Armenian, Georgian and Azeri Parliaments takes
place in Versailles Palace

A new book `Vandalism’ by a famous Kharabakh historian Shahen
Lazarian published recently

16 armenian investigators undergo training courses in Armenia

*********************************************************************

RA PRESIDENT AND NATO SECRETARY GENERAL DISCUSS ARMENIA-NATO
RELATIONS

YEREVAN, November 5. /ARKA/. RA President Robert Kocharian and NATO
Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer discussed Armenia-Nato
relations. Kocharian stressed the readiness to deepen relations with
NATO and expressed confidence that given visit will become additional
stimulus for development of bilateral relations. Kocharian said:
`Armenia has representative in NATO and we’ll try to be more active
in the programs’.
The parties also discussed Karabakh settlement. L.D. –0–

*********************************************************************

ARMENIAN DEPUTY ENERGY MINISTER ARTAK DAVTYAN DISCHARGED FROM POST
HELD

YEREVAN, November 5. /ARKA/ By decree of the Armenian PM Andranik
Margarian of November 05 2004, Armenian Deputy Energy Minister Artak
advtyan discharged from the post held, as Armenian Government Public
and Press Relations Departments told ARKA. T.M. -0–

*********************************************************************

CARLOS PETROSIAN RELEASED FROM THE POSITION OF THE HEAD OF RA
NATIONAL SECURITY SERVICE

YEREVAN, November 5. /ARKA/. RA President Robert Kocharian signed
decrease on release of Carlos Petrosian from the position of the head
of RA National Security Service, RA President’s press office told
ARKA. Petrosian was released from the position on the base of his own
petition.
Carlos Petrosian was born in 1951 in Gomadzor Village of Sevan Region
of Armenia. Graduated from Faculty of Law on Yerevan State
University. In 1976-1988 has take different positions in the system
of internal affairs. In 1983-1993 – Petrosian was the head of 2nd
investigation department of MIA. In 1996 has taken positions of the
head of 6th and 4th Departments of Ministry of National Security.
Since 1997 he has take the position of the head of Chief
Investigation Department of MIA. In 1999 was appointed the Minister
of Internal Affairs and after reorganization of the ministry to the
National Security Service in 2002 headed it. L.D. –0–

*********************************************************************

ARMENIAN DEPUTY CULTURE AND YOUTH AFFAIRS MINISTER AWARDED MEDAL FOR
RESPONSIBLE PARENTAL CARE

YEREVAN, November 05. /ARKA/. Armenian Deputy Culture and Youth
Affairs Minister Lilit Asatryan was awarded medal `For Responsible
Parental Care’. This medal was delivered to her by Ukrainian Minister
of Family, Children and Youth Affairs Rostislav Darpushko during the
press conference summarizing the 12th meeting of the International
Council of Heads of CIS State Institutions for Youth Affairs.
Drapushko also delivered a medal for `For Active Publuc Activity’ to
his Kyrgyz colleague Bakyt Jekshenov.
The Council was formed on the basis of the agreement between the
Heads of State Structures on Youth Affairs of CIS signed in Moscow on
December 21-23, 1997. Sessions of the Council are held twice a year.
The main directions of the activity of the Council are to implement
joint programs and carry out joint arrangements, develop and
implement short-term and perspective projects, as well as to study
problems and experience jointly, exchange information in the sphere
of youth affairs. Delegations from Russia, the Ukraine, Moldova,
Tajikistan, Belarus and Georgia take part in the current session of
the Council in Yerevan. A.H.–0–

*********************************************************************

INTER-UNIVERSITY GAMES `WHAT? WHERE? WHEN’ TO BE OPENED TODAY IN
RUSSIAN-ARMENIAN UNIVERSITY IN YEREVAN TODAY

YEREVAN, November 05. /ARKA/. Inter-university games `What? Where?
When’ to be opened today in Russian-Armenian (Slavic)University (RAU)
in Yerevan today. As RAU told ARKA, leading universities of Yerevan,
Gyumri, Vanadzor, Ijevan and Gavar will participate in the games.
Also on November 06, the first student brain-ring championship will
be held in the University.
The press release mentions that the organizers have concluded
exclusive agreement with TV company `Igra’. T.M. -0–

