VARTAN OSKANIAN SPEECH RE: ARMENIAN-TURKISH PROTOCOLS
2009/09/22 | 20:57
Important Politics
Following is an abridged version of the speech given today by former
RoA Foreign Minister and Civilitas Foundation Director Vardan Oskanian
regarding his take on the Armenian-Turkish protocol document.
We are facing a critical historic and political decision as a country
and as a people and Civilitas believes in the importance of public
debate. But in the case of these protocols, the debate is going off in
the wrong direction. Not only are we presented with a fait accompli,
but they’re also telling us nothing is changeable, and those documents
have no preconditions.
Reading these protocols one unwillingly comes to the following
conclusion: That these documents were prepared, somewhere, with
Turkey’s participation, and imposed on the Armenian side, or the
Armenian side really did negotiate this document having fully
convinced itself that Armenia’s future development and survival is
indeed completely linked to the opening of this border.
Those are the only two possible explanations. Otherwise, it’s not
possible to understand the logic of these documents that unequivocally
give Turkey what it has wanted for 18 years. Let’s not fool ourselves,
let’s not mislead our people, let’s not trample on our own dignity,
and let’s call things by their name.
For a moment, let’s assume that the border will indeed open. We will,
as a nation, have to recognize that the border is being opened in
exchange for important concessions of history and national honor,
and of our sense of who we are and how we view our role and place
in this region. We will have conceded our equal place in our future
relations with Turkey.
At the base of this document is a defeatist attitude. It reminds me
of the mood in 1997, when we were being told Armenia has no hope of
further development, that it can’t be a stable, fully independent state
if the Nagorno Karabakh conflict is not quickly resolved. The next 10
years came to disprove this. Despite the many problems and faults of
that period, with the border still closed, there was in fact serious
economic improvement. Our economy saw double-digit growth thanks
to old and new economic reforms and their continuation. The country
became more stable, with a new sense of unity, however fragile and
incomplete, and with broader Diaspora inclusion.
Today, Armenia’s situation is again very difficult. We have an
inexplicable 18.4% decline in growth, when the average world decline
is two to three percent. Diaspora and Armenia have never been so
distant from each other. Our society has never been so polarized. Our
people have never felt so hopeless about our country’s future. Under
these conditions, old sentiments have emerged again, telling us that
Armenia can never become a fully independent state and cannot develop
economically because of the closed border and the unresolved Nagorno
Karabakh conflict.
Today, since we’ve already gone down this road, I can say with even
greater confidence, that that’s not the case.
We must have trust in our own resources, in our people, in our
country, in our future. If we successfully completed first generation
economic reforms, we must move on to the second, third, fourth, fifth
generations. These hold huge potential for our prosperity. We have an
ever greater potential source: our unity and common sense of purpose.
Despite all this, there is also a new area where no one – not past
administrations and not this one either – has seriously and honestly
ventured. Very little has been done in the thorny but vital area
of political reform. Unfortunately, our state is not a democratic
state yet. But our whole future and security depend on that one
word. We have not invested in fortifying and consolidating our
democratic institutions, and now instead of going forward, we are
going backwards. Our people, any people, are creative when they are
free; but we have not created the conditions, the equal playing field,
an assured rule of law society that protects the freedoms that enable
prosperity. The closed border has not kept them out. Our succeeding
governments have not nourished the seeds that are here on our land.
Our problems are here, at home. The solutions, too, must be sought
here. No one says no to open borders or to an agreement on Nagorno
Karabakh. But we must do so in the right way, in a dignified way,
not with an imposed external solution, but a solution achieved from
positions of strength among equal partners.
Signing these documents will not solve our problems. On the contrary,
they will bring on entirely new setbacks and problems that can only
be tackled by a unified, free, hopeful society.
That is not to say protocols with Turkey should not be signed. Of
course they should. Even these two protocols, with all their major and
minor unacceptable, controversial, questionable provisions would be
acceptable, if at the very least, one sentence were removed, and a
few words changed.
But as currently formulated, they cannot be signed.
First, if we were to assume that Turkey, after signing the protocols,
will ratify them as well, we must ask ourselves, will the opening of
the Turkish border be worth the price we will pay? This is the price
they have been asking since 1991, when after the collapse of the
Soviet Union, Turkey recognized and established diplomatic relations
with all former soviet republics except Armenia. Since the beginning,
they’ve had two demands – that Armenia renounce any territorial claims,
and that Armenians renounce the international genocide recognition
campaign. A third demand was added in 1993 – that Armenians withdraw
from the territories surrounding Nagorno Karabakh.
Since that day, those three conditions have been consistently
repeated. Today, the first two are formalized in the protocol. It’s
there, black on white, and our government has apparently agreed to
meet those demands. The protocol is worded such that not only do we
agree to respect the territorial integrity of Turkey, but in the next
sentence, we consent to renounce our historic rights as well as even
the theoretical possibility of regaining historic justice.
Today there are more than 190 countries in the world, and there are
nearly that many territorial disputes among them. That means that
pairs of countries with normal relations with each other continue
to disagree over their borders. A fourth of those disputes are in
Europe. They have embassies, they trade, they have friendly relations,
but their diplomats continue to talk and argue, respectfully, over
their differing interpretations of history and territory. Those
countries have signed protocols and have diplomatic relations.
