300 sheep which Azerbaijanis snatched from Armenia village shepherd are not returned yet

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Armenia –

The about 300 sheep which Azerbaijanis had make off with six months ago from Surik Matevosyan, a shepherd from Tegh village of Armenia’s Syunik Province, have not yet been returned, and the Armenian government will compensate 70% of the damage. Tegh prefect Davit Ghulunts told about this to Armenian News-NEWS.am.

“Seventy percent of the damage will be compensated, it will be about 10 million drams; that is, they will give money for 280 sheep,” he said.

The aforementioned shepherd is still engaged in cattle breeding. According to the village head, if there is compensation, the shepherd will increase the number of small cattle again.

Ghulunts noted that the situation in Tegh is calm, the villagers continue to do their agricultural work, are engaged in cattle breeding, and there is no emigration from the village at the moment.
Surik Matevosyan, a 53-year-old shepherd from Tegh village, and his about 300 sheep were abducted by Azerbaijanis on January 13. A day later—and as a result of negotiations—Matevosyan was returned to Russian peacekeepers. But his sheep still remain with the Azerbaijanis.

Siete Variaciones Armenias (in Spanish)

Spain –

Publicado por Javier González-Cotta

Un niño junto a una fuente abandonada en Gyumri, Armenia, 2018. Fotografía: Sergei Gapon / Getty.

Cuando se habla de Armenia, por mucho que haya pasado el tiempo, la lúgubre tonada del subconsciente nos conduce, inevitablemente, a los desiertos de Deir ez-Zor, en Siria, en la confluencia de los míticos ríos Tigris y Éufrates. En 1915, estos parajes del norte sirio quedaron convertidos en un vasto túmulo, en razón —y es un decir— del llamado «crimen sin nombre» o «Gran Crimen».

Centenares de miles de armenios —¿qué importa el número total?— perecieron en estos secarrales tras las inhumanas marchas a pie a las que fueron forzados por el Gobierno de Estambul, operación que llevarían a cabo diversos cuadros del ejército turco otomano. Partieron en caravanas desde aldeas, pueblos y ciudades de Anatolia a partir de abril de 1915, mientras la Primera Guerra Mundial, coincidiendo justo con la sangrienta batalla de Galípoli ente turcos, británicos, australianos y neozelandeses, seguía su curso en este remoto confín de la Gran Guerra, tan cercano a Troya.

Resulta difícil sustraerse aún hoy a la melodía del lamento armenio. Pero, siguiendo con el símil de la música —siempre salvadora—, nos atrevemos a dar un giro amable, acaso sorpresivo, a la milenaria historia de Armenia. Por eso, si se nos permite cierto rapto alegre —y un puntito discotequero—, nos ponemos ahora a tararear la canción «Qami Qami» (Viento, viento) de Maléna, reciente ganadora del concurso de Eurovisión Junior 2021. No es que a uno le agrade la puesta en escena de tanto pipiolo y de tanta pipiola, en plan celebrity, lo que viene a ser otra manera, aunque aparentemente festiva, de corromper la inocencia.

La ganadora fue la citada Maléna, la mocita de mayor edad del certamen (catorce años). Hemos visto por YouTube su actuación varias veces. Nos ha hecho olvidar la música de deudos que se nos viene a la cabeza al hablar de Armenia, la Armenia de después de 1915. Nada que ver, por tanto, con aquella canción que el comprometido Charles Aznavour, francés de origen armenio, cantara a los suyos, a aquellos miles de olvidados que murieron en masa ante la indiferencia del mundo, «convertidos en minúsculas flores rojas, cubiertas por un viento de arena, y después por el olvido». Nada que ver con el éxtasis que ha traído Maléna, la nueva diva del Cáucaso para molestia, entre otras cosas, de los vecinos azerbaiyanos.

Contrasta también el chumba-chumba de la triunfadora Maléna con la música tradicional armenia, que a menudo nos trae la melodía sibilante del duduk, típico instrumento de viento, cuya madera procede de los albaricoqueros, uno de los grandes símbolos de Armenia (la tradición señala que el albaricoque es la fruta de los que están juntos).

