Category: News

Le Figaro, France
19 janvier 2005
Diplomate sans titre;
TRAIT POUR TRAIT Kemal Dervis, ancien ministre des Finances, est le
héraut de la cause turque en Europe
par Amélie de Bourbon
Le crne sec, le visage lisse, le costume gris, une silhouette
passe-partout. Un sourire posé sur son visage comme un message
diplomatique, Kemal Dervis a pris l’habitude de se faufiler d’un
monde à l’autre sans faire de bruit. A la manière de ces agents qui
créent leur base arrière dans les suites identiques des grands
hôtels, Kemal Dervis a fait du secret sa tenue de travail. L’homme
est en mission. A 56 ans, cet ancien ministre des Finances,
aujourd’hui député d’Istanbul, est devenu un des envoyés de la cause
turque en Europe, une sorte de diplomate sans titre. Un jour au
Parlement européen des jeunes à Berlin, le lendemain à Istanbul pour
recevoir un député européen et l’emmener danser jusqu’à la ple
dérive du petit matin, le surlendemain à Paris pour donner une
conférence sur la laïcité turque devant le conseil d’analyse de la
société de Luc Ferry… En bon prêcheur de l’Europe, Kemal Dervis
traverse les pays avec un côté bateleur, une aptitude presque
suspecte à reproduire un discours à la demande. Pourrait-il faire
autrement ? Sa marge de manoeuvre est étroite. Car s’il doit
convaincre à l’extérieur, il doit aussi calmer à l’intérieur,
rassurer dans son propre camp. N’a-t-il pas lors d’un débat télévisé
parlé un peu vite des «massacres» en Arménie ? Il fut aussitôt
assailli par la presse d’Istanbul. Il lui faut sans cesse surveiller
ses paroles.
Derrière ses lunettes métallisées, l’homme a pourtant le regard acide
de celui qui n’aime rendre de compte à personne, le ton un peu
cassant du meneur d’équipe, la fierté militaire de ces soldats de la
République turque. N’en fait-il pas presque trop ? Aurait-il quelque
chose à se faire pardonner ? Peut-être, car aux yeux de l’Anatolie
profonde, il n’est pas tout à fait un «vrai Turc». L’insulte est de
taille. En Turquie, elle revient presque à dire que l’on n’est pas le
fils du Père, le mythique Atatürk, fondateur de la République turque.
Fils d’une mère moitié allemande, moitié hollandaise et d’un père
turc homme d’affaires, Kemal Dervis est un pur produit de l’élite
républicaine. Musulman, il ne pratique pas ; il a épousé une
Américaine dont il a deux enfants. Un Turc «blanc» comme on les
appelle là-bas, par opposition aux Turcs «noirs» issus de la
population des campagnes faiblement occidentalisée. Le français qui
coule parfaitement d’une phrase à l’autre, un accent turc au coin des
mots, trahit d’ailleurs ce temps passé loin de son pays. «Mon père,
qui était de la génération d’Atatürk, a toujours voulu que je parle
français ; la France était une source d’inspiration. J’ai fait une
partie de mes études à Paris et en pension, j’ai passé mon bac à
Thonon, à côté de Grenoble.» Après des études d’économie en
Angleterre, il deviendra le conseiller de Bulent Ecevit, alors
président du Parti populaire du peuple en Turquie, parti de centre
gauche créé par Atatürk et dépositaire aujourd’hui de son héritage
républicain, nationaliste et laïc. Pourtant Kemal s’ennuie. Il se
sent un peu à l’étroit et veut respirer plus grand. Il part alors
enseigner l’économie à l’université de Princeton aux Etats-Unis.
Entré à la Banque mondiale quelque temps plus tard, il y teste ses
modèles d’équilibre en faveur des pays en développement et découvre,
vaguement amusé, que l’on peut aussi voir le monde comme un
graphique. «Je croyais rester deux ou trois ans, en fait j’y ai
travaillé pendant vingt ans.» C’est peut-être ici qu’on touche la
faille du personnage, sa faiblesse. Vingt ans c’est très long. Est-ce
qu’on est encore turc lorsqu’on est resté si longtemps loin de son
pays, de sa langue, de la simple odeur de l’air sur un matin
d’Istanbul ? Certes, il y venait en vacances, les mains dans les
poches, en touriste, mais c’est tout. Il n’était presque plus chez
lui. Mais l’histoire remonte toujours. Pas à la même place, mais elle
vous reprend. La Turquie lui revient en pleine figure un dimanche de
février 2001. Kemal est alors vice-président de la Banque mondiale.
Sa vie est simple, presque un rêve américain. Jusqu’à ce matin où le
premier ministre, Bulent Ecevit, lui demande de l’aider à enrayer la
plus grave crise économique de l’histoire moderne de la Turquie. Le
temps d’emporter deux chemises et un costume, d’un avion à l’autre,
Kemal devient ministre des Finances et maîtrise la crise en un an. Le
voilà l’homme le plus populaire du pays. Héros providentiel ? On en
finirait plus de s’émerveiller sur le fabuleux destin de Kemal Dervis
jusqu’à sa démission en août 2002. Quelques mois avant les élections
de novembre, Kemal veut tenter sa chance et crée avec d’autres
ministres démissionnaires un parti social-démocrate. Si la formation
constitue pendant un temps un espoir pour le monde des affaires et la
grande presse face aux islamistes modérés, elle ne dure pas, et Kemal
sera finalement élu député d’Istanbul pour le Parti républicain du
peuple. Aujourd’hui, Kemal a peut-être compris qu’il était temps de
réconcilier ses exotismes et ses exils. De rapprocher ses vies, ses
cultures, en les situant dans l’histoire plus vaste de l’Europe. Un
agent double ? Non, simplement, un Turc et un Européen.
From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress

