Turkey’s FM Refutes Reports About Meeting Between Turkish, Azerbaija

TURKEY’S FM REFUTES REPORTS ABOUT MEETING BETWEEN TURKISH, AZERBAIJANI AND ARMENIAN PRESIDENTS IN THE NEAR FUTURE

ArmInfo
2008-11-10 11:34:00

ArmInfo-TURAN. Turkish Foreign Ministry refuted reports about Ankara’s
initiative to organize the meeting between Presidents of Turkey,
Azerbaijan and Armenia in Istanbul. Barak Ozugergin, press officer
of the Turkish Foreign Ministry, said the reports are not true to
the facts and Ankara does not plan to arrange such a meeting. Several
media reported citing Turkish Zaman newspaper that Turkish President
Abdulla Gyul plans to organize the meeting with Azerbaijani and
Armenian Presidents in the near future.

Armenian Jermuk City’s Ten-Year Outlook To Host 100,000 Tourists

ARMENIAN JERMUK CITY’S TEN-YEAR OUTLOOK TO HOST 100,000 TOURISTS

ARKA
Nov 10, 2008

YEREVAN, November 10. /ARKA/. Armenia’s resort city of Jermuk plans
to host 100,000 tourists in the coming ten years, compared to current
10,000, said RA Economy Minister Nerses Yeritsyan.

"We are talking about million dollars," he added, citing international
experts.

The city’s tourism concept focuses on necessary investments in urban
planning, tourist attractions and infrastructures. "After settling all
these issues, we will start working with investors," the minister said.

Jermuk city, located in Vayots Dzor region 175km from Yerevan, is a
balneotherapeutic mountainous resort known for its mineral water.

Banks’ Mortgage Credit Portfolio will amount to $300mln by Year end

By the end of this year mortgage credit portfolio of Armenia’s banking
system will amount to $300mln: Head of KfW Office in Yerevan

2008-11-08 15:39:00

ArmInfo. By the end of this year mortgage credit portfolio of Armenia’s
banking system will amount to $300mln, says the head of the KfW Office
in Yerevan Karapet Gevorgyan.

At the end of Sept the mortgage credit portfolio of the system totalled
$278mln (84bln AMD) – twice as much as a year before.

The terms of mortgage crediting are being toughened in the face of the
global financial crisis. Today, it is impossible to make forecasts on
long-term credit rates. If the crisis is overcome, the rates may drop
and the borrowers of 10-15-year mortgage credits may want to refinance
their money into other credits. As a result, the banks may lose both
clients and profits. The drop in the credit rates may lead to early
repayments, excessive liquidity and losses.

To note, today all Armenian banks issue mortgage loans. In the third
quarter of 2008 mortgage crediting declined: banks began showing
prudence in issuing long-term loans and seriously toughened domestic
risk system. The global financial crisis has made banks more careful in
their credit policies and has urged them to accumulate liquidity.

A Real Buffoonery

A REAL BUFFOONERY
KIMA YEGHIAZARYAN

Hayots Ashkhar Daily
08 Nov 08
Armenia

14 years later

As we know, in the `frameworks’ of his one-year fierce struggle against
the criminal administration, L. Ter-Petrosyan has been endlessly
verbalizing statements about grandiose ideas such as democracy, human
rights, freedom of speech, freedom of citizens, observation of
constitutional norms, rule of law and so on and so forth.

Obviously, the leader failed to recall the way he worked just 14 years
ago when he was the leader of the country. So, let’s refresh his memory.

AUGUST 4, 1994

In a discussion held with the representatives of the country’s law
enforcement agencies, L. Ter-Petrosyan began his speech like this,

`In different countries, depending on the level of the peoples’
culture, the pre-electoral campaign may have different manifestations,
but the essence remains the same. The essence consists in compromising
others and labeling false and libelous statements on the rival in an
attempt to produce a short-term impact. Populism, i.e. the practice of
using primitive manners for presenting the real situation to the people
and offering omnipotent `prescriptions for salvation’ does anyway
create some breeding ground in some circles of the public. And this is
what arouses enthusiasm among many of our friends.’

With this lecture concerning the manifestations of pre-electoral
manifestations LTP began his speech.

As to what `level of culture’ LTP and his companions have been
demonstrating since the fall of 2007 is known to all of us.
Compromising the rivals endlessly- this is the goal the activists have
been pursuing so far. All the speeches delivered by LTP (from September
21, 2007 till October 17, 2008) were omnipotent prescriptions of
exactly the same type. And the use of just one phrase ` a `state of
chieftains’ became the primitive way of presenting the truth to the
people.

