AGBU Press Office
55 East 59th Street
New York, NY 10022-1112
Phone: 212.319.6383, x118
Fax: 212.319.6507
Email: [email protected]
Website:
PRESS RELEASE
Friday, August 26, 2005
Live Webcast of AGBU Buenos Aires Festival on Saturday, Sept. 3
On Saturday, September 3, 2005, AGBU Buenos Aires ()
will be airing a live webcast of its artistic and cultural festival,
“Armenia, One People, One Nation, One Culture,” the proceeds of which
will benefit the city’s Doctor Pedro de Elizalde Children’s Hospital
(). About 500 musicians and dancers will take part
in the mega-event at the city’s Exhibition Center. The evening will be
hosted under the auspices of the City of Buenos Aires and the Embassy
of the Republic of Armenia.
Streaming video of the live webcast can be viewed by visiting the AGBU
Buenos Aires website homepage () on the day of the
event and clicking on a banner that will launch the viewing
portal. Up-to-minute information about broadcast times and system
requirements will be available on the viewing portal as well.
The six-hour live broadcast will begin Saturday 5:00 PM (18:00) in
Buenos Aires [Sunday 1:00 AM (01:00) in Yerevan; Saturday 11:00 PM
(23:00) in Beirut; Saturday 10:00 PM (22:00) in Paris; Saturday 4:00
PM (16:00) in New York; Saturday 1:00 PM (13:00) in Los Angeles; and
Sunday 6:00 AM (06:00) in Sydney].
This is the first AGBU event to be broadcast live to the public on the
Internet. International viewers are invited to send comments and good
wishes before and during the event via email to:
[email protected]. In addition to fundraising for the Pedro de
Elizalde Hospital, the evening is a pre-event in honor of next year’s
AGBU Centennial.
The webcast will begin with a 90-minute program devoted to Buenos
Aires Armenian schools, followed by performances by a wide array of
choirs and dance troupes concluding with gala festivities that will
include speeches and music.
Participating music and dance ensembles are:
* “Alakiaz” Choir from the Mekhitarian School of Buenos Aires
* AGBU Cordoba “Ararat” Dance Ensemble
* “Arax” Choir of Buenos Aires
* “Arevakal” Choir from the Vicente Lopez Armenian School of Buenos Aires
* “Erevan 50” Orchestra of Montevideo, Uruguay
* “Gayane” Dance Ensemble from the Armenian National Center of Uruguay
* “Gomidás” Choir of Buenos Aires
* “Grung” Choir of from UGAB of Montevideo, Uruguay
* “Haiastan” Orchestra of Buenos Aires
* “Kaiane” Dance Ensemble from the Armenian Cultural Union of Buenos Aires
* “Krikor Naregatsi” Choir from the Santa Cruz de Varak Church of Buenos Aires
* “Kusan” Orchestra of Cordoba
* “Masis” Dance Ensemble from the Archbishopric of Buenos Aires
* “Nairi” Dance Ensemble from Hamazkain of San Fernando Valley, United States
* “Nairi” Dance Ensemble from HOM of Buenos Aires
* AGBU Buenos Aires “Nerses Shnorhalli” Choir
* “Nor Arax” Orchestra of Buenos Aires
* “San Gregorio el Iluminador” Choir from the Sourp Kevork Church of Buenos Aires
* “Sasun” Dance Ensemble from HOM of Cordoba
* “Shiraz” Dance Ensemble from Hamazkain of Montevideo, Uruguay
Participating local schools will be:
* Arzruní School
* Mekhitarista School
* Armenian School of Vicente López
* Isaac Backchellian School
* Khrimian Armenian Cultural School
* AGBU Marie Manoogian Institute
* San Gregorio El Iluminador Educational Institute.
Established in 1911, AGBU Buenos Aires is dedicated to preserving and
promoting the Armenian heritage and culture through educational,
cultural and humanitarian programs. For more information and to watch
the live Saturday, September 3 webcast, please visit
For more information on AGBU and its worldwide Chapters, please visit
Aram I Catholios Receives Minister of Foreign Affairs of Lebanon
ARAM I CATHOLIOS RECEIVES MINISTER OF FOREING AFFAIRS OF LEBANON
ANTILIAS, AUGUST 25, NOYAN TAPAN – ARMENIANS TODAY. Aram I, Catholicos
of the Great House of Cilicia received Fawzi Salloukh, the Minister of
Foreing Affairs of Lebanon, at the Antilias Patriarchate, on August
23. The Minister briefly informed His Hoiness Patriarch about the
inner problems of Lebanon and its foreign relations. Aram I Catholicos
presented the international relations of the Great House of Cilicia,
paying attention to the Armenian colonies.
While speaking about the Lebanon Armenians during the meeting, the
Minister mentioned with special respect the later’s participation in
the political life of the country and, in general, the contribution
made by the Armenian community for prosperity of Lebanon. In his turn,
His Holiness stressed the importance of securing safety and stability
in the country, and especially said that those undertaken
repsonsibility in the political life should be careful in their
statements, and the government should act as a single whole. His
Holiness also added that the mutual relations among the communities
should be put at a new level, and one should observe international and
regional developments closely. At the press-conference held after the
meeting, the Minister said that “a meeting with such spiritual
primates who have wide information on religious and political issues,
is really effective.” The Minister spoke about the Armenian community
of Lebanon, mentioning that it is an unseparable part of the
communities of Lebanon and has had a great contribution in the affair
of development and progress of the country.
Govm’t Approves Amendments to Zvartnots Master Plan by its Operator
ARMENIAN GOVERNMENT APPROVES AMENDMENTS TO MASTER PLAN SUBMITTED BY
ZVARTNOTS AIRPORT MANAGER
YEREVAN, AUGUST 25, NOYAN TAPAN. At the August 25 sitting, the RA
government approved the amendments to the Master Plan submitted by the
Manager of Zvartnots Airport. The amendments are related to the work
envisaged to be done during the first stage. According to the RA
Government Information and PR Department, the decision has been made
so that the envisaged amendments will be aimed at improving the
quality of services provided by Zvartnots Airport, introducing new
technologies, constructing a new passenger complex, simplifying the
procedures of passenger servicing, which will increase the volumes of
passenger transportation and help develop the economy. The work
envisaged at the second and third stages was taken into consideration,
and a decision was taken to address the approval of these activities
later when the next Master Plans will be submitted to the government
for approval – after examining the investment programs implemented by
the Manager.
FM Undertakes Whole Responsibility For Son’s Accident
ARMENIA’S FOREIGN MINISTER UNDERTAKES WHOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR
AUTOMOBILE-PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT CAUSED BY HIS SON
YEREVAN, AUGUST 25. ARMINFO. Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia
Vardan Oskanian undertakes the whole responsibility for the accident,
when Oskanian son Ara Oskanian run over a pedestrian in Yerevan on Aug
22.
“I undertake the whole responsibility for this incident, as my son was
using the Foreign Ministry’s car on duty with my permission and on my
instructions.
Sometimes, in late evening or the weekends I drive this car or my son
does it with my permission. However, this incident showed that hence I
must be more prudent in similar issues. At the moment we more worry
about the state of health of the victim Karen Gyunjian. Fortunately,
physicians estimate his health as satisfactory. I hope in the nearest
future Karen will get well. My son has called on him in the hospital”,
said in the statement of the foreign minister.
To remind, the accident occurred on the night of August 22, at the
crossroad of Amiryan and Mashtots streets in Yerevan. The victim Karen
Gyunjian (1980) with fractures and bodily harms were taken to the
reanimation department of St. Gregory the Illuminator Medical
Centre. According to the information, Minister’s son committed the
accident on Audi A-6 automobile belonging to Armenia’s Foreign
Ministry. An action was brought before the court on this fact, Yerevan
State motor licensing and inspection department conducts
investigations. Noteworthy, this accident is not the first which Ara
Oskanian committed.
Last year, on “Mercedes” (also belonging to Armenia’s Foreign
Ministry) at the way from Parakar village to Yerevan he crashed to the
traffic-post getting bod ily harms and damaging state property.