A todo esto, nos preguntamos ahora qué habría pensado el antiguo sacerdote y musicólogo Komitas Vardapet de esta canción interpretada por la niña Maléna, cuya música, zumbona y con pegada, es ni más ni menos que la antítesis de la otra música tradicional y etnológica de Armenia, la que tanto estudió Vardapet en sus viajes por las históricas confluencias del Cáucaso y la que tanto contribuyó a divulgar en coros y danzas antes de caer enfermo de los nervios e ingresar, hasta su muerte, en un sanatorio mental de París (se dice que Komitas Vardapet quedó conmocionado de por vida tras haber sido víctima de la masacre de 1915, si bien pudo librarse finalmente de la muerte).

Lo que sigue a continuación es una pequeña lista aleatoria y personal relacionada con Armenia. El bagaje de ciertas lecturas y películas es lo que nos ha llevado a hacer esta lista de primeros auxilios, por decirlo de algún modo, respecto a Armenia y lo armenio. Siguiendo con el símil de la música, se trata de una pequeña composición de siete notas musicales, probablemente desafinadas, pero que al menos pretenden ser originales en lo posible.

El arca de Noé y Franco Battiato

Uno de los primeros discos de Franco Battiato hacía referencia a la mítica fábula del Antiguo Testamento: L’arca di Noè (1982). Como es bien conocido, la tradición sitúa en el monte Ararat el lugar donde el arca del Noé, convertido en zoológico de la creación, quedó varado y a salvo de las aguas tras cuarenta días (con sus cuarenta noches) de diluvio universal como castigo de Dios por la maldad de los hombres. Los armenios de ayer y de hoy acuden a su prístino origen y a su destino cuando contemplan el majestuoso monte Ararat, que se alza irónicamente en territorio de la actual República de Turquía, aunque puede verse desde la misma Ereván, la capital de Armenia. El caso es que Battiato acudió musicalmente a la fuente creativa del arca de Noé. Poco a poco iba cobrando forma en su mente la idea cósmica y heteróclita de una conciencia superior, tomada de las tesis del llamado Cuarto Camino, inspiradas por George Ivanóvich Gurdjieff, aquel maestro místico pero inclasificable, nacido en… Armenia. Hablar de Gurdjieff, natural de Aleksándropol (hoy Gyumrí, donde acabó en 1920 el sueño político de la Gran Armenia), daría para otro monográfico exclusivo sobre su figura y su inaprensible Cuarto Camino. Antes de que el tópico asocie a Battiato con un derviche del rock progresivo, el influjo del armenio Gurdjieff fue clave en la danza giróvaga que lo llevará al centro de gravedad sí mismo.

Ósip Mandelstam y las grapas

Al gran poeta ruso le pareció que las palabras escritas en lengua armenia eran como tenazas y que cada letra, visualmente, le hacía pensar en una grapa. Es la misma sensación que los profanos tenemos ante una frase escrita con el particularísimo alfabeto armenio de treinta y seis letras, creado en el año 406 por el monje y lingüista Mesrop Mashtots (en Armenia, todo o casi todo suele tener un recorrido milenario). La grafía del idioma armenio resulta rara pero enigmática. Mandelstam viajó en 1930 a las tierras de la soviética Armenia, cuya orografía le hizo pensar en un principio en los áridos páramos de Judea. En la URSS de aquella época resultó frecuente que intelectuales y escritores eligieran viajar a una república del vasto ente soviético para publicar después algún que otro ensayo laudatorio. Había que reflejar, ante elpadre Stalin, la grandeza del socialismo como gran hermandad de pueblos bien avenidos. Mandelstam escribió varios textos en prosa (Viaje a Armenia) y un ciclo poético que agrupó bajo el título Armenia (la editorial Acantilado publicó en 2011 Armenia en prosa y verso, en edición de Gueorgui Kubatián y con notas añadidas de su esposa y también escritora Nadezhda Mandelstam). Aquel decisivo viaje, realizado entre mayo y octubre de 1930, le hizo recuperar a Mandelstam la creatividad perdida. Curiosamente, hemos recreado ahora el rastro por Armenia del infortunado poeta, fallecido en los campos de deportación de Stalin, al saber que la pintora Silvia Cossío ha ganado recientemente el prestigioso Premio de Pintura BMW. Se alzó con la máxima presea con su obra Ósip Mandelstam, que muestra un peculiar y simbólico retrato del poeta, donde se barrunta su aciago destino.