However, let’s quote the next part from the ex-Presidents speech,

`¦ The slogans and methods of these rallies are also very interesting.
The principal method consists in shouting curses. And the marches held
on the Theatrical Square are 99 percent full of them. No such speeches
were delivered during the demonstrations held in 1988-1990. 99 percent
of those speeches are curse. Their major part consists of accusations `
serious accusations. It is none of our business. This is something to
be tackled by the law enforcement agencies.’

Let’s first of all note that at that time LTP characterized the area as
the Opera Square. And today, he only uses the term Freedom Square, and
the revolutionaries `tear themselves to pieces’ whenever the hear
someone call the place otherwise.

During the marches, the square occupied by LTP till March the 1st was
just bursting with hatred; as regards the platforms, one could hear and
see `seven-storey’ curses, mud and abuses flooding from there.

And the accusations (concerning the `October 27 tragedy’) were also
published in LTP pre-election program. And what about calling the
people scum? Isn’t that an abuse? Let alone a number of other similar
abusive phrases such as a `group of chieftains’, `criminal
administration’, `Mongol-Tatars’, `nomads’, `hangman Saddam’, `obscene
regime’ etc.

No less attractive is the following part of the speech delivered in
1994, `There is one program ` to overthrow these authorities, and make
the people sitting on the opera platform the leaders of the country.
Only those people and nobody else.

But there is one thing they didn’t take into consideration: if all
those statements were made by people who didn’t have the opportunity of
saving the nation, the people might have believed them. But there were
at least two people among them who possessed highest competences in the
state after the President. If they were going to work miracles, they
could have done that.

If they were going to struggle against the authorities, they could have
conducted their struggle from inside, without quitting the arena,
because it would have been much more effective. And obviously, the
accusations and facts which they are allegedly presenting now are quite
well-known; it’s not something they learnt today.

And what about now? What was the program that helped LTP pave his way
to politics after 14 years of silence? Today too, he continues the
tactics and strategy of overthrowing the authorities and dismantling
the state system. The `continuous’ struggle pursues one goal: to make
the members of his own gang the leaders of the people. Those
individuals who, in the course of the 7-8 years of his tenure, had the
opportunity to save the nation and work miracles. However, apart from
demolishing and plundering the state, they had no other program of
`salvation’. And now they want the people to believe them?

Let’s go on. `Destabilization, internal instabilities ¦ the main reason
Karabakh held victory was the internal instabilities that emerged
spontaneously or from time to time? If we want to lose not only
Karabakh but also other territories, there’s no shorter way for
achieving that. And I believe the people realize this hazard very well.
And no proofs are needed. What happened in Azerbaijan and Georgia is
the fairest example of that. If we are not going to learn lessons from
the bitter experience of our direct neighbors, we will not deserve to
continue surviving as a nation¦

Here is the other hazard. I am sure there will be no instabilities. But
in Azerbaijan, this may create illusions that Armenia is becoming
destabilized and push the country to renounce the peace process and try
to take advantage of Armenia’s internal weakness¦

The third hazard is that the demonstrations may, at some moment, become
ungovernable. Anyway, with their unbalanced nature, the organizers
themselves will be unable to keep the situation under control,’ L.
Ter-Petrosyan announced to the law enforcers, enumerating the hazards
one by one.

In 1994, he was confident that there would be no instabilities. And at
the end of February 2008, he kept the aggressive crowd on the square
for such a long time that the destabilized situation matured into
violence. And now he makes nonsensical statements on the `slaughter’
committed by the authorities. Whereas he himself `lost control’ of the
`peaceful demonstrators’, not deigning to leave his house and calm down
the fierce crowd that had gathered near the statue of Myasnikyan.

And taking advantage of Armenia’s internal weakness, it launched attack
on the Armenian front lines. And after all that happened they were
still assuming airs that the President didn’t have the right to impose
a state of emergency. Oh, that Armenian Pan-National Movement! It
doesn’t really have the right to live.

And now, let’s pass on to the final part of the ex-President’s speech:
`Today, the organizers of these demonstrations are the only
revolutionary force in Armenia; but as has already been mentioned, they
have no chance to reach their goal through parliamentarism. There is no
other force in Armenia. But this is just a falsehood. This is
buffoonery. And our people will properly estimate and perceive that¦
The activeness of the opposition is accounted for by the fact that the
things are not so bad as far as the affairs of the state or authorities
are concerned.’