*********************************************************************

MEETING OF HEADS OF ARMENIAN, GEORGIAN AND AZERI PARLIAMENTS TAKES
PLACE IN VERSAILLES PALACE

YEREVAN, November 5. /ARKA/. The meeting of Heads of Armenian,
Georgian and Azeri Parliaments takes place in Versailles Palace –
Arthur Baghdasaryan, Nino Burjanadze and Murtuz Alaskerov. According
to the Public Relations Department of RA NA, the participants
discussed issues of tourism development and assessment of cultural
heritage at the meeting held under the patronage of Christian
Poncelet, the President of French Senate. Opening the meeting,
Poncelet noted the importance of regular meetings of the Presidents
of Parliaments of the three countries from the point of view of
Parliamentary diplomacy development. He confirmed the readiness of
French Senate to assist the discussions and find solutions of the
problems accumulated in South Caucasus.
In his turn, the Speaker of RA Parliament noted the importance of
similar discussions and as a concrete step suggested to establish a
special working group including representatives of the four
countries, which will deal with the mentioned issues and during the
intervals between the meetings of the Speakers of Parliaments.
According to Baghdasaryan, tourism is a priority in economy, and a
concept and state program of development is adopted.
Touching upon the second issue of the agenda, the Head of Armenian
Parliament refuted the accusations of Azeri party concerning the
elimination of cultural monuments on `occupied’ territories and said
that there are thousands of facts, which prove the opposite, in
particular the destruction of Armenian monuments on Turkish and Azeri
territories. He also noted the necessity for ensuring regional
development especially that the South Caucasus region is of both
political and trade and economic interest to the world only as a
single system and political disputes should not hamper the
cooperation in various areas. L.V – 0–

*********************************************************************

A NEW BOOK `VANDALISM’ BY A FAMOUS KHARABAKH HISTORIAN SHAHEN
MKRTCHYAN PUBLISHED RECENTLY

STEPANAKERT, November 5. /ARKA/. A new book `Vandalism’ by a famous
Kharabakh historian Shahen Lazarian has been published recently.
According to ARKA’s reporter in Stepanakert, the book discusses the
acts of vandalism by Azerbaijani side toward over 20 000 Armenian
monuments. The author begins the book from the historiography of 60s
of the last century, when struggle against the policy pursued by Baku
began.
The book will be translated into English. The only goal of the book
is to keep aware the world community about the evils committed on the
part of Azerbaijan. The book was published at the expense of an
Armenian from Argentina Hovsep Hovsepyan and the Institute-Museum for
the Armenian Genocide of RA National Academy of Sciences. A.H. -0–

*********************************************************************

16 ARMENIAN INVESTIGATORS UNDERGO TRAINING COURSES IN ARMENIA

YEREVAN, November 5. /ARKA/. 16 Armenian investigators underwent
training courses in Armenian in frames of US assistance to Armenian
law-enforcement bodies. As the US Embassy in Armenia told ARKA
agency, the training, financed by the Office on legal Issues and
International Drug Fighting of US Embassy in Armenia, was organized
by two high-ranking investigators of Glendale police. During the
training, a wide range of issues, connected with police work, in
particular, the guarding and photographing of the locus delicti and
organization of further activities, finding and collection of
evidence, dactyloscopy, investigation of murders and other death
cases.
A day before, the Deputy US Ambassador to Armenia Anthony Godfrin
presented the participants of trainings with certificates on
completion of trainings. L.V. – 0–

Drugs, violence enliven chess tourney

Canberra Times (Australia)
November 7, 2004 Sunday Final Edition

Drugs, violence enliven chess tourney

by Lucy Gibson

DRUG scandals, corruption and violence might have tainted the image
of one of the world’s most respected pastimes, but they have made
fascinating reading for followers of The Canberra Times chess
column.Columnist Ian Rogers reported from the 36th Olympiad in Spain
that Canberra chess identity Shaun Press faced a one-year ban from
the game after refusing a drugs test.Press, representing Papua New
Guinea, his country of birth, offered to list to the international
chess federation FIDE, any medications he was taking, but refused to
give a urine sample on the grounds that he had not been presented
with any evidence to say he was suspected of taking an illegal
substance.Testers dismissed Press, but later called him back to read
the regulations to ensure he knew the consequences of his actions.At
a hearing on the final morning of the Olympiad, Press defended his
position, saying the drug tests had been conducted illegally and
thereforehe could not be found guilty of refusing an illegal drug
test.However, it was reported there was no discussion of whether he
was guilty or innocent, rather a debate on what penalty should be
imposed.The plot thickened when it was alleged one of the tribunal
had a personal interest in seeing Press stripped of the points he had
accumulated during the tournament.Surinam’s Dr Dewperkash Gajadin
lost to the lower-rated Press during the Olympiad. If Press had his
points annulled it would mean Dr Gajadin’s team would move ahead of
PNG. Dr Gajadin did not declare his interest and, rather than vote in
favour of a one-year ban, it is believed he cast the decisive vote
which resulted in Press losing all his points and PNG subsequently
dropping12 places in the final standings of the Olympiad.But the saga
didn’t stop there.On the morning of the final round the Israeli team
complained of an Internet betting plunge for Georgia to lose heavily
to medal favourites Armenia in the final round.Then Georgia dropped
its two top players and lost, so Armenia won the bronze medal. A few
moments later the Georgian Grandmaster was arrested and charged with
assault for head-butting a security guard.Bet you won’t miss the
column next week, will you?