Category: 2022

EurasiaReview
Ukrainian Ripples: Turkey And Israel Eye Extended Cooperation In
Central Asia – Analysis
February 16, 2022
By James M. Dorsey
A recent dinner in Washington suggests that a seemingly forthcoming
visit to Turkey by Israeli President Isaac Herzog could be about more
than putting an end to strained relations between the two erstwhile
allies.
Engineered by an influential American Jewish leader, Malcolm Hoenlein,
vice-chair of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish
Organizations, the dinner was attended by the Washington ambassadors
of Israel, Turkey, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan and hosted by the envoy
of Azerbaijan.
It was designed to find a pathway to closer economic and security
cooperation between Israel and the Turkic countries, which have
diplomatic relations with the Jewish state.
The significance of the dinner lies not only in the fact that it
occurred in advance of Mr. Herzog’s visit. The ambassadors met as the
Ukraine crisis threatened to force Turkey to choose between NATO and
Russia.
Moreover, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Central Asian states attempted three
months earlier to blow new life into their Cooperation Council of
Turkic Speaking States.
A NATO member with close ties to Russia that has bought a Russian
anti-missile system, Turkey has backed Ukraine, tightened military
cooperation with the embattled East European state, and condemned
Russia’s occupation in 2014 of Crimea.
Mr. Erdogan visited Kyiv earlier this month but saw his offer to
mediate Ukraine’s conflict with Russia rebuffed by Moscow.
The Turkish president has since said he would like to resume talks
with Israel on transporting Israeli gas to Europe. Europe’s gas supply
could be in jeopardy if the West sanctions Russia in response to a
potential Russian military operation in Ukraine. The sanctions could
halt Russian gas sales to Europe.
Sanctions could also affect TurkStream, a gas pipeline that bypasses
Ukraine by running from Russia under the Black Sea to Turkey, from
where gas is pumped to Europe.
Turkish-Israeli gas cooperation would strengthen Mr. Erdogan’s bid to
position Turkey as an alternative energy hub for Europe. Azerbaijan
has said it was ready to supply Europe with emergency gas that would
flow through Turkey should the Ukraine crisis disrupt Russian
shipments.
Although Israel has yet to confirm the trip, Mr. Herzog appears set to
become the first Israeli head of state to visit Turkey in 15 years.
Mr. Herzog’s brother, Michael, is the Israeli ambassador in Washington
who attended the dinner.
Relations between Israel and Turkey broke down after the killing in
2010 by Israeli commandos of 10 Turkish activists onboard a ship that
was part of an aid flotilla attempting to breach the Israeli-Egyptian
blockade of Gaza.
Last month, a phone call between Yair Lapid and Mevlut Cavusoglu was
the first confirmed conversation between the two countries’ foreign
ministers in 13 years.
The arrest in November on espionage charges and the subsequent release
of an Israeli tourist couple for taking pictures of Istanbul’s
Dolmabahce Palace, one of the city’s major tourism attractions,
prompted the call and paved the way for an Israeli-Turkish
rapprochement.
The palace on the shores of the Bosporus served as the administrative
headquarters of Ottoman sultans in the 19th century and the place of
death in 1938 of Kemal Mustafa Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey.
The couple’s release also triggered the first phone call between Mr.
Erdogan and top Israeli leaders in nine years, with Mr. Herzog and
Prime Minister Naftali Bennett phoning the Turkish president
separately to thank him.
The release of the Israeli couple and Mr. Erdogan’s outreach served
multiple purposes. The Turkish leader did not want the incident to
scare off badly needed tourists at a time of severe economic crisis.
The incident also provided Mr. Erdogan an opportunity to break through
to Israel and reduce the United Arab Emirates’ geopolitical advantage
in maintaining close ties to the Jewish state. From Mr. Erdogan’s
perspective, the Ukraine crisis has only increased the utility of
improved relations with Israel.
Mr. Erdogan this week arrived in the UAE for a two-day visit as part
of a regional balancing act in which various Middle Eastern states are
trying to ensure that their differences and multiple regional
conflicts do not spin out of control.
UAE Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed heralded the visit, Mr. Erdogan’s
first in almost a decade, as the start of a “prosperous new phase” of
cooperation with Turkey. The UAE is Turkey’s foremost trading partner
in the Gulf.
Meanwhile, Sabah, a flagship pro-government Turkish daily, reported in
recent days that Turkish intelligence had last autumn foiled an
attempt to assassinate Turkish-Israeli businessman Yair Geller.