Summing up the above mentioned, we can arrive at the conclusion that
LTP’s speech delivered in 1994 and his present-day posture are a fair
manifestation of buffoonery.

Armenia Revised Irrigated Agriculture Project Program

ARMENIA REVISED IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE PROJECT PROGRAM

RIA OREANDA
Nov 5 2008
Russia

Yerevan. ">OREANDA-NEWS . November 5, 2008. The Governing Council
of Millenium Challenge Account-Armenia SNCO met at the Office of
Government, presided at by GC Chairman, RA Prime Minister Tigran
Sargsyan.

The Council discussed the revised Infrastructure activity of
the Irrigated Agriculture project of the MCA-Armenia program, as
well as the preliminary report on institutional strengthening of
irrigation management entities presented by the Consultant under of
the Water-to-Market activity of the Irrigated Agriculture project of
the MCA-Armenia program.

The MCA-Armenia Chief Executive Officer briefed the Council on the
changes effectuated in the contracts on design and technical control
under the Infrastructure activity of the Irrigated Agriculture project
of the MCA-Armenia program, as well as on the course of implementation
of the credit component of the Program.

The meeting has also discussed and approved the amendments to the
MCA-Armenia program procurements plan.

The Governing Council was reported on the outcome of the vote
for the new composition of the MCA-Armenia Beneficiaries Council
(2008-2009). The council also discussed the results of the vacancy
competition for the post of Assistant to MCA-Armenia SNCO Chief
Executive Director. Following discussion and endorsement by the
Governing Council, the nominees with highest interview scores and
the commission-proposed priority list will be sent to the MCC for
final approval.

With reference to the first agenda item, MCA-Armenia SNCO CEO Ara
Hovsepyan said that account taken of the depreciation of the US dollar
over the past few years and the rise in building material-related
and operating costs, it is impossible to complete the activities
specified in the Infrastructure component of the Irrigated Agriculture
project. As a result, the program needs reconsidering and an effective
selection of sub-components, considering the technical, economic,
environmental and social factors. The program revision started
last March and was completed late in September. In the words of Ara
Hovsepyan, revision work was attended by the representatives of local
and Washington offices of the MCC, together with the representatives
of Jacobs (MB) specialized organization. The team worked in close
cooperation with the RA Vice-Prime Minister, Minister of Territorial
Administration and the representatives of State Water Management
Committee by the Ministry of Territorial Administration. They
held consultations with water-user associations and communities and
conducted field visits. As a result, the final version of the concept
note on revision of the Infrastructure activity was developed and
subsequently approved by the Millenium Challenge Corporation.

Under the revised program, by September 2011, 6 main channels will have
been repaired, 7 natural flow systems engineered, 18 pumping stations
restored, the main collectors of the drainage system in Ararat valley
and artesian/deep-water wells rehabilitated, tertiary canals restored
with a 15% co-funding on the part of water user associations. The
total cost of the revised Infrastructure activity is USD 107.2 MN. As
a result of restoration / construction work, there will be 106,161
beneficiaries in 286 communities with a population of 473,360 (of
which 244,721 are women).

As result of discussions held between the Irrigation Activity
Consultant and the MCC, it has been decided to trust monitoring work
under the Infrastructure activity to a single specialized company as
this is supposed to provide for better technical control, as well as
help engage international experts in the works. This in turn will lead
to the transfer of new professional skills and international expertise.

The meeting noted that that the vote for the third generation of the
Council of Beneficiaries was held on September 27, 2008. Applications
were received from 396 civil society organizations registered and
operational in Armenia, including unions, funds and foundations,
water-user associations, consumer societies, as well as other
non-governmental and non-commercial organizations. A secret ballot
resulted in the election of 15 candidates inclusive of 4 women,
representative of 7 different marzes of the Republic of Armenia. The
closed ballot of October 13, 2008 delegated 5 members of the Council
of Beneficiaries to the Governing Council.

The MCA-Armenia SNCO Chief Executive Director also reported that as
of September 30, 2008, the program-stipulated loan to the amount of
USD 1.5 MN was earmarked in full, with all proceeds administered in
Armenian drams. The average size of lending was AMD 3.674.000.