From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress
ANC NEWS: California-Armenia Trade Office Deadline Extension Favored
Armenian National Committee of America – Western Region
104 North Belmont Street, Suite 200
Glendale, California 91206
Phone: 818.500.1918 Fax: 818.246.7353
[email protected]
PRESS RELEASE
Friday, August 26, 2005
Contact: Lerna Kayserian
Tel: (818) 500-1918
STATE ASSEMBLY COMMITTEES FAVOR EXTENSION OF CALIFORNIA-ARMENIA TRADE
OFFICE DEADLINE
— ANCA-WR Testifies Before Key Committee to Extend Sunset Date to 2008
SACRAMENTO, CA – The Armenian National Committee of America – Western
Region (ANCA-WR) announced that the International Trade and Investment
Office: Yerevan bill (SB 897) introduced by California State Senator
Jack Scott (D-Pasadena) passed through the second of two State
Assembly committees on Thursday, August 25, 2005. ANCA-WR Government
Relations Director Armen Carapetian joined Sen. Scott to testify
before the California State Assembly Committee on Jobs, Economic
Development and the Economy earlier in the week.
“The Armenian National Committee is pleased that both the Jobs and now
the Appropriations committees unanimously passed SB 897,” said
Carapetian. “This is a commonsense measure aimed to allow the State of
California to properly operate its trade office in Armenia.”
SB 897 aims to extend the sunset date for the creation and operation
of the California International Trade and Investment Office in
Yerevan, Armenia which was established by state statue in 2002. The
current sunset date for the trade office is set for January 1, 2006,
however, the bill would extend this deadline to 2008. SB 897 is
expected to be up on the Assembly floor early next week and, if
passed, will need to be taken up by the Senate for concurrence
thereafter. SB 897 enjoys popular, bi-partisan support, having been
introduced by Sen. Scott, with principal coauthors Senators Chuck
Poochigian (R-Fresno) and Jackie Speier (D-San Mateo), Assemblymembers
Juan Arambula (D-Fresno) and Dario Frommer (D-Glendale), as well as
coauthors Sen. Joe Simitian (D-Palo Alto), and Assemblymembers Greg
Aghazarian (R-Stockton) and Carol Liu (D-Pasadena).
The ANCA is the largest and most influential Armenian American
grassroots political organization. Working in coordination with a
network of offices, chapters, and supporters throughout the United
States and affiliated organizations around the world, the ANCA
actively advances the concerns of the Armenian-American community on a
broad range of issues.
#####
Rice urges Armenian, Azerb. leaders to settle NK problem at summit
Rice urges Armenian, Azerbaijani leaders to settle Nagorno-Karabakh
problem at summit
.c The Associated Press
WASHINGTON (AP) – Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice is urging the
leaders of Azerbaijan and Armenia to settle their lingering
disagreements over the Nagorno-Karabakh region at a summit conference
in Russia.
Presidents Ilham Aliyev of Azerbaijan and Robert Kocharian of Armenia
are meeting Saturday in the Russian Volga city of Kazan at a summit
conference of the Commonwealth of Independent States, 12 former
republics of the Soviet Union.
Rice telephoned Aliyev and Kocharian on Thursday to “stress to them
the importance that the United States attaches” to their meeting, the
State Department said.
The office of the department spokesman said in a written statement
that Rice expressed the hope to the two presidents that they “will
make the compromises necessary in order to reach a settlement of the
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.” The statement said the two were upbeat
about prospects for progress.
A cease-fire has kept the fragile peace in the enclave since 1994, but
Nagorno-Karabakh’s status remains unresolved.
Fighting began after the legislature of Nagorno-Karabakh, an enclave
within Azerbaijan dominated by ethnic Armenians, demanded in 1988 to
be incorporated into Armenia. Both were Soviet republics at the
time. Thousands died and a million were displaced after full-scale
military offensives broke out in 1991, the year the Soviet Union
dissolved.
The State Department said Rice also stressed to Aliyev the importance
of free and fair parliamentary elections in Azerbaijan this November
and told Kocharian she hoped Armenia would work to enact
constitutional changes now before the parliament.
08/25/05 20:44 EDT
ASBAREZ Online [08-26-2005]
ASBAREZ ONLINE
TOP STORIES
08/26/2005
TO ACCESS PREVIOUS ASBAREZ ONLINE EDITIONS PLEASE VISIT OUR
WEBSITE AT <;HTTP://
1) European Union Member States Present Fresh Doubts on Turkey
2) Rice Hopeful About Crucial Armenian-Azeri Talks
3) California State Senator Jackie Speier Woman of the Year
4) Briner Sets Record Straight
5) Celebrating Armenian Alphabet's 1600 Years
6) Critics' Forum
7) It's A Small World, After All
8) Armenian Pontiff to Make Historic Visit to California
9) Nune 2005 North American Tour
10) SKEPTIK SINIKIAN
1) European Union Member States Present Fresh Doubts on Turkey
PARIS (BBC)Preceding Turkey's scheduled October 3 start of negotiations for
accession into the European Union, French President Jacques Chirac said
Turkey's position on Cyprus "poses political and legal problems."
Although lobbying hard for EU membership, Turkey backs the unrecognized
Turkish Cypriot administration in the north of the divided island, shunning
the
internationally-recognized Greek Cypriot government.
Chirac, who has previously backed Turkey's EU candidacy, says he wants EU
foreign ministers to discuss Turkey's position on Cyprus when they meet in
Wales next week.
At a meeting in Paris, he told the President of the European Commission, Jose
Manuel Barroso, that Turkey's refusal to recognize Cyprus was not in the
spirit
expected of a candidate state.
The prospect of Turkey joining the EU has worried voters, contributing to the
rejection of the proposed EU constitution in the French referendum in May, and
surfacing as an election issue in Germany.
French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin has said it is "inconceivable" to
open membership talks with a country that does not recognize all 25 EU member
states.
Last month, Turkey signed an accord extending its customs agreement with the
EU to the 10 newest EU states, including Cyprus. However, it said that
doing so
did not imply that it recognized the government in Nicosia.
Cyprus has been split into the Greek-Cypriot-controlled south and the
Turkish-occupied north since Turkey invaded in 1974.
Conservatives Say No to Turkey Again
The favorite to win Germany's general election next month, Angela Merkel also
urged caution on the Turkish bid.
The leader of Germany's centre-right Christian Democrats (CDU) wrote to 11
European leaders, advising them to offer Turkey a privileged partnership with
the EU instead of full membership.
In a letter to conservative EU heads of state ahead of a Sept. 1 summit,
chancellor candidate Angela Merkel has renewed her call for the EU to offer
Turkey a "privileged partnership" instead of full membership.
Merkel penned the letter along with Christian Social Union leader Edmund
Stoiber, timing it to hit the desk of center-right leaders just before an
informal meeting on Thursday of EU foreign ministers, where EU accession
negotiations with Turkey will be discussed.
"We are fully convinced that accepting Turkey would overburden the EU
politically, economically and socially and would endanger the European
integration process," the letter, addressed to 11 European leaders, said.
The letter cited "the continuing refusal of Turkey to recognize the Republic
of Cyprus, a member state, under international law" as an obstacle to Turkish
membership, and also noted "still-significant problems in upholding and
imposing human rights."
Merkel and Stoiber underlined that the EU was interested in a close
connection
between Turkey and the European Union, but "we ask you to make clear that the
framework of the negotiations also includes the perspective of a privileged
partnership with Turkey."
A copy of the letter also went to the current EU president, British Prime
Minister Tony Blair, and EU Commission President Jose Barroso.
It is not the first time Merkel has pushed for an EU relationship with Turkey
which falls short of full membership. She brought the topic up a year ago,
just
three weeks before the EU Commission released a report on Turkey and a few
days
before regional elections in two eastern German states.
Then there was disagreement over the proposal even within her own party.