Some analysts suspect that the timing of the disclosure was intended
to counter Israeli calls on Turkey to halt its support for Hamas, the
Islamist group that controls the Gaza Strip, as part of a
rapprochement with Israel.
The paper said several suspects linked to Iran had been detained.
Turkish officials suggested the assassination attempt was in
retaliation for the killing of Iranian nuclear scientist Mohsen
Fakhrizadeh in 2020 by Israeli agents.
For Mr. Erdogan, repairing relations with Israel and forging a
potential partnership in the Caucasus and Central Asia means walking a
tightrope.
Mr. Erdogan has to balance improving relations with countries like
Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE perceived by their critics as having
abandoned the defence of Muslim causes, including the plight of the
Palestinians, with projecting himself as the Muslim leader who cares
about his co-religionists.
As a result, Mr. Cavusoglu, the Turkish foreign minister, made a point
of saying last week that “any step we take with Israel regarding our
relations, any normalization, will not be at the expense of the
Palestinian cause, like some other countries.”
At about the same time, Turkey charged 16 people arrested last fall on
charges of being part of an Israeli spy network. Israeli intelligence
sources have denied the existence of such a network.
“Ankara’s accusations of ‘espionage’ and apparent threats to raise the
price for the detainees show that it was using hostage diplomacy
involving innocent tourists. This is how Hamas, which is backed by
Ankara’s ruling party, has also behaved… Normal regimes don’t detain
innocent people,” thundered Seth J. Frantzman, the right-wing
Jerusalem Post’s Middle East correspondent, shortly after the arrests
last fall.
 

FORUM 18 NEWS SERVICE, Oslo, Norway
The right to believe, to worship and witness
The right to change one's belief or religion
The right to join together and express one's belief
=================================================
Wednesday 16 February 2022
AZERBAIJAN: Imam's pre-trial imprisonment extended in treason case
A Baku court has extended pre-trial imprisonment for Shia imam Sardar
Babayev until April. The secret police arrested the former prisoner of
conscience in October 2021 and is investigating him on criminal charges of
treason. Six other arrested Shia preachers were freed and criminal cases
dropped. "It's a question of relations between Azerbaijan and Iran," a
commentator noted, but insists charges of treason are unfounded. "If
someone has sympathy for Iran, does it make them an Iranian agent?" A Baku
mosque police closed in October 2021 on alleged coronavirus grounds remains
closed. A spokesperson said police close mosques, "but we do so when we get
a request from the State Committee for Work with Religious Organisations".
AZERBAIJAN: Imam's pre-trial imprisonment extended in treason case
By Felix Corley, Forum 18
Nearly four months after his arrest, 47-year-old Shia imam Sardar Babayev
remains in pre-trial imprisonment as prosecutors investigate him on charges
of treason. In mid-February, a Baku court extended his pre-trial detention
for a further two months until April. A court initially ordered him held in
four-month detention after his October 2021 arrest.
This is Babayev's second jailing. He completed a three-year jail term in
January 2020 for leading prayers in a mosque after gaining his religious
education outside Azerbaijan (see below).
State Security Service (SSS) secret police arrested Babayev and five other
high-profile Shia clerics on 19 October 2021. Criminal cases were opened
against them. The secret police detained and questioned a seventh prominent
Shia on 25 October 2021 before releasing him. Babayev was the only one
ordered held in pre-trial detention, while the rest were freed by the end
of the month. It appears that only Babayev is now facing a criminal case
(see below).
"This is not a question of Babayev," one commentator told Forum 18 on 15
November 2021. "It's a question of relations between Azerbaijan and Iran."
But the commentator insists the charges of treason are unfounded. "If
someone has sympathy for Iran, does it make them an Iranian agent?"
The commentator noted that while those targeted mostly gained their
religious education in Iran and look to religious leaders there, this does
not mean they are uncritical of the way Islam is practised in Iran, or that
they want Azerbaijan to impose Islam in the way Iran does.
"No one believes Sardar Babayev is an Iranian spy," exiled human rights
defender Arif Yunus told Forum 18. "He is the last respected Shia
theologian qualified to issue fatwas [religious rulings] who was not
already in prison" (see below).
The arrests and criminal cases came as political relations between
Azerbaijan and Iran worsened from early October 2021. Around the time of
the 19 October 2021 arrests, a series of Shia Muslim websites deemed to
reflect an Iranian orientation disappeared. Forum 18 was unable to find out
if the state closed them down or pressured the sites' owners to close them
down (see below).