Los molokanes

El Diccionario Urgente de Cultura Armenia nos habla de la peculiar traza de las iglesias autóctonas, que suelen distinguirse por un color entre pardo y rojizo, como el de la toba. Las cúpulas armenias, para que puedan verse a distancia, suelen estar rematadas por unos tejados cónicos alzados hacia el cielo, que recuerdan a los conos rojos de los torreones del Exin Castillos de la infancia. Los célebres jachkares, cruces labradas en piedra (sin la figura de Cristo y adornadas muchas veces con motivos florales), señalan mayormente los lugares del tiempo donde se erigen monasterios y camposantos (el cementerio de Noratus, del siglo IX, reúne hoy el mayor número de jachkares desde que los azerbaiyanos destruyeran el conjunto de Jugha después de la guerra de Nagorno Karabaj). El pietismo de los armenios se refleja en fotografías de orantes y monjes envueltos en habituales fosfones de misticismo litúrgico (así aparecen algunos en las fotografías de los libros respectivos de Virginia Mendoza y Xavier MoretHeridas del tiempo. Crónicas armenias y La memoria del Ararat). Sin embargo, bajo el cristianismo nacional de Armenia, base de su milenaria identidad, se esconden otras corrientes insospechadas, casi heréticas. Nunca habíamos oído hablar de los molokanes, la minoría de los llamados «cristianos espirituales» que habitan en la provincia norteña de Lori. Se los conoce también como los bebedores de leche (molokan) y proceden de una escisión de la Iglesia ortodoxa rusa. No veneran la cruz ni los iconos. No acuden a templo alguno. No ven la televisión y repudian la tecnología. Defienden el pacifismo, el colectivismo y la endogamia. A partir de los cuarenta años, los molokanes varones no se afeitan nunca. Se dice que Tolstói sintió simpatía por esta minoría perseguida bajo la Rusia de los zares. Hoy por hoy, yazidíes, asirios y molokanes son las tres minorías que le dan a Armenia, conocida reserva del cristianismo oriental, un aire sincrético y sutilmente desconocido.

Una trabajadora del Museo de Historia de Armenia posa junto a una estatua decapitada de Lenin en Ereván, 1993. Fotografía: Kaveh Kazemi / Getty.

Por sus rasgos los conoceréis

En El libro de los susurros, obra de Varujan Vosganián, hay todo un pasaje sobre fisiognómica armenia. El autor evoca a sus abuelos y, de añadido, a los ancianos amigos o cercanos a la familia con los que discurrió su infancia en la ciudad rumana de Focșani (hoy situada en Moldavia). Aquí creció con los suyos, como un armenio más de la diáspora a partir de la luctuosa fecha de 1915. Según Vosganián, a cada pueblo le pone Dios el dedo en un lugar del cuerpo y allí reúne todas sus características. El otrora niño Varujan, rodeado por adultos, solía observar aquellas «cejas arqueadas o rectas, como le tocara en suerte a cada cual, pero siempre espesas, a menudo unidas y, por esa razón, fáciles de fruncir». Eran unas cejas «negras, tercas y muy agresivas». En los armenios Dios quiso dejar su huella sobre todo en el puente de la nariz, donde se juntan las cejas: «Desde allí, se extienden negras y bien perfiladas sobre una nariz curva y fuerte» (suele abundar el rasgo aquilino).