Fellow Christian Democrat and former defense minister Volker Rühe reminded
Merkel that the conservative government of Helmut Kohl had in 1997 signed an
agreement laying out Turkey's official EU candidate status. He said closing
the
door would destabilize the country and could strengthen anti-European
sentiment
there.
2) Rice Hopeful About Crucial Armenian-Azeri Talks
(RFE/RL)--The United States underscored its hopes for a breakthrough in the
Mountainous Karabagh peace process Thursday when Secretary of State
Condoleezza
Rice telephoned Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev to discuss his upcoming,
crucial meeting with Armenian counterpart Kocharian.
In a statement cited by the Itar-Tass news agency, Aliyev's office quoted
Rice
as telling the Azeri leader that she "attaches great importance" to the talks
that are due to take place in the Russian city of Kazan on Saturday, and
expressed hope that they would facilitate a peaceful resolution of the
conflict.
US, Russian, and French diplomats spearheading the negotiating process
signaled last month that the Kocharian-Aliyev meeting in Kazan could clear the
final hurdle to peace. US Undersecretary of State for Global Affairs Paula
Dobriansky similarly noted on July 27 that their meeting "can potentially be a
turning point."
Preparations for that meeting were discussed by the Armenian and Azeri
foreign
ministers in Moscow August 23-24. Vartan Oskanian and Elmar Mammadyarov
sounded
cautiously upbeat after their talks held in the presence of the mediating
trio.
3) California State Senator Jackie Speier Woman of the Year
ANCA Western Region will Honor Armenian American Senator at Annual Banquet
LOS ANGELES--California State Senator Jackie Speier (D-San Mateo) will
receive
the Armenian National Committee of America-Western Region's (ANCA-WR)
prestigious Woman of the Year award at the 2005 ANCA-WR Annual Banquet on
September 18 at the Renaissance Hollywood Hotel in Los Angeles.
Sen Speier is appreciated throughout the Armenian American community for her
steadfast support of legislation and issues that affect Armenian Americans in
the state.
Since her time in the Assembly, Sen Speier has authored numerous measures of
interest to Armenian Americans among the unprecedented record of over 300
pieces of legislation that she has been able to have signed into law. Among
her
most recent accomplishments, Sen Speier authored the 2005 Armenian Genocide
resolution in California and, along with fellow Armenian American legislator
Sen Chuck Poochigian (R-Fresno) authored SB 424, which was signed into law by
Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to permanently designate April 24 as California
Day of Remembrance of the Armenian Genocide. Sen Speier is the state's highest
ranking Democratic elected official of Armenian descent and the only Armenian
American woman currently serving in the state legislature.
"Senator Speier is known throughout the State Capitol as an effective
legislator, and she has used her skills to bring issues of concern to Armenian
Americans forward," said Steven Dadaian, Chairman of the ANCA-WR. "The
Armenian
National Committee is honored to have the Senator accept the Woman of the Year
award at our annual banquet this year."
Sen Speier's career-long commitment to public service was nearly cut short in
1978 when she traveled to Jonestown, Guyana as an aide to California
Congressman Leo J Ryan's fact-finding mission investigating legations of
individuals being held hostage by cult leader Reverend Jim Jones. On November
18, 1978, at the end of a two-day investigation, gunmen from the Rev Jones'
People's Temple cult ambushed, shot and killed Congressman Ryan and four
others
in his traveling group. Sen Speier, then 28 years old, was struck by five
bullets and lay on a jungle airstrip for 22 hours awaiting help. The day she
was shot, over 900 cult members committed mass suicide or were murdered at the
People's Temple compound.
Sen Speier has stated that "the Jonestown tragedy is a daily reminder that no
one is guaranteed a tomorrow . . . this has absolutely molded my philosophy
and
my zest for work and for life." To this day, she carries two bullets in her
body from the tragic incident in Guyana.
Two years after the Jonestown shootings, Sen Speier became the youngest
member
ever to serve on the San Mateo County Board of Supervisors when she won her
first election by defeating a 20-year incumbent. Sen Speier served in the
California State Assembly from 1986 to 1996 before being elected to the State
Senate, where she is completing her second term and was recently named
Assistant President Pro-Tem. Last year, Sen Speier visited the ANCA-WR office
to discuss her intention to run for Lieutenant Governor of the State of
California in 2006. She has since been campaigning for the position throughout
the state, garnering the support of key constituencies. If elected, Sen Jackie
Speier would become only the second Armenian American to serve in statewide
office since Governor George Deukmejian (19831991).
The ANCA-WR Annual Banquet regularly draws over 700 individuals, including a
long list of dignitaries, such as prominent Members of Congress and state
legislators, as well as a vast number of Armenian American community leaders
and political activists. The annual event is the largest of its kind and helps
raise funds to operate the nation's largest and most influential Armenian
American grassroots and political advocacy organization. More honorees are to
be announced in the coming weeks before the annual banquet.
For more information on this year's ANCA-WR Annual Banquet, or to reserve a
table, call the ANCA-WR office at (818) 5001918.
4) Briner Sets Record Straight
Swiss Senate Ready to Tackle Genocide Question
On August 6, Swiss media outlet Swissinfo published an article titled "Swiss
Senate Washes Hands of 'Genocide' Question," in which they cited president of
the Senate foreign-affairs committee Peter Briner as saying that "Turkey's
massacre of Armenians in 1915 will never be an issue for the Swiss Senate."
[ed. The article appeared in Asbarez on August 9, 2005.]
Last week, Swissinfo published a follow-up article in which Briner said that
his comments were misquoted, denying that he ever said that Turkey's massacre
of Armenians would not be debated in the chamber.
"Those reports are based on either a misquote or a misunderstandingand
this is
of course most regrettable. What I did say was that when the Swiss House of
Representatives had [voted to] recognize the genocide, this was not an
issue in
the Senate," Briner, a member of the center-right Radical Party, told
Swissinfo. "The policy of our governmentand the Senate foreign-affairs
committeeis that the two countries involved, Turkey and Armenia, should
investigate the terrible events of 1915 with a committee of historians from
both sides."
The Swiss House of Representatives recognized the death of up to 1.8 million
Armenians as genocide in 2003. But unlike many western governments, the Swiss
government does not officially speak of "genocide" but of "mass deportation"
and "massacre."
"I think that the position of our government is the better one. I don't feel
comfortable being the judge of the whole world and of something that
happened a
long time ago," said Briner, when asked why the Senate wouldn't recognize the
Genocide as other Western countries have. "These are evidently terrible events
and I think that they should be investigated, but they should be primarily
investigated by the parties involved."
5) Celebrating Armenian Alphabet's 1600 Years
LOS ANGELES--In 405 AD, Mesrob Mashdots, a cleric of the Armenian royal court,
invented the letters of the Armenian alphabet to celebrate the beginnings of a
written Armenian literary tradition.
The Hamazkayin Educational and Cultural Society's Regional Executive has
formed a council to specifically organize events commemorating the 1600th
Anniversary of the Creation of the Armenian Alphabet.
The Armenian alphabet has occupied an essential role in preserving not only
history, but also a large part of the Armenian cultural identity.
To celebrate this momentous occasion, Hamazkayin has planned various events,
including written and visual competitions, a conference, exhibitions, and a
major public event at the Alex Theater in Glendale.
A one day conference directed by Professor Peter Cowe will be held September
24 at 10:00 AM at the UCLA campus' Rolfe Hall. Cowe, a professor of Armenian
language and culture at the University of California, Los Angeles, will be one
of the keynote speakers, along with Professor Stephan Astourian, Director of
Armenian Studies at UC Berkeley. Celebrated author Mark Arax of "In My
Father's Name," along with Ani Hovanessian, will serve as co-master of
ceremonies.
A major public event at the Alex Theater will be held on October 2, featuring
performances by Hamazkayin's Ani Dance Group, a theatrical performance
collaboratively staged by Elly Award-winning director Aram Kouyoumdjian and
original music composer Sebu Simonian of the band Aviatic, musical
performances
by Element (formerly known as In Progress...), poetry recitations by students
from all Armenian schools in California, and other artistic performances. The
program will begin at 4:30 PM and will conclude at 6:00 PM.