At Expense Of Taxpayers, Against Taxpayers

AT EXPENSE OF TAXPAYERS, AGAINST TAXPAYERS

Haykakan Zhamanak
Nov 7 2008
Armenia

At least two absurd decisions were passed at the cabinet meeting
yesterday [6 November], which are interconnected, if one looks deep
into them. One decision is that the cabinet decided to pay 30,000 euros
to A1+ from its reserve fund, under the other decision the cabinet is
setting up a centre for public relations. Why are these decisions –
that look innocent at first sight – absurd?

It is a fact that A1+ should get its 30,000 euros under a European
Court ruling. But why should that money be paid from the government’s
reserve fund, which is part of the state budget? What does this mean?

A group of criminals, or as they were called quite appropriately,
lickspittles, of the agency called National Television and Radio
Commission, under their ringleader Grigor Amalyan, acting on
instructions from the leaders of the bandit regime, [former Armenian
President] Robert Kocharyan and [incumbent Armenian President] Serzh
Sargsyan, ordered illegally that A1+ be taken off the air. The European
Court proved that this had been done illegally and ruled that A1+
should be paid 30,000 euros for that wrongdoing. The cabinet passed
the decision that the money should be paid from the government’s
reserve fund.

If this is not absurd, then what is it? Why should taxpayers pay
for the crime committed by several Amalyans, especially that they
are not behind the bars, they are not being fired, but instead, they
keep giving interviews self-confidently. Those 30,000 euros should be
paid from the pockets of Grigor Amalyan, Shamiram Aghabekyan and the
other criminal who had voted to take A1+ off the air. If they do not
have enough money, they should be auctioned: being sold and becoming
slaves is their common way of existence. But there can hardly be any
buyers, the goods offered are of very low quality.

The other decision of the cabinet – the setting up of the centre
for public relations – is absurd because it is to become the KGB for
media outlets. Officially, the functions of this agency are formulated
in other words, but in reality, all the information about the media
outlets will be centralized, systematized and processed there. After
that, decisions will be made on how to work against an outlet or a
journalist, and how the rulers’ propaganda will be carried out.

This idea had been circulating in the ruling circles for years. This
idea is being implemented partially even now, and the presidential
palace is in charge of it. Now it is getting an official shape,
and officially, the president’s staff has been put in charge of the
centre’s management, and in addition, this centre will be funded from
the state budget.

But to tell the truth, this cannot have a serious impact. The thing is
that those who were engaged in this and who are to continue to do so
are very untalented. The experience of the past years indicated that by
working against the unwanted outlets, keeping the entire TV programming
under control, campaigning day and night, the regime cannot convince
people that, for example, Serzh Sargsyan is an angel. Simply, it is sad
that this agency will be funded at the expense of the taxpayers, too.

Not Without The Nagornyy Karabakh Republic

NOT WITHOUT THE NAGORNYY KARABAKH REPUBLIC

Haykakan Zhamanak
Nov 4 2008
Armenia

The leader of the "Armenian Revolutionary Federation – Dashnaktsutyun
– Movement 88" faction of the Nagornyy Karabakh parliament,
Armen Sargsyan, told Haykakan Zhamanak: "In my opinion, the Madrid
principles [of the Karabakh settlement] are not acceptable [to Nagornyy
Karabakh]. The self-determination of Nagornyy Karabakh should be
based on the territorial integrity of the Nagornyy Karabakh republic –
with its current borders [including the currently Armenian-controlled
Azerbaijani territories around Karabakh]."

Sargsyan said that if any country wants to act as a mediator, then
this mediation should be aimed only at signing an agreement on
non-resumption of war.

"Karabakh should negotiate all other issues with Azerbaijan, and
Armenia should be the guarantor of Karabakh’s independence and
security," Sargsyan said.

ANKARA: Some Theories Remain As Just Words

SOME THEORIES REMAIN AS JUST WORDS

Sabah
Nov 6 2008
Turkey

Erdogan commented on Obama’s support of Armenian accusations and
stated, "We believe this issue may remain in the campaign."

Prime Minister Erdogan congratulated the winner of the US election,
Barack Obama, and stated "We can now say there no longer remains a
black-white issue." Erdogan sent a message to Obama, stating; "We are
assessing that certain theories directed at the campaign will remain
as such." It was also emphasized that Turkish-US relations will not be
affected by the change in government, due to being based on strategy.

"We may meet"

Erdogan, stating he is seeking an opportunity to meet with Obama
during his trip to the US, stated: We don’t know at this time how their
program will be. If the opportunity arises we will pursue meeting."