On 5 October 2021, police closed a Baku mosque which also housed the
representation in Azerbaijan of Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. The
mosque remains closed as of 16 February 2022 (see below).
The head of the Interior Ministry Press Department, Major Elshad Hajiyev,
told Forum 18 through an aide that the police themselves do not decide when
to close mosques. "We close them, but we do so when we get a request from
the State Committee for Work with Religious Organisations," the aide told
Forum 18. "Mosques can be closed because of coronavirus or for other
reasons. We close them on the basis of such a request." The aide declined
to say how often police close mosques at the request of the State
Committee. "We don't have such statistics," he claimed (see below).
No official at the State Committee in Baku would discuss mosque closures
with Forum 18 (see below).
On 15 February, the Milli Maclis (Parliament) approved in the second
reading amendments to the Religion Law which will hand responsibility for
naming prayer leaders in all mosques from the Caucasian Muslim Board to the
State Committee for Work with Religious Organisations. "The State Committee
is collecting all the power it can over the Muslim community," exiled human
rights defender Arif Yunus told Forum 18 (see below).
Meanwhile, a Baku court jailed a local Muslim for 15 days in November 2021
after he protested against the removal of prayer leaders at the mosque on
the territory of Sadarak shopping centre on the southern edge of the
capital. Security staff of the shopping centre beat the man before police
arrested him, but do not appear to have faced any charges (see below).
The United Nations Human Rights Committee made public two further rulings
in November and December 2021 finding that Azerbaijan had violated the
rights of Jehovah's Witnesses to freedom of religion or belief (see
forthcoming F18News article).
Worsening Azerbaijan-Iran relations led to Baku mosque closure
Political relations between Azerbaijan and its southern neighbour Iran
worsened on 1 October 2021, when Iran launched military exercises close to
the border. Iran's spiritual leader Ali Khamenei condemned what he saw as
the presence of Israeli agents in Azerbaijan.
On 5 October 2021, the Police "and other specialists" closed Huseyniyya
Mosque in Baku's Narimanov District. The Mosque was primarily a mourning
venue, particularly during the Muslim holy month of Muharram. It also
contained the office of Khamenei's representative in Azerbaijan Ali Akbar
Ojagh Nejad.
Police spokesperson Colonel Ehsan Zahidov said that the closure was because
of the prevalence of coronavirus at the mosque. "As a result, the activity
of the shrine was halted," he told the local media the same day. "At
present the epidemiological service is undertaking appropriate measures."
A Muslim close to Huseyniyya Mosque told Forum 18 on 16 February 2022 that
it remains closed.
Colonel Zahidov was unavailable each time Forum 18 called on 15 February.
The head of the Press Department, Major Elshad Hajiyev, told Forum 18 the
same day through an aide that the police themselves do not decide when to
close mosques.
"We're not involved in such issues," the aide told Forum 18 on behalf of
Major Hajiyev. "We close them, but we do so when we get a request from the
State Committee for Work with Religious Organisations. Mosques can be
closed because of coronavirus or for other reasons. We close them on the
basis of such a request." The aide declined to say how often police close
mosques at the request of the State Committee. "We don't have such
statistics," he claimed.
No official at the State Committee in Baku would discuss mosque closures
with Forum 18 on 15 February.
The Mosque community continues to post numerous messages from Ojagh Nejad
to its Facebook page. "Thus, in my opinion, the mosque became a virtual
one, using as the basis for that the official pretext of closure of the
Mosque because of pandemic reasons," Eldar Zeynalov of the Human Rights
Centre told Forum 18 from Baku on 16 February.
While the regime keeps all religious communities under control, it has been
particularly tightening its control over mosques in recent years. Almost
all the remaining Sunni mosques were closed
(
 ), including in Baku
and Ganca.
Raids, arrests, charges
On 19 October 2021, State Security Service (SSS) secret police officers
arrested Sardar Babayev of the Spiritual Leaders of Azerbaijan movement.
That day they also arrested four other supporters of the movement, Qadir
Mammadov, Jalal Shafiyev, Ali Musayev and Tamkin Jafarov. Officers seized
telephones and computers.
Officers questioned Mammadov, Shafiyev, Musayev and Jafarov before freeing
them on 26 October 2021. Criminal charges were not launched against them.