BUSH IS DANGEROUS FOR THE WORLD, BBC PRESUMES
Azg/arm
20 Jan 05
The public poll carried out by BBC, testifies to the fact that the
majority of the world’s population is against the re-election of
George Bush, the US President.
According to the poll carried out in 21 countries, only the residents
of India, Poland and the Philippines believe that during Bush’s
secondtenure the world will become a safer place to live.
The residents of all the 21 countries protest against sending their
compatriots for joining the troops in Iraq. “The negative attitude
towards Bush is widely spread and includes the American electorate, as
well,” Steven Cool, head of International Policy Programs, said.
In Russia, 39% of the population is against the re-election of Bush,
while 16% are for it. 64% of the Russians think that the American have
negative impact of the world’s developments, while 16% of them
estimate the actionsof the American positively.
In all 21 countries 58% of the population are against the American
President’ s re-election. The Western European, Latin American and
Muslim countries are among the ones that evaluate negatively the
America’s influence on the world. The Great Britain, France, Germany,
the US allies, as well as Canada and Mexico, its neighbors, are among
these countries.
Poland is the only exception in Europe. The majority of its residents
evaluate positively the actions of Bush and the American, in general.
82% of the Turkish citizens are against the re-election of Bush, as
they think that it may endanger the safety of the world. Taking into
account that fact that turkey is the only Muslim NATO member, such an
attitude is a serious political blow directed against the US.
Indonesia and Lebanon are not content with the US foreign policy. In
Argentina 79% of the country’s citizens are against Bush, while in
Brazil the number of such people amount to 78%.
On the contrary, 62% of the Indian citizens evaluate the re-election
of Bush positively.
By Petros Keshishian

ITAR-TASS, Russia
Jan 19 2004
Russia cautiously optimistic about Karabakh settlement – FM
19.01.2005, 14.16

MOSCOW, January 19 (Itar-Tass) – Russian Foreign Minister Sergei
Lavrov said on Wednesday that Russia was cautiously optimistic about
the Armenian-Azerbaijani settlement.
Speaking at a press conference, the foreign minister said `a most
wide range of issues will be discussed’ during his visit to
Azerbaijan, scheduled for February 2. Focusing on the agenda, Lavrov
emphasized that the sides will discuss `bilateral Russian-Azerbaijani
cooperation, embracing all sides of the life of our countries’.
He also said they would pave the way for a visit to Russia by
Azerbaijani President Ilkham Aliyev, scheduled for the second half of
December. The future talks will also focus on `CIS issues and the
settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict’.
The Russian foreign minister said that positive trends towards the
settlement of the Karabakh conflict took shape after a meeting of
Ilkham Aliyev and Armenian President Robert Kocharyan in Astana,
where they also met with Russian President Vladimir Putin.
He said Armenian and Azerbaijani officials maintain contacts as
concerns the settlement in the mostly Armenian populated Azerbaijani
enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh.