Meanwhile, Turkey’s Grand National Assembly Chair, Köksal Toptan, who
is presently in Vienna said "I hope this will provide a new important
era for world peace." CHP leader Deniz Baykal also congratulated Obama
and stated "the US public has undergone a very good test for democracy,
and that an African-American president is a significant event. From
here on out Obama’s Iran and Iraq politics will be important. Turkey
will be closely following the developments."

–Boundary_(ID_Kc/c2nD0ygIiB7 B1/gW0LA)–

Moscow Declaration Reflects Baku Position On Stage By Stage Resoluti

MOSCOW DECLARATION REFLECTS BAKU POSITION ON STAGE BY STAGE RESOLUTION OF KARABAKH CONFLICT

ArmInfo
2008-11-07 10:34:00

ArmInfo-TURAN. According to Turkish mass media, Azerbaijan supported
Turkey’s initiative on realization of the Platform of stability and
cooperation in the South Caucasus, stated Azerbaijan’s President
Ilham Aliyev in his speech before the deputies of Turkey’s Great
National Assembly.

He considers that the events in South Caucasus demonstrate that peace
in the region is fragile. Concerning the Karabakh conflict Aliyev said
that there is only cease-fire regime, but political settlement of the
conflict has not been obtained yet. Armenia is to blame for this, as
it is ignoring international law and refuse to follow four Resolutions
of the UN Security Council for liberation of Azerbaijanis territories.

Aliyev expressed a hope, that new leadership of Armenia will assess
the situation in the right way, and the conflict will be settled on
the basis of Azerbaijan’s territorial integrity.

Aliyev positively assessed the latest steps by Turkey and Russia in
promotion of peace in the region. Concerning the Moscow Declaration
Aliyev said that it created a basis for settlement the conflict.

Assessing the document, Aliyev said that the importance of the
resolution of the conflict within the frameworks of the international
law and stage by stage of settlement was reflected in the Declaration.

"We have always supported stage by stage resolution of the conflict;
liberation of occupied territories, and the return of refuges to
native places. Then it will be possible to discuss the status of
Nagorno-Karabakh, Aliyev said. He noted that the status of Nagorno
Karabakh must be determined within the frameworks of Azerbaijan’s
territorial integrity.

How Turkey Became A Republic?

HOW TURKEY BECAME A REPUBLIC?
Nauman Asghar

The Post
Nov 3 2008
Pakistan

The Ottoman Empire expansion was characterized by continuous
territorial conquests and it spread out from a small northwestern
Anatolian principality to cover an empire encompassing southeastern
Europe, Anatolia and the Arab world. During the sixteenth century the
institutions of society and government that had been evolving in the
Ottoman dominions for last two centuries reached the classical forms
and patterns that were to characterize them until modern times. The
reign of Suleman the magnificent marked the peak of Ottoman grandeur
but elements of weakness started creeping in and began the slow but
steady decline that followed.

The evils of corruption and nepotism took hold at all levels of
administration. Following Suleman the accession and appointments to
positions came less as the result of ability than as a consequence of
political manoeuvrings of the political parties. Those in power found
it more convenient to control the princes by keeping them uneducated
and inexperienced. The old tradition by which young princes were
educated in the field was replaced by a system in which all the princes
were isolated in the private apartments of harem and limited to the
education its permanent inhabitants could provide. In consequence,
few of the Sultans after Suleman had the ability to exercise real
power even when circumstances might have enabled them to do so. The
prevailing condition was compounded by economic difficulties coupled
with social erosion, the latter being a vital factor contributing
to the decline of civilisation. As the social distress increased,
the central government became weaker.

The reform efforts were undertaken by Sultans Osman II (1618-22)
and Murad IV (1623-40) followed by a famous dynasty of Koprulu but
they were too limited in nature and scope to permanently arrest the
ottoman decline. Corrupt officials were executed and nepotism and
jobbery driven out. Notwithstanding anything these reforms produced a
semblance of revival. The Grand Vizier Mustafa Pasha was emboldened to
move again into Central Europe and Besiege Vienna in 1683.His effort
quickly overextended the fragile bases of the Ottoman revival. The
military defeats combined with resistance to change offered by classes
exploiting the prevalence of anarchy heralded the decline of empire.