Jafarov's brother told Caucasian Knot news agency on the evening of 21
October 2021 that 48 hours after his brother's arrest, the family did not
know where he was.
All five also worked with or contributed to the website Maide.az, which
published news and Islamic writings.
Also on 19 October 2021, officers searched the Baku home of Ilgar
Ibrahimoglu Allahverdiyev. At the end of the raid they detained him and
took him to the police station, local news agencies noted. After
questioning for several hours as a witness, officers let him go. After his
release, Ibrahimoglu stated online that he would be withdrawing from social
media.
On 25 October 2021, the SSS secret police detained Shia Muslim Ahliman
Rustamov in Baku, Caucasian Knot noted on 29 October 2021. Officers
questioned and then released him. SSS officers seized about 15 religious
books, Rustamov's son Qasim told OC Media.
Rustamov is a theologian who was Imam of Haji Javad Mosque in Baku's
Yasamal District. In April 2017 a Presidential Decree ordered the Mosque's
demolition, causing protests. The Mosque was demolished in June 2017. A new
Mosque with the same name was built nearby and completed in April 2018.
Rustamov was Imam of the new Mosque for a short time before being removed
by the state-controlled Caucasian Muslim Board.
Websites disappear
Between 20 and 25 October 2021, a series of Shia Muslim websites deemed to
reflect an Iranian orientation disappeared. Among those that disappeared
was Maide.az, which described itself as an "Islamic enlightenment and news
website", set up in 2014 by Sardar Babayev and others.
Other sites that disappeared include Shia.az and Ehlibeyt.info (which
contained "articles, video and audio lessons on the bases of Islam, Sharia
rules and moral questions"), as well as Deyerler.org (a site associated
with Ilgar Ibrahimoglu). 
Forum 18 was unable to find out if the state closed them down or pressured
the sites' owners to close them down.
"The police don't close down websites," the aide to Police Press Office
head Major Hajiyev told Forum 18. "That's not within our competence." He
declined to say who might have done.
Treason prosecution, four months pre-trial detention already
Following his arrest on 19 October 2021, prosecutors are investigating Shia
Muslim Imam Sardar Akif oglu Babayev (born 12 March 1974) on charges of
treason under Criminal Code Article 274, his lawyer Javad Javadov noted at
the time. This carries a punishment of between 12 and 20 years'
imprisonment. Javadov was unable to reveal the substance of the
prosecutors' case as he had been ordered not to reveal details of the
investigation.
On 21 October 2021, at the prosecutor's request, Baku's Sabail District
Court ordered Babayev held in four months' pre-trial investigation prison.
Babayev appealed against his pre-trial detention, but on 27 October 2021
Baku Appeal Court rejected his appeal.
As the four-month detention period was about to expire in February 2022,
the prosecutor went to Court to extend it. A Judge accepted the
prosecutor's request and extended pre-trial detention until April.
Asked on 15 February about the criminal prosecution of Babayev, the aide to
Police Press Office head Major Hajiyev told Forum 18 that he had no
information about the case.
The man who answered the phone on 16 February at the SSS secret police
Public Relations Department refused to put Forum 18 through to its Head,
Colonel Arif Babayev, or his deputy Yashar Isakov. The man, who did not
give his name, refused to answer any questions about the criminal case
against Imam Sardar Babayev.
"No one believes Sardar Babayev is an Iranian spy," exiled human rights
defender Arif Yunus told Forum 18 on 7 February. "He is the last respected
Shia theologian qualified to issue fatwas [religious rulings] who was not
already in prison."
Imam Babayev's earlier jailing
Shia Muslim Imam Sardar Babayev is married with three children. He
completed theological studies at Al Mustafa University in the Iranian city
of Qom in 2000. He also studied Islam in Baku. At the invitation of the
state-backed Muslim Board, he led the namaz (Friday prayers) at Masalli's
Juma (Friday) Mosque from 2009.
Police arrested Imam Babayev in February 2017 and a court jailed him in
July 2017 for three years
(
 ) for leading prayers
in a mosque having gained his religious education outside Azerbaijan. He
was convicted under Criminal Code Article 168-1.3.1.
Article 168-1 punishes "violation of the procedure for religious propaganda
and religious ceremonies", including by conducting of Islamic rites by a
citizen who has received their education abroad. Article 168-1.3.1 punishes
those who commit such violations "repeatedly", with a prison term of
between two and five years.
Babayev was freed in February 2020
(
 ) at the end of his
sentence.