In our region, even with our friendly, brotherly Georgia,
Armenia and Georgia have not ‘recognized current existing
borders.’ Demarcation is just now ongoing between us. Neither have
Georgia and Azerbaijan. There, demarcation hasn’t even begun. But
there are diplomatic relations. Those other 190 countries have agreed
to respect each other’s territorial integrity, not their current
existing borders. That is the international practice. There is a clear
distinction in international relations between respecting territorial
integrity and recognizing current borders. Look, we often say that
we recognize Azerbaijan’s territorial integrity. But we continue the
sentence and point out that Nagorno Karabakh has nothing to do with
Azerbaijan’s territorial integrity since it’s never been a part of
independent Azerbaijan.
Today, we can recognize Turkey’s territorial integrity. But how we
continue that sentence is a right that no one can take from us or
our future generations.
A protocol to establish diplomatic relations between two states sets
the start for a long-term relationship during which two countries
will tackle and resolve many new and ongoing bilateral problems. When
the document that formalizes this relationship includes language that
transforms the relationship to an unequal one, extracting one-sided
concessions, one wonders about the future of such relations.
We want relations with Turkey, but we want them with a Turkey that
wants equal and reciprocal relations with Armenia. We want relations
with a Turkey that understands that the Europe to which we both aspire
is not a Europe without disputes, but a Europe where neighbors agree
to disagree while continuing to live neighborly and in dignity. We
deserve no less.
The same concerns exist with the protocol provision about a historical
subcommission and the ‘impartial scientific examination of the
historical records’. Our neighbor, the successor to a state which
committed Genocide, has not itself condemned this internationally
recognized crime, yet expects to use this protocol to formalize its
own unwillingness to confront history. Worse. Armenia’s government
has acquiesced and agreed to be dragged into another endless process
of denying and rewriting. Already, before the documents are even
signed, there is talk of Turkey’s asking countries to re-visit their
own statements of genocide recognition and condemnation. Turkey will
cite the protocol and proceed with its efforts to rewrite history.
Armenia and Armenians will expend energy and time to confirm historic
facts.
These are the pitfalls that await us if Turkey intends to ratify the
protocols. But what if this is all intended to show the world that
they are ready to proceed with open borders, while at the same time
their parliament withholds ratification until Azerbaijan is satisfied
with the Nagorno Karabakh resolution?
This is the fundamental danger. These are not empty fears, this is
not the product of an active imagination.
Prime Minister Erdogan and Foreign Minister Davutoglu remind us of this
condition daily. Their demands on Nagorno Karabakh are Azerbaijan’s
demands. Already, even before the protocols are signed, they continue
to speak of those conditions. During the last year, there has not been
an opportunity when Erdogan has spoken of Armenia-Turkey relations,
without mentioning a return of the territories surrounding Nagorno
Karabakh, and sometimes even return of Nagorno Karabakh itself. There
hasn’t been one opportunity when Erdogan in his bilateral meetings,
has not spoken about Nagorno Karabakh as an important agenda
item. Apparently, Turkey is not concerned that as a consequence of
such announcements, Armenia will withdraw from this process or from
signing the document. Thus, Turkey is going against the letter and
spirit of the document, by taking sides with one neighbor, at the
expense of another.
In other words, if the purpose of this document and this process is
to look to the future, that is not happening.
The only part about this that is surprising is that our leadership
either does not hear them, does not want to hear them, or wants to
believe they really mean something other than what they say.
For 15 years, Turkey has maintained the blockade, hoping for our
economic and political capitulation. It didn’t happen and will not
happen. Today, it is they who desperately need to come out of that
political corner in which they placed themselves, it is they who
need that border open, and they seem to have found a way to do it,
at our expense.
Today, they need to open the border. It is they who are under great
European pressure within their accession time frames. Today, they
need to open the border because they are the ones who have economic
issues at their eastern border that they need resolved. Today, they
need to open the border because they are the ones in fear of the
genocide recognition process that has been moving quickly and has
culminated in great US pressure. Finally, they need the border open
in order to reinforce their leadership role in this region.
Instead, our government has been making concessions, in their haste
to move this process forward. From the beginning, if they were not
farsighted enough to avoid being put in this position, now that this
situation has been created, they must find a way to change course.
They have no choice. We are at a crossroads in our history. We have on
the table the first bilateral document that the independent sovereign
Republic of Armenia intends to sign with the Republic of Turkey.
These documents not for and by third parties, as with the countless
historical documents of the past where Armenia is a subject and not a
party, but for the first time in history, a document in which Armenia
is signing on to its own perceived place in history.
I wanted to make clear the basis of my criticism: we must and should
move to normal relations with Turkey. But this document with these
formulations should not be signed. Indeed, no one is authorized to
sign this document with such formulations.
When people hear my criticism, sometimes they accuse me of jealousy. I
think they do this so that they don’t have to have to deal with the
substance of my criticism but instead, they trivialize it so they
can dismiss it.
Nevertheless, I want to confess, I am sometimes envious. But of Turkish
diplomacy. I would not dare to bring such a document to the table,
I wouldn’t sign it and I don’t envy the man who will soon do so.