KurdishMedia, UK
Jan 19 2004
Zarakolu gets ‘freedom of expression’ award

19/01/2005 Bianet.org – By Kemal Ozmen
Zarakolu received the “Freedom of Expression” Award by the Norwegian
Writers’ Association He asked that the arrest warrant issued against
Ozguden be lifted, that imprisoned journalists are released, and that
the Gunluk Evrensel and Birgun are supported.
BIA (Istanbul) – This year, the “Freedom of Expression” Award was
granted to writer and publisher Ragip Zarakolu. The Norwegian
Writers’ Association and Norwegian Culture Ministry, each year,
grants the award to a writer for outstanding work for freedom of
expression. The award was first granted in 1994.
The award was granted to journalist-writer Ismail Besikci in
Indonesia last year. “Terrorism laws haven’t been on the agenda in
Scandinavia,” said Eugene Schoulgin, a board member of the
International PEN. “We were lazy, but lucky too. We were shocked to
see the efforts being spent here.”
After receiving his award, Zarakolu expressed that there still are
obstacles in front of publishing in Turkey. “We need a change of
mentality in the legal system,” said Zarakolu. “Universal basic
rights and international agreements should form the basis of this
change.”
“I am dedicating this award to Dogan and Inci Ozguden,” said
Zarakolu. “They should have their citizenship back.” He added that
the arrest warrant issued against Dogan Ozguden should be cancelled,
and that the imprisoned journalists Memik Horuz, Hatice Duman,
Gulizar Kesici, Ersin Sedefoglu, Erol Zavar and Kemal Evcimen are
released. Zarakolu also talked about the problems of the “Gunluk
Evrensel” (Daily Evrensel) and “Birgun” (One Day) newspapers.
Schoulgin: The efforts shocked us
“Memory and criticism are a whole,” said Schoulgin as he handed the
award to Zarakolu. “A community should develop both. It is important
for the people in Scandinavia to come to Turkey and observe the
improvements of the last 10 years.”
During their speeches, Cetin Tuzuner, the head of the Publishers’
Union and Ustun Akman, the head of PEN Turkey, underlined the
importance of freedom of thought and expression for a community.
Protecting the historical memory
Geir Pollen, head of the Norwegian Writers’ Union, said “Zarakolu is
not only a person who devoted himself to ancient and modern
literature, but also to the protection of minority cultures and
historical memory, which is very easy to destroy.”
Zarakolu, in his series called, “Marenostrum,” in 1999, had
extensively talked about the Greek literature and was awarded the
Turkish-Greek Peace and Friendship Award by the Abdi Ipekci Committee
in Greece. He received the “Novib Freedom of Thought Award” by the
Netherlands PEN Writers’ Club in 2003.
Chronic “criminal of thought”
The Norwegian Writers’ Association referred to Zarakolu as the
chronic “criminal of thought,” and provided some information on his
life:
Ragip Zarakolu was born in Buyukada on 1948. He graduated from the
Kabatas High School and then the Economy School at Istanbul
University. His Doctorate degree was interrupted twice. First,
because of the military coup in 1971, and second, when his teacher
Tutengil was murdered in 1979.
He began writing for the Ant and Yeni Ufuklar magazines in 1968.
Following the 1971 military coup, he became one of the defendants in
the intellectuals’ case opened because of the first Turkey campaign
on the freedom of thought by Amnesty International.
In 1972, he was sentenced to two years in prison for his article
titled, “Ho Chi Hinh and the Vietnam War.” He benefited from an
amnesty law and got released in 1974. He set up the “Belge Yayinlari”
publishing house in 1977 with his wife Ayse Nur Zarakolu.
He was one of the founders and managers of the Demokrat newspaper
established in 1979 by 36 intellectuals. He remained under arrest for
a while in 1982 because of this newspaper.
He was banned from travelling outside the country between 1971 and
1991. He began publishing the “What’s Happening in the World?”
(L’etat du Monde) periodicals after the 1980 military coup.
In 1982, he founded “Alan Yayinlari” publishing house. He served as
editor in theoretical magazines such as “Problems of the World –
Problems of Turkey,” and “Second Thesis.” He wrote for a number of
social sciences encyclopaedias. He was one of the founders of the
Human Rights Association in 1986. He is also one of the founders of
the History Foundation.
Since 1991, he’s been writing for the Kurdish media. He spent efforts
for freedom of expression, for the acceptance of the Armenian
tragedy, and respect for minority rights. He has taken action against
anti-Semitism. He participated in tens of local and international
conferences.
In his series called, “Marenostrum,” in 1999, he extensively talked
about the Greek literature and received the Turkish-Greek Peace and
Friendship Award by the Abdi Ipekci Committee in Greece.
He received the “Novib Freedom of Thought Award” by the Netherlands
PEN Writers’ Club in 2003.
He always supported his wife Ayse Nur Zarakolu, who spent outstanding
effort for the freedom of thought and citizens’ rights during the
years 1980-2002, which were the darkest years in terms of human
rights. She was jailed four times and stood tens of trials because of
her publications and work on human rights.
Ayse Nur Zarakolu was recalled to court by prosecutors even after her
death, for publishing a book called, “Freedom Song.”
Zarakolu will stand trial on March 2, 2005 in an Istanbul court for
his article titled, “None of Your Business,” published in the Ozgur
Gundem (Free Agenda) newspaper.
He also faces trials for publishing the books, “Reality will Set us
Free,” by George Jerjian, and “Lost Villages,” by Zulkuf Kisanak.
(KO/BB/EA/YE)
BIA News Center