Babayev lodged a case to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in
Strasbourg in 2017 (Application No. 34015/17). He initially brought the
case to challenge his pre-trial detention, but his lawyer updated the case
after his sentence 
(
 ).
The ECtHR asked the government questions
(
 ) about the case on 4 September
2018. Babayev is awaiting a decision in the case from the Strasbourg court.
Parliament approves Religion Law amendments in second reading
No election in Azerbaijan – including February 2020 Milli Majlis
(Parliament) elections - has ever been found to be free and fair
(
 ) by Organisation for
Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) election observers.
On 15 February, the Milli Majlis approved in the second reading amendments
to the Religion Law, the Milli Majlis website noted the same day. Deputies
had approved the amendments in the first reading
(
 ) on 1 February.
The amendments will hand responsibility for naming prayer leaders in all
mosques from the state-controlled Caucasian Muslim Board
(
 ) to the State
Committee for Work with Religious Organisations.
The amendments will also give the State Committee the leading role in
re-appointment of all imams every five years, with only the "involvement"
of the Caucasian Muslim Board. This is a reversal of the State Committee
and Muslim Board roles when the state mandated re-appointment of all imams
in June 2021 amendments to the Religion Law.
The amendments will re-designate the Caucasian Muslim Board – which has
been headed since 1980 by Sheikh-ul-Islam Allahshukur Pashazade - not as
the "organisational" centre but the "religious" centre for Azerbaijan's
mosques. The regime does not allow independent mosques to exist.
"The State Committee is collecting all the power it can over the Muslim
community," exiled human rights defender Arif Yunus told Forum 18
(
 ) from the Netherlands.
Another amendment will remove the possibility for non-Muslim communities to
have a "religious centre" or headquarter body. However, this term is poorly
defined in the current Religion Law and the implications of the change
remain unclear.
Beaten, 15-day jail for protesting against change of Imams
In November 2021, the authorities removed from office the three prayer
leaders (one of them named Akram) at the Mosque next to Sadarak shopping
centre in Baku's southern Qaradag District. Three new prayer leaders were
appointed to replace them.
One mosque attendee, 46-year-old Aydin Nagiyev, objected to the decision
and wrote to the head of the state-controlled Caucasian Muslim Board,
Sheikh-ul-Islam Allahshukur Pashazade.
On 12 November 2021, Nagiyev and other mosque attendees held a protest
against the removal of the prayer leaders. Officer Orkhan (last name
unknown) of Qaradag District's 10th Police Department phoned Nagiyev and
demanded that the protest stop, but Nagiyev refused. Security staff at the
shopping centre beat Nagiyev. A representative of the shopping centre later
told the media that Nagiyev bit his finger and then smeared blood on his
face.
Police then arrested Nagiyev and brought a case against him under
Administrative Code Article 535.1 ("Disobeying a police officer"), which
bears a punishment of a fine or up to one month's imprisonment. On 12
November 2021, Judge Rufan Mursalov at Qaradag District Court jailed
Nagiyev for 15 days, to start from 5:50 pm that day, according to the
decision seen by Forum 18.
Telephones at the 10th Police Department as well as at Qaradag District
Police went unanswered each time Forum 18 called on 18 November 2021.
Exiled historian and human rights defender Arif Yunus insists that the
jailing of Nagiyev was illegal. "The authorities' true goal was to bring
the mosque under control and impose prayer leaders that were under their
control," he told Forum 18 from the Netherlands on 9 February 2022.
The Mosque was built in a free-standing building on the territory of the
shopping centre in 2007. It does not have state registration, but this is
now being considered, the Turan news agency noted on 15 November 2021. To
gain registration it would have to submit to the Caucasian Muslim Board and
the State Committee, which will appoint the Imam. (END)
Full reports on freedom of thought, conscience and belief in Azerbaijan
(
 )
For more background, see Forum 18's Azerbaijan religious freedom survey
(
 )
Forum 18's compilation of Organisation for Security and Co-operation in
Europe (OSCE) freedom of religion or belief commitments
(
 )
Follow us on Twitter @Forum_18 
(
 )
Follow us on Facebook @Forum18NewsService
(
 )
All Forum 18 text may be referred to, quoted from, or republished in full,
if Forum 18 is credited as the source.
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copyright owner. If you reuse any photographs from Forum 18's website, you
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© Forum 18 News Service. All rights reserved. ISSN 1504-2855.
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