For more information please visit or write to
[email protected].
6) Critics' Forum
Literature
The Path Not Taken: My Brother's Road
By Hovig Tchalian
The recently published biography by Markar Melkonian, My Brother's Road: An
American's Fateful Journey to Armenia, begins with an interesting premisewhat
kind of a man was the subject of the book and the author's brother, Monte
"Avo"
Melkonian?
As its subtitle suggests, the book attempts to answer the question by tracing
the life of an ordinary kid who grew up to become a freedom fighter in
Armenia.
Monte's life led him from his birthplacethe quiet, unassuming farming village
of Visalia, California, "the Walnut Capital of the World"to the ranks of the
Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia, and on to heroics and a
legendary reputation in the battle for Mountainous Karabagh.
Along the way, we learn about Monte's prowess as a little league baseball
pitcher. We discover his first encounters with "otherness" in the schoolyard,
when American schoolchildren ask him where he is born. We learn about his
interest in Armenian history and, eventually, the "Armenian Question." We also
read about occasionally amusing encounters, such as the one between Monte
and a
childhood teacher who recognizes him unexpectedly on an airplane, just as
he is
preparing to assassinate a Turkish official. Melkonian's book tries to walk
the
fine line between telling a good story and deriving a larger meaning from a
series of interesting events.
In essence, the book asks the opposite question posed by a novel Ara Oshagan
and I discussed several weeks ago, Micheline Aharonian Marcom's The
Daydreaming
Boy. Marcom asks howor whetherit is possible to understand a historical event
like the Genocide from within the fictional form of the novel. Melkonian seems
to ask instead whether it is possible to tell the fantastic exploits of a man
become legend from within the non-fictional form of biography.
The book's Prologue seems to address just this dilemma, as the author
recounts
the day of his brother's burial at the young age of thirty-five. As thousands
of mourners gather around the coffin as it winds its way through the
streets of
Yerevan, the author tells us that "a Russian general told a television
interviewer, quite inaccurately, that they had first met when Monte had been a
slayer of Soviets in Afghanistan. A one-legged woman claimed that Monte had
rescued her from a minefield. The child of a peasant recalled his 'amazing
simplicity.' And yet so much remained uncertain, obscure." The characters
Melkonian singles out could just as easily populate a mystery novel or a book
of fables.
In the book's final chapter, Melkonian returns to this burial scene, after
recounting his brother's death by shrapnel in a roadside confrontation. But
now, Melkonian says simply that "the rumors and conspiracy theories
continue to
proliferate. But for my part, I'm convinced that Monte and Saribeg [a fellow
soldier] died in a chance encounter with Azeri fighters." This seems to echo
the author's earlier claim in the Prologuethat "as the rumors have
proliferated
over the years, my need to separate fable from creditable report has only
grown." The statement is entirely fair and pragmatic. But it comes on the
heels
of a series of other puzzling questions about Monte"Was he temperate or was he
a vodka guzzler? A communist to his dying day, or a reborn nationalist? A
defender of captives or a slitter of throats?"puzzling more for being posed at
all than for their insight or interpretive value.
Unfortunately for the book and its readers, this apparent discord between the
marvelous and the mundane is never resolved or properly addressed. As such,
the
questions Melkonian poses and attempts to answer ultimately hold little
enduring philosophical or historical value. The reviews on the book's cover
uniformly depict an author with a curious, intellectual interest in his
material. That may very well be true. The careful reader will also suspect,
however, that the author is ultimately less interested in the apparent dilemma
of Monte Melkonian's life than in telling the story of his 'kid brother'
turned
folk hero. The result is a book that too often comes off as trite more than
philosophical, sentimental more than serious.
The book's real value is in telling a good story, which it does well, and its
genuine warmth and honesty. There are also moments of some lyrical beauty,
ironically often in descriptions of battle and warfare. In chapter eight, for
instance, the author powerfully evokes a scene of war from Monte's time in
Lebanon: "Israeli tanks squealed over the hills in the medium distance and
Israeli helicopters hovered low overhead, dropping phosphor flares that threw
flickering blue shadows over the boulders and brush around Monte's earthen
bunker."
Just a few lines later, however, Melkonian reverts to his more usual
'personal' narrative voice to describe his little brother: "putting his math
skills together with his military training, he radioed enemy coordinates to
Palestinian rocket launchers...." The nuanced description of battle quickly
gives way to what sounds like a line from a hastily prepared resume. Later in
the book, Melkonian muses about his brother, who is spent time in Italy: "he
strolled to a park near the Coliseum, absorbed in thoughts about architecture
and the morals of various nations."
The book ultimatelyand quite explicitlyposes its own dilemma of the
personality that lies behind a myth, the 'truth' concealed within fiction.
When
a French journalist interviews Monte, the author suggests that she "had been
surprised to discover that the fearsome terrorist leader was in fact
attentive,
funny, and smarta far cry from the bellicose fanatic she had expected." The
line encapsulates the book's interest in the 'human' side of Monte Melkonian's
story well. But it suggests equally that the implicit emphasis on the personal
story is the book's real undoing.
In My Brother's Road, any ambitions of exploring the paradox of personality
are finally resolved in the private conversation between a man and his
brotherand more generally, two Armenians in communion with each other. It is
perhaps not too far-fetched to suggest that the pervasiveness of this too
comfortable paradigm of community is precisely the obstacle that diasporan
Armenian writing must overcome on its way to something greater.
All Rights Reserved: Critics Forum, 2005
Hovig Tchalian holds a PhD in English literature from UCLA. You can reach him
or any of the other contributors to Critics' Forum at
[email protected].
7) It's A Small World, After All
By Nanor Abkarian
Asbarez Summer Intern
The people of Disney exceed in creating wonders, but have left me wondering
why they are not content with the amount of money they have. People associate
Disney with cheerfulness and amusement, but while Disney yields to our
childhood fantasies it preys on those desperate for work. Even though I loved
my Mickey Mouse toy, I would have never imagined there was another girl my age
forced to make it for the sake of her survival.
Disney is definitely not a company that is short of money, but like many
other
large corporations, has decided to use sweatshops to manufacture its products.
While workers break their backs to get paid barely enough to survive, monster
corporations are willing to disregard all standards in order to smother
themselves with extra cash. They are constantly in search of the cheapest way
to manufacture goodslegally or illegallyand persistent when fulfilling
financial goals, no matter how unethical the process. And so, in an effort to
gain US investments, third world nations are competing against each other to
produce goods for the lowest possible price. Such factories are located in:
Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico,
Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Sri Lanka, Thailand,
Turkey, and Vietnam.
Disney pulled its work out of the Shah Makhdum factory in Bangladeshafter
having produced garments there for about eight yearswhen the courageous
factory
workers protested in public, seeking their basic rights.
Disney has had factories in Haiti where it produced clothing such as
Pocahontas T-shirts and Lion King outfits for kids. In September 1997, Disney
pulled out its work from that factory, and two others, after the workers
"publicly denounced factory violations and asked that their fundamental legal
rights be respected." Once again, the workers were left unemployed.
Disney also left its factories in Shenzen, China where it produced toys to
give away as part of McDonald's Happy Meals. When the Hong Kong Christian
Industrial Committee revealed that the factory violated the workers' rights
and
maintained unsafe working conditions, both Disney and McDonalds pulled out of
the factory, leaving tens of thousands of workers jobless. Some other
companies
that use sweatshops include: Nike, Wal-Mart, Phillips-Van Heusen, Disney,
Guess, The Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Tommy Hilfiger, Reebok, Levi
Straus,
Liz Claiborne, Ralph Lauren, Mattel, and Kohl's.
Actress/singer Kathie Lee Gifford was embarrassed in public in 1996 when
investigators from the National Labor Committee found that girls of ages 13-15
were being unfairly treated in the Global Fashion plant in Honduras,
working up
to 75 hours a week for 31 cents an hour.