The Ottoman entry into World War I resulted from an overly hasty
calculation of likely advantage. The ottomans made a substantial
contribution to the Central Powers? war effort. Their forces fought in
eastern Asia Minor, Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine. In
September 1918 they dominated Transcaucasia but the defeat of Germany
bode ill for the future of Ottoman Empire. The apprehensions turned
out to be true when the Treaty of Sevres was imposed upon the defeated
Turkey. This treaty was an embodiment of imperialism. Turkey was
deprived of all the Arab portions of her empire. The Kingdom of Hejaz
obtained recognition as an independent state. Turkey also renounced
control of Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia whose destinies were to
be decided by the principal allied powers. Eastern Thrace was ceded
to Greece up to Chatalja line. Greek sovereignty was recognized over
a number of Aegean islands. Turkey also agreed to grant the Kurdish
area east of Euphrates local autonomy and effect International control
of Straits and demilitarization of adjacent zones.

Simultaneously with the Treaty of Sevres, a tripartite treaty was
concluded between Great Britain, France and Italy. It provided for
the division of Turkish territory into French and Italian spheres of
influence. The French sphere corresponded exactly to the zone assigned
to France by the Sykes Picot agreement. The Italian zone covered the
areas agreed to Italy in southwestern Anatolia (according to two war
time agreements-London and St. Jean de Maurienne minus the region
of Smyrna).The Turks might have surrendered to and endured western
dictation but the thought of being invaded and occupied by the Greeks
led the Turks to react in a strong manner. The latter traditionally
considered the Greeks a subject race and simply could not stomach the
reversal of roles. Strong resentment against Greece was manifested
soon after the landing of Greek troops in Smyrna (May 15, 1919).

In this moment of crisis the Turkish nation was fortunate in finding
a leader of exceptional ability and strength of will in the person of
General Mustafa Kemal Pasha. He had to face five armies: the Armenians
in the East; The French in Cilicia; the Italians in Adalia; the Greeks
in Smyrna and the British in Constantinople. His first offensive
in Cilicia compelled the French troops to bow down and conclude an
armistice with Kemal on May 30, 1919.Next his army took on Armenians
whose territory had been considerably expanded by the addition of
Trebizond, Erzerum, Mush and Van. Its population was predominantly
Turkish and Kemal was determined to wrest it from the rather nominal
control of Armenia.

By the end of 1920 Kemal’s nationalists had disposed of the French
and Armenian danger in the East and could concentrate on the major
task in western Anatolia- the expulsion of Greeks. Prior to launching
offensive against Greeks, Kemal secured Soviet Assistance by the
confirmation of Treaty of Alexandropol and neutralized French and
Italian hostility. The bloody battle of the Sakaria River turned
the tide in favour of Turks and within two weeks the latter drove
the Greek army back to the Mediterranean Sea. In the wake of Turkish
victory, a peace conference was opened at Lausanne on November 20,
1992 and the treaty of Lausanne was agreed on by the parties.

This treaty was a signal victory for the Turkish nationalists. By
signing it, Kemal’s government obtained formal international
recognition. Turkey regained her independence and secured the unity of
her ethnic territory. She threw of the shackles of foreign control in
judicial, military and economic matters. She emerged from this ordeal
with her national pride restored enjoying a new and progressive
leadership, impoverished but confident in the future. On October
23, 1923, Mustafa Kemal proclaimed the republic and was elected
its first President. He abolished the caliphate and closed down
all institutions based on the Muslim Canon law, all monasteries and
religious orders. The whole ottoman legal system was modernized and
a new civil and penal code was adopted. In 1933 a law was passed to
make the use of family names compulsory and the National Assembly
gave Mustafa Kemal the name ‘Ataturk’ (‘Father of Turks’).

His most important reform was the secularization of Turkish
society. The secular reforms included, inter alia, the replacement of
Friday by Sunday as weekly holiday (1935); the adoption of Gregorian
calendar and the forbidding of wearing of clerical garb outside places
of worship. Later on the army has assumed the role of guardian of
Ataturk’s secular legacy. It would not be exaggeration to say that
Turkey’s politico-social landscape would have been altogether different
in the absence of application of Kemal’s revolutionary agenda.

Tailpiece: The lesson of history of the rise and fall of empires is
that corruption and nepotism are cankerous evils that gnaw at the
roots of social fabric and herald disintegration of society. If the
rulers lack experience to govern the state of affairs, the empire
cannot withstand and internal fissures and dissensions emerge. The
significance of robust social capital in sustaining a civilisation
or empire must not be downplayed and all efforts must be aimed at
building strong social base.

The writer is a Lahore-based advocate