Desde que leímos El libro de los susurros (acaso la mejor novela sobre la armenidad), hemos incorporado las cejas a los símbolos nacionales de Armenia que ya habíamos anotado con anterioridad. A saber: 1) El bíblico monte Ararat con sus dos cumbres, Masis y Sis (como ha quedado dicho ya, la mole de cinco mil me- tros de altura se alza majestuosa y nevada en la linde turca de la frontera). 2) El albaricoque o dziran (rasgo de creatividad y laboriosidad, cuyo color anaranjado, como huevos de oro del mismo sol, como dijera Plinio, está presente en una franja de la bandera nacional). 3) La granada o nur (cuyo zumo rojo evoca la sangre de los mártires, mientras que para el arte medieval armenio su cáscara amarga simbolizaba el Antiguo Testamento, y el fruto rojo el Nuevo Testamento).

El sacrificio de los corderos

Suele suceder que los extremos se tocan, incluso en los rituales que aparentemente más los desunen, a partir sobre todo de los usos religiosos. Armenios cristianos y sus mal avenidos vecinos musulmanes de Turquía y Azerbaiyán rinden culto simbólico al cordero. La fiesta del sacrificio es una de las grandes celebraciones en el islam para evocar, como acción de gracias, que Dios salvó la vida de Ismaíl (Ismael) en el último momento, cuando su padre Ibrahim (Abraham) se disponía a sacrificarlo en ofrenda al Todopoderoso, quien lo había puesto a prueba de toda fidelidad. Para el cristianismo, la alegoría de Jesús como el Cordero Divino es frecuente en las profecías del Antiguo Testamento, y hoy por hoy sigue presente como elemento simbólico en la decoración de muchas iglesias. Aparte, en su vida social, los armenios también hacen del sacrificio de un cordero una señal de agradecimiento. Antes de degollarlo le ponen sal en la boca, que sirve para anestesiarlo. Con la sangre del cordero degollado los invitados se dibujan una cruz en la frente, que habrá de quedar seca para que dure el mayor tiempo posible.

Armenia, la tierra sin mar

Encastrada en el montañoso confín del Cáucaso, entre el mar Negro y el Caspio, el reino de los armenios siempre miró con recelo al mar. De nuevo en El libro de los susurros, de Varujan Vosganián, se nos dice que los armenios son mayormente una raza de tierra. Desde tiempos remotos, antes y después de Cristo, los armenios miraron con desconfianza a los pueblos bañados por el mar. Salvo un breve periodo de la Edad Media, en la época del reino armenio de Cilicia (donde se construyeron navíos para surcar el Mediterráneo), los armenios siempre contemplaron el azul del mar como el color del camino de la desesperanza, de la última oportunidad. En buena medida la travesía en barco ha simbolizado el viaje de la diáspora, rumbo a una mejor suerte, muy lejos de Hayastán, como llaman los armenios a la milenaria tierra natal de los suyos. En Armenia, solo el inmenso lago Seván, pariente lejano del lago perdido (el lago Van), semeja ser, por su vastedad, una suerte de mar interior. Es, de hecho, el segundo lago de agua dulce más grande del mundo.

Los climas de Nuri Bilge Ceylan

Las películas del cineasta turco resultan memorables por su excelsa fotografía (él mismo ha sido fotógrafo de profesión). Estancias, entornos y paisajes adquieren siempre una bellísima cualidad añadida, como si la realidad alrededor pareciera coloreada. En Los climas (Iklimler) aparecen localizaciones del este remoto de Turquía (parte de lo que los armenios reclaman como territorio del antiguo Reino de Armenia). El rodaje en la región turca de Ağrı permite admirar un paisaje tosco y desabrido, a la vez que hermoso y conmovedor, con el monte Ararat insinuándose en la frontera, no muy lejos del viejo palacio otomano de Ishak Pachá, el cual muestra su fotogenia bajo el pausado reclamo de la nieve y el silencio del olvido, que es también como otra forma de la nieve. Isa, profesor en Estambul y arqueólogo, viaja a Anatolia oriental para intentar recuperar el amor de quien fuera su pareja. Bahar, que así se llama (la esposa de Ceylan en la vida real), se halla en estos parajes anatolios junto a un equipo de producción. Está inmersa en el rodaje de una serie turca de televisión (no se debe decir nunca «telenovela», los turcos usan el término dizis). Si al inicio de la película vemos a Isa y a Bahar bajo la solana que cae sobre las ruinas de un antiguo templo griego, localizado en los alrededores mediterráneos de Kas, en la parte final de Los climas —y de ahí el título de la película— el escenario se traslada al invierno estepario de Anatolia del este, lo que viene a simbolizar el invierno del corazón, cuando el amor ya no es posible. Siquiera como postal, el Ararat y el palacio turco de Ishak Pachá se funden bajo una misma perspectiva de belleza compartida, sin que importe mucho dónde queda la raya fronteriza que tanto separa, tan dramáticamente, a turcos de armenios.