Even after Kathie Lee was, with good reason, famously humiliated for her
cruelty and greediness, Disney is still able to continue disregarding laws and
lives without being punished due to its ownership of several large media
outletsamong everything else.
Consumers can do most to help end the use of sweatshops by boycotting
products
that have been made in sweatshops and instead, shopp from companies and unions
such as "No Sweat" or "American Apparel," who manufacture sweat-free products.
8) Armenian Pontiff to Make Historic Visit to California
The Largest Armenian Diaspora Community in the World Eagerly Awaits Pontiff's
Arrival
LOS ANGELESHis Holiness Aram I, Catholicos of the Great House of Cilicia will
begin a 15-day Pontifical visit to the State of California on October 5, 2005.
The historic trip of the Pontiff, who prominently serves as the Moderator for
the World Council of Churches (WCC), an organization representing over 400
million Christians worldwide, will be framed around the theme of "Towards the
Light of Knowledge." His Holiness represents hundreds of thousands of Armenian
American Christians whose ancestors made Armenia the first nation to
officially
adopt Christianity as a state religion in 301 AD.
During his visit to California, His Holiness will participate in a number of
religious ceremonies, educational programs and youth forums in Los Angeles,
Fresno and San Francisco. The Pontifical visit will begin on October 5th with
an official welcoming ceremony at Saint Garabed Armenian Apostolic Church in
Hollywood and conclude with a visit to the Krouzian-Zekarian-Vasbouragan
Armenian School in San Francisco on October 18th. The Pontiff will visit a
number of other areas, including Fresno, where he will deliver his Pontifical
message on October 10th at the historic Holy Trinity Armenian Apostolic
Church.
His Holiness will expand on the theme of his Pontifical visit "Towards the
Light of Knowledge" at a luncheon hosted by the Los Angeles World Affairs
Council on October 14th.
As the spiritual leader of the Great House of Cilicia, His Holiness
represents
a religious center established in 1441 to serve the spiritual needs of
Armenians living in the Near East. For centuries, the Great House of Cilicia
maintained a network of over 15 dioceses, dozens of monasteries and was served
by hundreds of faithful priests. Following the Armenian Genocide of 1915,
during which 1.5 million Armenians were massacred and their houses of worship
destroyed, the Catholicosate was relocated to Antelias, Lebanon.
As the Moderator for the WCC, His Holiness represents the broadest and most
inclusive organization of the modern ecumenical movement, a movement whose
goal
is Christian unity. The WCC brings together more than 340 churches,
denominations and church fellowships in over 100 countries and territories
throughout the world, representing some 400 million Christians. The WCC brings
together most of the world's Orthodox churches, scores of denominations from
such historic traditions of the Protestant Reformation as Anglican, Baptist,
Lutheran, Methodist and Reformed, as well as many united and independent
churches.
Today the Catholicosate of Cilicia houses a prominent Cathedral, a Veharan
(the Catholicos residence), accommodations for visiting clergy, modern
printing
facilities, a museum, a library, as well as administrative offices to run a
prominent Seminary and various dioceses in the United States, Canada, Lebanon,
Syria, Iran, Greece and Cyprus operating under its jurisdiction.
The visit of His Holiness Aram I, Catholicos of the Great House of Cilicia to
the United States has been initiated by His Eminence, Archbishop Moushegh
Mardirossian of the Western Prelacy of the Armenian Apostolic Church on the
occasion of the 90th commemoration of the Armenian Genocide and the 1600th
anniversary of the creation of the Armenian alphabet.
The Pontifical visit will be marked by a number of memorable occasions,
including; a pontifical mass at St. Mary's Church in Glendale on October
9th, a
youth forum in Fresno on October 10th, a visit to Fresno University's
campus on
October 11th, a major address on "Christianity in the Middle East" to be
delivered at the World Affairs Council on October 14th and a symposium on the
"Christian Response to Violence" to be held at the University of Southern
California on October 15th.
9) Nune 2005 North American Tour
By Paul Chaderjian
The woman who set the standard for introducing and reacquainting Diasporans
and non-Armenians all over the world to Armenian songs and Armenian culture is
returning to concert halls in the US and Canada with new songs, her biggest
hits, dazzling costumes, and that recognizable voice which captures the drama,
emotion and perseverance of the collective, enigmatic Armenian soul.
She is known simply by her first name, Nune, and those who like her music all
agree that they can't get enough. As a matter of fact, thousands congregate
when she appears anywhere. Her summertime concert at the Cascade in Yerevan
attracted fans from all corners of Armenia.
A week before the Children's Day concert in Yerevan, Nune traveled to the
remotest corners of Russia, where Armenians families have created small
communities and financially support their cash-strapped extended families back
home. Her Russian tour took her to the cities of Gorky, Perma, Samara, and
Tumen.
"They are migrant workers, Armenians who have been far from home for
months or
maybe years," says Nune. "They are homesick. Some feel disconnected from their
families. So, our music and concerts are very emotional for them. It's a way
for them to feel a connection to the homeland."
Tiresome train, plane, and car rides to the various venues are a drastic
contrast to her concert at the plush Kodak Theatre in 2002, when the premier
concert hall was full of well-dressed and well-to-do fans, including Kirk
Kirkorian. Even the New York Times wrote about the concert, telling the story
of an Armenian singer luring young Armenians back to their roots and culture.
Before leaving for Russia, Nune recorded her latest hit song "Dleh Yaman."
Her
rendition of the Armenian classic features Djivan Gasparian and debuted on
April 24 in commemoration of the 90th Anniversary of the Armenian genocide.
The "Dleh Yaman" music video features Djivan, 24 young dudug players, and
Nuneall dressed in blackperforming in front of an ancient monastery and in a
studio in front of images from the great catastrophe. The song and music video
have been among the top ten most requested continuously all summer.
"Dleh Yaman" featuring the intense drama and haunting range of the singer's
voice is also a hit with fans who listen to Nune Radio via her nune.am web
site. The majority of listeners are from the US, and among the 47 countries
from where fans tune in range from Latvia to Kuwait, Turkey to Azerbaijan and
Chile to China.
The hit song will be part of Nune's new CD, which features nine new songs and
is due out by the end of the year. Fans may hear these songs during Nune's
upcoming North American tour. The retrospective concerts will focus on Nune's
journey, travels and experiences during the past decade-and-a-half. They will
feature her hit songs and videos since her debut in 1989.
Bringing colorful, eye-catching, fresh designs and haute couture to Nune's
North American tour will be the Tarloyan Haute Couture House in Paris. The
Tarloyan twin brothers, Vartan and Kevork, who are considered by mainstream
media to be among the hottest designers in Europe, created Nune's concert
costumes and gowns.
"I am thrilled and can't wait to start this tour," says Nune. "We have
created
a show that I hope will share a few drops of my inner world, my blessings and
personal journey with my fans and audiences in North America."
Nune's first appearance in the US will be at the annual Armenian Youth
Federation 2005 Olympics celebration on September 2nd in Washington, DC.
Thousands from around the world are expected to celebrate Armenian Youth at
the
annual week-long gathering at the nation's capital.
Nune's tour will continue on the East Coast and in Canada with appearances
marking the 95th anniversary of the Armenian Relief Society in Chicago on
September 10, Detroit on September 11 and Boston on September 18.
"We are very excited and pleased to have Nune celebrate with us this
milestone," says Mayda Melkonian, chair of the ARS Leola Sassouni chapter in
Boston. The Sassouni Chapter was one of the first ARS chapters established in
1910. Since then, the ARS has been working to help the Armenians through
various humanitarian projects worldwide and in Armenia.
"Who would be more appropriate than famous singer Nune to celebrate this
occasion with us," says Melkonian. "Nune sings from her heart and touches the
hearts of her audience. With her songs she portrays the Armenian people's
love,
courage and nationalism. She captures the audience with her dynamic
presence on
the stage."
Joining Nune on stage at the Watertown High School Auditorium will be the
Sayat Nova Dance Company of Boston. The award-winning dance group received
rave
reviews during Nune's last appearance in Boston three years ago. Performing
with the singer in Chicago and Detroit will be members of the phenomenal
Vartan
and Siranoush Gevorkian Dance Group from Los Angeles.