Assa-Irada, Azerbaijan
Jan 19 2004
Russian Foreign Minister to visit Azerbaijan

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov is expected to pay his first
official visit to Azerbaijan in mid-February as part of his tour of
the South Caucasus region.
Issues related to regional cooperation, prospects for bilateral
relations, as well as to the Upper Garabagh conflict and the Caspian
legal status will be discussed during the visit.
Besides Azerbaijan, the Russian official is also scheduled to visit
Armenia and Georgia. Several agreements on withdrawal of Russian
military bases from Georgia are to be signed during Lavrov’s visit to
this country.*

Assa-Irada, Azerbaijan
Jan 19 2004
European Ombudsmen to be informed about evidence on January slaughter

Ombudsperson Elmira Suleymanova says that she intends to inform
European Ombudsmen about the realities of Azerbaijan’s January 20
tragedy in a meeting to be held in Vienna, Austria on Friday.
Suleymanova said that she will provide the meeting participants with
evidence on the January massacre, Khojaly genocide and Armenia’s
policy of aggression against Azerbaijan. The Ombudsman intends to
have the evidence included in the website of the European Ombudsmen.
During her visit, Suleymanova is expected to attend an event
dedicated to the January tragedy to be attended by Azerbaijanis
living in Austria.*

Assa-Irada, Azerbaijan
Jan 19 2004
Armenia dispatches military contingent to Iraq

A 46-member Armenian military contingent left for Iraq on Tuesday.
The Armenian servicemen will serve within the Polish military
contingent for 6 months, the Armenian Defense Ministry reported.
The decision to dispatch officers to Iraq was adopted by the Armenian
parliament on December 24, 2004.*

Assa-Irada, Azerbaijan
Jan 19 2004
`Neftchi’ to face Armenian club

Azerbaijan’s last champion, Neftchi football club, will face
Armenia’s Punik in the ¼ finals of the Commonwealth Cup tournament on
Wednesday.
The Armenian team qualified for the quarterfinals after drawing
Latvia’s Skonto – 2:2.
Neftchi had 1:0 and 4:1 wins over Moldova’s Sherif and Turkmenistan’s
Nebitchi respectively in the Commonwealth Cup tournament.*