Nune's East Coast tour will continue with a one-night appearance north of the
border in Montreal. Organized by the Armenian Community Center, Nune's
Canadian
concert will take place on September 17.
Following her East Coast concerts, Nune returns to Southern California and
the
Pasadena Civic Auditorium on October 16. Information about Nune's North
American tour dates and locations, and access to Nune Radio may be found at
the
web site.
10) SKEPTIK SINIKIAN
Due to technical difficulties, Skpetik's column will be posted on Monday,
August 29.
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(c) 2005 ASBAREZ ONLINE. All Rights Reserved.
ASBAREZ provides this news service to ARMENIAN NEWS NETWORK members for
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mass media outlets.
AGBU Montreal Welcomes Valence Councilor Annie Koulaksezian-Romy
AGBU Press Office
55 East 59th Street
New York, NY 10022-1112
Phone: 212.319.6383, x137
Fax: 212.319.6507
Email: [email protected]
Website:
PRESS RELEASE
Friday, August 26, 2005
AGBU MONTRÉAL WELCOMES VALENCE COUNCILOR ANNIE KOULAKSEZIAN-ROMY
On July 28, 2005, AGBU Montréal hosted a reception in honor of Annie
Koulaksezian-Romy, the Municipal Councilor of Valence, France at the
AGBU Alex Manoogian Community Center. Romy, who headed the
construction of Valence’s Armenian Heritage Center, conducted a
presentation on the project for over 50 local community members,
including Montréal City Councilor Hasmig Belleli.
The first of its kind in France and entirely funded by the local
government, the Armenian Heritage Center ()
opened on July 11 of this year. The Center houses extensive
information about the history, exile and integration of the country’s
Armenian population into the fabric of the French nation. Since the
1920s, the town of Valence has been home to a significant French
Armenian community making up 10% of its population.
While in Montréal, Romy and husband, Paskal, were treated to a tour of
the Armenian community by AGBU Montréal, including visits to
St. Gregory The Illuminator Armenian Cathedral, Alex Manoogian
Community Center, Armen Quebec – Alex Manoogian School, Tekeyan
Armenian Cultural Center and Abaka newspaper.
Founded in 1957, AGBU Montréal is dedicated to preserving and
promoting the Armenian heritage and culture through educational,
cultural and humanitarian programs. For more information on AGBU
Montréal, please call (514) 748-AGBU (2428) or email
[email protected].
For more information on AGBU and its chapters around the world, please
visit
Armentel To Appeal Against Decision of Commission
ARMENTEL TO APPEAL AGAINST DECISION OF COMMISSION FOR PROTECTION OF
ECONOMIC COMPETITION
YEREVAN, AUGUST 26. ARMINFO. CJSC ArmenTel has made a decision to
appeal against the decision of the Commission for Protection of
Economic Competition of Armenia to impose $400,000 fine on ArmenTel
for low-quality communication.
Talking to journalists today, Chairman of the commission Ashot
Shahnazaryan said on August 25 evening ArmenTel submitted a letter of
administrative complaint to the commission. In conformity with the
effective legislation, the administrative act of the commission on
imposition of the fine is suspended till the commission replies the
complaint. The commission intends to made a relevant decision at its
next sitting on August 31, Shahnazaryan says.
At the same time, he added that one cannot constantly fine the same
company.
(ArmenTel was fined for four times during the last three years,
including three times for abuse of monopoly in the
market). Shahnazaryan thinks such an attitude to a company making such
investments in he country wrong. He says that ArmenTel assures that
the cellular communication quality will be considerably improved by
September 10-15 and the company is currently attracting large
investments for this purpose.
Faith, hope and parity
Faith, hope and parity
Financial Times
August 26, 2005
By Vincent Boland
One recent Saturday afternoon, in the enervating heat and noise of
Istanbul, the holiest man in the Orthodox Christian Church joined a
queue to catch a ferry. His All Holiness the Ecumenical Patriarch
Bartholomew I stood in line with about 200 others, mostly tourists,
bound for the little island of Heybeliada, about an hour’s ride from the
city. For many of those boarding the boat, a visit to the island is part
of the experience of being in Istanbul, something recommended in the
guidebooks. It has excellent beaches, a naval high school and a
watersports club popular with Istanbul’s rich.
The Patriarch might have been just another day-tripper too, were it not
for his long black cassock, the beautiful staff he carried, and a small
entourage fussing around him and carrying briefcases and his travel
bags. Still, even that was not enough to merit the attention of most of
the other travellers, anxious to get a good seat on the ferry. They
might have glanced at the man in black, but they did not acknowledge him.
The Patriarch doesn’t normally queue, he admits a few minutes later,
when I remark on the informality of his embarkation. As the boat
manoeuvres around the stretch of water where the Bosphorus joins the
Marmara sea and begins our journey, he explains that the Patriarchate is
awaiting the delivery of a new private boat to replace one that was sold
recently. Until it arrives, he says, he is happy to line up with
everybody else.
Bartholomew is the 270th occupier of the Patriarchate of Constantinople,
one of the founding churches of Christendom. For his followers he is
first among equals among the patriarchs of his church. His position is
not universally accepted; in the notoriously schismatic Orthodox Church
there is intense rivalry between Bartholomew and Alexei II of Moscow,
whom the Russian church – and perhaps the Russian government – would
claim to be Bartholomew’s equal (they are involved in a fierce battle
for the allegiance of the Orthodox Church in Ukraine). And since the
Orthodox Church is organised more along national lines than the Roman
Catholic Church, there is frequent dispute among the patriarchy. Still,
Bartholomew is regarded, especially in Greece and the Anglo-Saxon world,
as the leader of the world’s 300 million Orthodox Christians, and he has
the mien and bearing of a man of influence. And for him, a visit to
Heybeliada – known in Greek as Halki – is more a pilgrimage than a day out.
It is also a political act. At the summit of this speck of land stands a
Greek Orthodox seminary that has been at the centre of an extraordinary
dispute between Orthodox Christians and the authorities in Turkey since
it was closed by Ankara in 1971. The dispute pits Turkey’s fiercely
secular authorities against one of the world’s great Christian churches.
It raises a profound question about the degree to which Turkey – whose
prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan is said to pray at least three times
a day – is committed historically and constitutionally to secularism.
Can it grant rights to minority religions that it is not willing to
grant to the majority faith? It also poses a dilemma both for Turkey and
for Europe: can a Muslim country that aspires to join the European Union
embrace freedom of religion and remain committed to stifling political
Islam?
The seminary, built on the site of the Holy Trinity monastery, is a
splendid piece of mid-19th century school architecture, airy,
high-ceilinged and with views of the sea or the city in every direction.
It was opened in 1844, during a period of reform in the late Ottoman
empire known as the Tanzimat, as a theological school to train priests
for the Orthodox Church. The Patriarch himself was a student here from
1954 to 1961, and he describes it as `a perfect place between Earth and
heaven’.
The seminary was closed as part of a campaign by the Turkish state
beginning in the 1960s to rein in private educational institutions,
which were felt to be a threat to the state ethos, especially if they
were religious institutions. The seminary was included in this crackdown
partly through a legal ruling that it could not remain independent. So
it was officially `discontinued’. And despite a three-decade campaign by
the church to reopen it, that is how it remains.
The silence of the seminary’s halls and classrooms and the threat from
neglect to its library of theological and history books and old
manuscripts, are emblematic of a wider problem: what Orthodox Christians
claim is the systematic mistreatment of the Patriarchate over many years
by successive Turkish governments. They say Ankara has confiscated not
only the seminary but thousands of buildings – churches, schools,
hospitals – that are the property of the Patriarchate, impoverishing it
in a deliberate attempt to destroy it, or force it to leave Istanbul,
where it has resided for 1,700 years.
So the conduct of the Turkish government, Orthodox Christians claim, is
both an offence against Turkish history and a rebuke to the principle of
religious freedom enshrined in the constitution. Every visit the
Patriarch makes to the seminary, including the one he will make on this
trip to Heybeliada, is therefore a way of reminding the authorities of
what the church considers a violation of its historical and
constitutional rights.
‘We are a part of this country, born and educated here,’ His All
Holiness tells me on the ferry, in a voice that is both grave and soft.
`That is why we are so disappointed, because although we [Orthodox
Christians] are part of this country we are treated as second-class
citizens. Because of our faith and our national background [essentially
Greek] we are seen in a different way [to Muslim Turks]. It is a shame
and a pity to have such a beautiful place empty when the Patriarchate
has such great need of it.’
After his visit to the seminary, the Patriarch attends to the immediate
task that has brought him to Heybeliada: the reopening and
reconsecration of the tiny church of St Nicholas in the island’s little
seaside town. Dressed in his most elaborate ecclesiastical robes and
attended by several priests, some of whom have travelled from Greece, he
begins the elaborate ceremony with prayers, incense and hymns sung in
deep male voices. There is quite a crowd: most are tourists from Greece
or from Istanbul’s tiny Greek Orthodox community, or have been invited
especially for the occasion regardless of their religion.
The church has a plain exterior, but its interior is full of
iconography: Jesus Christ, Mary, the saints. Its vaulted ceiling draws
the gaze upwards towards the icons and decoration on the walls, and the
high altar is a rich elaboration of wood and gold. Like a lot of
interiors of Orthodox Christian churches, its decoration seems
excessive. It is a vivid contrast with the places and forms of Muslim
worship in Turkey. There are many wonderfully elaborate mosques all over
the country; the collection of great mosques in Sultanahmet and Fatih,
in old Istanbul, is among the world’s finest. But their elaboration is
an exterior one; inside they are as austere and simple as the ceremonies
they hold. Still, not even the fascination of the ceremony at St
Nicholas can keep everybody entranced; the stifling heat soon sends some
of the congregation outside, where evening is approaching and it is a
little cooler.
The Patriarchate – which is for Orthodox Christians what the Vatican is
for Roman Catholics – is a collection of mostly wooden buildings that
sits squarely in the middle of old Istanbul, in a district called Fener.
Once this area was home to a sizeable population of Jews and ethnic
Greeks; now it is among the most conservative Muslim quarters of the
city. Women here are invariably covered from head to toe; their menfolk
sit in teashops smoking and chatting. It seems an odd place for the
world headquarters of a Christian church.
This modest compound is the focal point of Istanbul’s Greek Orthodox
Christian community. Inside, it is a warren of corridors and rooms where
informality appears to be the norm. Visitors to His All Holiness bow and
kiss his hand on meeting him, but there is none of the ritual that
surrounds the Pope in Rome. Outside, guards hover at the gate and there
is airport-style security. On the advice of the local mayor, the
Patriarch has a police bodyguard – seated discreetly behind us on the
ferry – because of occasional hostility from neighbourhood nationalists.
The Orthodox community in Turkey has three main components: Armenian,
Greek and Syrian. Figures for how many adherents each branch has are
difficult to find – the census does not classify them. Official
estimates, however, suggest about 3,000 Greek Orthodox Christians, and
there is little doubt that the community has been in decline for many
years. Its interaction with the wider Turkish community in the city has
invariably reflected over the years the state of relations between
Turkey and Greece, which were antagonistic for many decades until the
late 1990s but are now the warmest they have been for years (the prime
ministers of the two countries are friends).
The relationship between Turkey and Greece is ancient and complex. But
to understand their postwar history, it is necessary to recount the fate
of the Greek Orthodox community in Istanbul. If nothing else, it helps
to explain why there are so few members of that community today. In
1955, over a period of about 24 hours on September 6 and 7, Istanbul
witnessed a mob assault against its ethnic Greek inhabitants that marked
the beginning of the end for the community and the Orthodox Church in
the city. This community numbered about 100,000 at the time, when
Istanbul was much smaller than it is today.
The precise cause of what the Greek-American historian Speros Vryonis,
in an exhaustive new history of the incident, calls a pogrom (ie that it
was orchestrated by government forces) is complex. But it started when
reports reached Istanbul that the house where Mustafa Kemal Ataturk –
the founder of the republic of Turkey – is said to have been born, in
the Greek city of Thessaloniki, had been bombed by Greek nationalists.
The reports were not true; even today the origins of the reports appear
unclear. Within a few hours hundreds of Greek businesses and
institutions in Istanbul were ransacked and about 40 people were killed.
Walking the pleasant district of Cihangir in central Istanbul now, where
much of the community lived, one sees houses on every other street
standing empty even as the neighbourhood undergoes rapid gentrification.
These are the homes of Greek families who fled after 1955 and that now
exist in a kind of legal limbo awaiting some resolution that is not
forthcoming. By the Besiktas fish market an Orthodox church stands
silent and shrouded, and opposite it a school appears to be rotting
away. These were centres of Greek life in Istanbul at one time; now they
are reminders of an ugly and barely remembered incident in the city’s
recent history.
Perhaps this is why Istanbul now feels like a city with something
missing. Many residents of the city regret 1955 deeply. Today, however,
thanks in part to the remarkable turnaround in Turkish/Greek relations,
the Greek Orthodox community’s prospects may be brightening. Not only is
the Patriarch a widely respected and much-liked man; the community, like
many small minorities, is mostly wealthy and successful, and some of
those who left in the 1970s and 1980s are returning to reclaim and
renovate their properties, according to Alexis Alexandris, the
consul-general of Greece in Istanbul.
One legacy of the disaster that befell the Greek Orthodox community in
1955, though, may be paradoxical: it has created a greater sense of its
position inside Turkey today. What the community seeks now from the
Turkish state – the reopening of the seminary on Heybeliada and a
recognition of the Patriarch’s `ecumenical’ status as a worldwide leader
– they seek as Turkish citizens rather than as a religious minority.
Part of the dismay the Patriarch feels at his treatment by the state is
that he is intensely loyal to that state. `I spent two years in the
Turkish army,’ he tells me. `We [Orthodox Christians] pay our taxes,
obey the laws, and we are very loyal citizens.’
So the quarrel between the Orthodox Church and Turkey is not one between
Christians and Muslims. It is one between the church and the country’s
secular authorities; and the stakes are high. Activists in the Orthodox
Church say the very survival of the Patriarchate is at issue. For
Turkey, the dispute raises a fascinating question about the place of
religion in a secular society. It asks searching questions about
Ankara’s treatment of minority religions. These questions, in turn,
trouble the European Union, which Turkey wishes to join and which has
absolute positions on such principles as religious freedom. The
controversy offers a revealing glimpse of the dilemmas that Turkey faces
as it becomes a freer and more democratic society.
Despite – or perhaps because of – the high stakes, Turkey has trouble
making its case for the defence. This may be because Turkey does not
have one: the fate of the seminary on Heybeliada appears, on the face of
it, to be open and shut. Or it may be because it is unwilling to
undertake a unilateral act before October 3, when it begins the formal
EU accession process. Reopening the seminary could therefore be a
bargaining chip to be played at a more propitious moment.
The issue is extremely sensitive, nonetheless. Not only did both the
directorate of religious affairs and the foreign ministry decline to
speak on the record for this article; it is difficult to ascertain even
what the official position is on the seminary. What is clear, however,
is that reopening it is not a simple matter. If it were, a decree to do
so would have been issued long ago because, officials assured me, the
government is `pre-disposed’ to finding a solution. But, the officials
said, reopening the seminary presents a complicated legal, political,
diplomatic and electoral quandary for the current government, which is
headed by the most openly devout Muslim prime minister in Turkey’s
recent history.
I first got a sense of how potent the quarrel is becoming about three
months ago, during a conversation with two Americans over coffee in an
Istanbul hotel. Anthony Limberakis is a radiologist in Philadelphia, and
one of the leading members – or `archons’ – of the Greek Orthodox church
in the US. With him was Father Alex Karloutsos, an Orthodox priest from
Long Island.