Toronto Star, Canada
Jan 19 2004
The Arab Quarter
Tour a strip of Lawrence Ave. E. in Scarborough and discover `a mecca
of Middle Eastern delights’
HABEEB SALLOUM
SPECIAL TO THE STAR
The aroma flowing out from the freshly baked fatyir bi za’tar is
mouthwatering as my daughter and I sit down to have our breakfast at
Arz Fine Foods on Lawrence Ave. E. on a strip called “the Arab
Quarter” by Toronto residents who originate from the Middle East.
There’s no question about what our breakfast will be – these tasty
thyme pies, along with the famous Middle Eastern breakfast dish
called ful (cooked fava beans). As we eat, I wonder why the Arab
immigrants have transformed a few blocks of Lawrence in Scarborough
into Arab town.
I put this question to Jack Boyadjian, vice-president of Arz Bakery &
Fine Foods, who sits down to chat with us. He relates the story of
how his family opened a bakery on the Arab strip 16 years ago. It has
done so well, they moved into a larger space.
“When we were looking for a spot in Toronto to open a Middle Eastern
business, we found that the two Arab grocery businesses on the strip,
the Green Valley, now long gone, and Nasr Foods, were prospering,”
recalls Boyadjian, a Lebanese of Armenian origin. “We had also found
that a large Middle Eastern community lived in the area, so we moved
in.”
Labelled by its fans as “a mecca of Middle Eastern delights,” Arz is
a popular shopping centre that keeps expanding. Like many other Arab
Middle Eastern shops on the strip, some 60 per cent of the customers
are of Mediterranean background, while the balance are other
Canadians.
Besides Arz, at least 40 outlets on Lawrence between Victoria Park
Ave. and Warden Ave. cater mainly to Middle Eastern clientele. More
than 30 are food establishments, including Middle Eastern grocery
stores, cafés and restaurants. (Some 95 per cent are concentrated
from just before Pharmacy Ave. to just past Warden Ave.)
The strip’s businesspeople refer to it by various names – including
Toronto’s Arab Section, Scarborough Arab Section and Lawrence Ave.
Arab Stores. The most popular is the Arab Section, or Mantaqat
al-Arabiya. Shoppers tend to identify it by the major grocery stores:
Arz or Nasr Foods.
Nasr is the pioneer Arab business on the strip. It is owned by the
Palestinian Nasr family. Nasr’s early success, beginning in 1975,
drew other businesses to the area. They opened shops next to each
other, forming the largest Arab Quarter in Ontario – the Chinatown or
Little India of Toronto’s Arabs.
Sated from our fine Middle Eastern breakfast, we decide to stroll the
strip, window-shopping for Arab food utensils and artisan products.
We find that only Arz and Nasr carry a good supply of these products.
However, in searching for these goods, we make a thorough exploration
for future purchases of these and Arab food items.
Feeling hungry again, we walk to Nasib’s Shawarma and Falafel, noted
for its shawarma and falafel sandwiches.
We order falafel sandwiches and, true to what we had heard, the
sandwich is huge and the falafel patties are light, crispy and tasty.
The owner, Emad Bahloul, of Palestinian origin, says his food has
become so popular with Canadians that his customers are now equally
split between Middle Eastern and others.
“I use a secret ingredient in my falafel,” he says. “This is what
draws my customers.”
With the succulent taste of the falafel in our mouths, we shop for
Arab foods for a party we’re hosting the next day. From the Babil
Middle East Market, owned by Abu Riyad, an Iraqi, we purchase Iraqi
date syrup and dates. From the Lebanese Bakery, we collect cheese and
meat pies, as well as kubbah (meat and bulgur patties).
Walking back on the north side of Lawrence, we stop at the Lotus
Catering & Fine Foods, a busy establishment owned by an Egyptian
family. The always jolly Mabrouka Saleh, the owner’s mother,
explains: “We are very busy because not only do we serve
Arab-Canadians, but all other Canadians as well. Also, our tasty
dishes bring us repeat customers. Just try these!” The hospitable
Saleh offers us tidbits of some of her fascinating speciality
Egyptian appetizers.
Next door, we stop at Basse Golden Nuts, owned by a Syrian, to
purchase roasted and candied nuts, as well as dried fruits.
Struggling with our bags, now somewhat heavy, we walk to Samara to
buy freshly ground Arab coffee, before walking to Hassan & Bros. Meat
Market to buy a leg of lamb, which we intend to barbecue for our
party. As is usual when buying meat in all Arab stores, the Lebanese
owner cuts the leg in perfect chunks for the barbecue.
(Other meat markets on the strip include Ghadir Meat Market, Ibrahim
Hallal Meat, El Rida Hallal Meat, Alzahraa Halal Meat and Liban Food
Market.)
When passing Challal Pastries earlier, we neglected to buy Arab
pastries, so we walk for a few minutes more, then cross Pharmacy Ave.
to Patisserie Royale. Here, we purchase baklava, the king of Arab
sweets, before returning home to deposit our purchases and rest.
Revived, we decide to dine at the Ameer Family Restaurant at the
eastern tip of the strip.
In the midst of cozy decor and served by friendly staff, we enjoy
grilled fish and juicy, tender boneless marinated chicken with garlic
sauce. When we compliment Hassan Sbeity, the Lebanese owner, he
smiles. “Everyone loves our garlic sauce which we usually serve with
our grilled chicken.”
Happy after our fine meal, we cross the street and walk to the Oasis
Restaurant. Here, as customers in the next room puff on their
arghilles (water pipes), we sip on Arab coffee and talk to Lebanese
owner Hussein Ayoub.
“I opened on this strip because of the concentration of Arabs in this
area, but today, only 50 per cent of my customers are Arabs,” Ayoub
says.
The Oasis is an enjoyable climax to our day of exploring the Arab
Quarter. Well-known to the vast majority of people of Middle Eastern
origin who live in the eastern part of Toronto, the strip is a
well-established Middle Eastern shopping destination.
No matter what differences people from that part of the world might
have, there is no preference where they shop. The best prices draw
the customers. The potpourri of businesspeople from the Middle
Eastern, Mediterranean and the Asian regions generally works together
advising and buying from each other.
However, for the Arabs who form the core of this burgeoning area, it
is a neighbourhood reflecting the Arab world. The strip is like an
Arab mall created mostly by immigrants who became successful
entrepreneurs while catering to the taste of fellow immigrants and at
the same time introducing their foods to other Canadians.
The future looks bright for the strip.
The Wexford Heights Business Improvement group, an association of
businesspeople and a municipal councillor representing the area, has
great plans for the Arab Quarter in the coming years. Wexford began
its activities in early July with a three-day street festival, which
included rides, music, folkloric dancing and much more. It will
become an annual event.
According to Anthony Kiriakou, president of Wexford Business, which
has a representative of Nasr Foods as one of its members, hopes more
of the businesses will get involved. The association aims to inject
the area with a community spirit, which would include Arab and
non-Arab Canadians.
The group has plans to make the strip more attractive – as inviting
as the Greek strip along Danforth.
In Kiriakou’s words: “We are open for business.”
Garlic Sauce (Thoum)
This Ameer Family Restaurant recipe is served cold with all kinds of
grilled meats. Although Canadian raw eggs are generally considered
safe, dietitians don’t recommend them for the very young or old, or
those with compromised immune systems. As an alternative, pasteurized
eggs are sold in refrigerated cartons in supermarkets.
Peeled cloves from 1 head garlic
1 egg
1/2 tsp salt
1/2 cup vegetable oil
2 tbsp fresh lemon juice
In blender, purée garlic, egg and salt 2 minutes. Slowly drizzle in
oil; blend 1 minute. Add lemon juice. Blend 5 minutes or until sauce
reaches whipped cream texture.
Serve cold.
Makes about 1-1/2 cups.
From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress

Jerusalem Post
Jan 19 2005
On this Day
On this day
By ALEXANDER ZVIELLI

50 years ago:
On January 19, 1955, The Jerusalem Post reported that finance
minister Levi Eshkol announced far-reaching, further incentives for
foreign investors.
Israel told the UN that it would not accept any solution to the
question of the Bat Galim vessel, impounded by Egypt, that would not
provide for the ship to proceed through the Suez Canal to Haifa.
Israel also drew the UN’s attention to the continued Syrian attempts
to arrogate to itself, by force, rights in the Demilitarized Zones to
which Syria was not entitled. This was also the reason Israel turned
down the suggestion, made by general Burns, chief of staff of the
Truce Supervision Organization, to partition the Demilitarized Zone
into two administrative areas. Israel held that it had exclusive
rights in these areas under the relevant pasages of the Armistice
Agreements. (All such disputes referred to the pre-1967 armistice
lines.)
350 Armenians crossed into the Jordanian-occupied Old City of
Jerusalem and Bethlehem to celebrate their Christmas (across the
pre-1967 armistice lines).
The Kibbutz Dati refused to join the merger of the Mizrahi and Hapoel
Hamizrahi movements.
The percentage of locally mined clay used by the Israeli ceramic
industry had risen from less than 30% in 1951 to 80% in 1954.