They had arrived in Istanbul from Brussels, which has become the latest
and, arguably, the most important battleground in the seminary dispute.
The Patriarch himself was there a few weeks ago, raising the issue with
the European Commission and expressing his support for Turkey’s EU
membership. Limberakis and Karloutsos say they also support Turkey’s EU
bid. But there is a sense of urgency in their words, and not a little anger.
The plight of the Patriarchate inside Turkey, Limberakis says, `is an
impending catastrophe. We are talking about the very survival of the
spiritual centre of world Orthodoxy. For a secular country to be
consumed with [a perceived threat from] a few thousand Christians is
very perplexing. Turkey ought to be greater than that.’ He also finds
insulting Turkey’s refusal to recognise the term `Ecumenical’ in the
Patriarch’s title, which refers to his worldwide vocation.
Karloutsos hands me a list of properties listed as `confiscated by the
government of Turkey between 1974 and 2002′. It contains details of 153
hospitals owned by the Patriarchate that were, in effect, nationalised
by the state during that time. The list is part of a hefty batch of
documents presented to the US Congress (which Karloutsos also gives me)
as part of an intense lobbying effort that has won the backing of
powerful US politicians and church leaders.
Limberakis and Karloutsos have now turned their attention to the EU,
aware that it offers the best immediate hope for a solution. During the
accession process Turkey can expect the minutest scrutiny of its record
in observing and implementing human and civil rights. Its record is poor
but improving; its stance on the seminary, according to diplomats in
Ankara, will be a test of how far it is prepared to go to accept certain
principles that may conflict with its current, secular constitutional
settlement.
On the face of it, this settlement ordains a strict separation between
the state and religion in Turkey. Ataturk decreed that the country was
to be secular, nationalist, republican, popular, statist and modern.
These are its governing principles today, 82 years after it was created
from the ruins of the Ottoman empire. So the people of Turkey, the
majority of whom are Sunni Muslims, are free to worship. But what and
even how they worship is, to a large extent, dictated by the state.
One of the main functions of the Directorate of Religious Affairs, an
arm of the government, is to write the sermons that are preached in
mosques every Friday. Religious schooling is permissible but limited,
and is tightly controlled. Many Turkish people are quite content with
this arrangement, believing that it protects them from a stifling and
perhaps oppressive Islam. Others are not, believing that it has left a
spiritual vacuum, perhaps even a hostility to religion per se, at the
heart of the Turkish state.
However, as Ali Carkoglu, a professor at Sabanci University in Istanbul,
puts it, the result is that Turkey does not recognise any religious
authority independent of the state. This, as much as anything, is what
secularism means in Turkey today. `All imams [in Turkey] are state
officials – clerks, basically,’ Carkoglu says. `They follow orders. So,
if [Turkey] recognises a religious authority that is not under state
control, the whole system will change. The issue of the Patriarchate
touches that nerve.’
There is an irony to Turkey’s stance on secularism – or, more
accurately, French-style laicism – that is not appreciated very well in
the EU. By strictly controlling what they say, Turkey in general has
avoided the phenomenon of radical imams that is now causing such
soul-searching in Britain and France. Instead, religious practice in
Turkey is largely a private matter, which is how the constitution and
the secular authorities have always regarded it, Carkoglu says.
According to Cengiz Aktar, a prominent Turkish academic who is the head
of a Turkish/Greek friendship society, part of Turkey’s dilemma about
how to deal with the Patriarchate and with other Christian religions is
that the authorities in Turkey do not really understand the Christian
world. `There are lacunae in the appreciation of the role of the
Patriarchate in the world among the secular authorities,’ he says. `In a
wider sense, reopening the seminary would strengthen the position of
Istanbul within the Orthodox Church. But there is no appreciation among
the secular authorities that this might be beneficial for Turkey.’
Olli Rehn is the EU’s commissioner in charge of expanding the union to
include new members. He sums up the EU’s position in fairly stark terms:
`Freedom of religion is one of the core issues to be addressed by
Turkey, and the reopening of Halki is a critical litmus test of its
implementation,’ Rehn says in a telephone interview. `I have significant
difficulties to understand how a tiny Christian minority could pose any
threat to the Turkish state or to the predominant culture in Turkey. It
should be as easy to open a church in Eskisehir [a town near Ankara] as
it is to open a mosque in Finland. But it is not, for the moment.’
So why is Ankara not acting to reopen the seminary? In my conversations
with officials and with opinion-formers who are familiar with the issue,
I got a clear sense that there is a desire bordering on urgency to find
a solution. They acknowledge that the reopening of the seminary, and the
benefits it would bring to the Orthodox Church, present no threat to
Turkey; the opposite is true. It would reap instant dividends in
relations with the EU and the US. It would also help to neutralise the
growing body of opinion outside Turkey that the country does not respect
the fundamental value of freedom of religion.
The government, rooted in the country’s tradition of political Islam,
arguably should have ordered the reopening of the seminary after it came
to power in late 2002 on a wave of popular disenchantment with the state
of Turkish politics. Perhaps it would have done had it realised how
thorny the problem would become. Now, however, it may be too late for
this government to act. To understand why, it is necessary to appreciate
the difficulties in which Erdogan now finds himself and his government.
Rehn’s comment about Turkey becoming more like Finland is not glib; it
cuts to the heart of the Turkish dilemma.
When Erdogan and his Justice and Development party were elected, the
bedrock of their support came from Muslim voters outside the big cities
who were appalled at the corruption that was then (and still is)
rampant, and whose way of life had been undermined by a financial crisis
in 2000-2001 that scarred Turkey’s emerging middle class. The government
has not wiped out corruption. But it has steadied the economy,
satisfying at least one demand of its core voters.
Now those core voters want something else. They want their sons to be
educated at religious schools (which is permitted) and then to have the
freedom to pursue a university education of their choice (which is not).
They may even want to make adultery a criminal offence, as Erdogan tried
(and failed) to do last autumn, to the horror of secularists. Most of
all, they want their daughters to be able to wear a headscarf as a
matter of civil and religious liberty (‘covered women’ may not enter
official buildings or attend classes at state universities, and may not
be appointed to a range of jobs in the civil administration). One might
say that they want what Patriarch Bartholomew wants – the freedom to
govern their religious lives as they choose, without state interference.
Yet whenever Erdogan tries to make concessions to these voters, he bumps
up against the constitution, and sometimes even against the military,
which considers itself the guardian of Ataturk’s legacy. When he sought
last year to allow boys from religious high schools to pursue a
university education of their choosing, he was forced to abandon the
measure because of fierce opposition from secularists. Despite his huge
parliamentary majority (due less to the size of his core vote than to
the electoral rules concerning parliamentary representation), Turkey’s
secular forces are remarkably powerful, and even if they cannot stop
him, the constitution and constitutional court probably will.
So if Erdogan cannot provide his core Muslim voters with greater
religious freedom, how can he offer it to Turkey’s tiny Orthodox
Christian community? It would be electoral suicide. It is not that the
vast majority of Turkish Muslims want to keep the seminary closed; it is
that, if the Orthodox community can have a religious school independent
of the state, then so should they. Turkey may ultimately be able to
present a solution to the seminary closure, one that is acceptable to
everybody, only through a wider move that addresses the grievances of
all religions. There is no sign that this country is ready for such a
constitutional upheaval.
In the past, Patriarch Bartholomew has expressed his belief that the
seminary on Heybeliada will one day reopen. He said he believed it would
reopen as he believed in God. When I ask him, on the ferry, what he
thinks today, he sounds pessimistic, even deflated. He says: `I still
hope that one day we will get permission to reopen it.’ And he cannot
resist referring to one last irony of the closure of his beloved and
silent seminary. In the garden in front of the seminary there is a bust
of Ataturk above a slogan attributed to the great man that reads: `The
main virtue in life is knowledge.’ His All Holiness smiles a weak smile.
`How ironic,’ he says, `that this should appear at the entrance to a
closed school.’
Vincent Boland is an FT correspondent based in Ankara.