More than 90 European organizations address letter to Charles Michel on his mediation concerning NK conflict

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 12:16,

YEREVAN, JUNE 17, ARMENPRESS. On the initiative of the European Armenian Federation for Justice and Democracy (EAFJD), 91 organizations active in the EU Member states sent a letter to the President of the European Council Charles Michel, expressing profound discontent with his statement following the trilateral meeting with the Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan and the Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev dating to 23 May 2022, Armenpress reports citing the EAFJD website.

“The organizations welcome Charles Michel’s efforts for peace negotiations. Nevertheless, they emphasize the importance of ensuring that peace is negotiated based on justice and not by sacrificing the fundamental rights and needs of the Armenian side which has been a victim of vicious aggression of the Turkish-Azerbaijani tandem in 2020.

The organizations regret that the press statement of 23 May disregards key principles of EU’s documented approach towards the resolution of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict and overall endorses the Azerbaijani stance on the conflict resolution in some crucial aspects. This includes using the wording “Karabakh” while referring to the conflict, instead of “Nagorno Karabakh” which is a political entity with a defined territory. The letter further elaborates that using the term Karabakh by the Azerbaijani authorities is a part of the ongoing state policy of ethnic cleansing against the indigenous Armenian population of Nagorno Karabakh.

Referring to the statement by the spokesperson of Charles Michel on 31 May 2022, the organizations express appreciation that it introduced important clarifications and emphasized key principles. The organizations express hope that EU’s future mediation on the Nagorno Karabakh conflict does justice to negotiating an equitable and lasting peace. For this purpose the call on the President of the European Council to base the mediation on six concrete aspects”, the statement says.

Secretaries of Security Councils of CSTO states discuss growing security challenges, threats during Yerevan session

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 12:23,

YEREVAN, JUNE 17, ARMENPRESS. The session of the Committee of Secretaries of Security Councils of CSTO states has been completed in Yerevan on June 17.

After the session, Secretary of the Security Council of Armenia Armen Grigoryan, who was chairing the session, told reporters that the Secretaries of Security Council specifically focused on global security challenges and threats and the situation in the CSTO responsibility zone.

Armen Grigoryan said that the session was held in a constructive and interesting environment.

“Today’s session is specific in a sense that this year is a jubilee year for the organization as we celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Treaty on the Collective Security and the 20th anniversary of the foundation of CSTO, and on the other hand the session is taking place in the conditions of growing challenges and threats both in the world in general and the CSTO responsibility zone. Of course, this factor requires making effective decisions on time aimed at neutralizing these challenges and threats and ensuring the security of the CSTO member states”, he said.

The session also covered issues relating to counter-terrorism, joint creation of governing bodies, strengthening the organization’s military component, etc.

Armen Grigoryan informed that a number of documents were signed with the session results, which all have passed the respective procedures. Particularly, the Committee approved the draft decision of the CSTO Collective Security Council on giving a regional anti-terrorism operation status to the operational-preventive measures complex named ‘Mercenary’.

Today’s session was held within the frames of Armenia’s chairmanship at the CSTO.

Ardem Patapoutian expresses readiness to support Armenian Healthcare Ministry’s programs in fighting cancer

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 12:36,

YEREVAN, JUNE 17, ARMENPRESS. Minister of Healthcare of Armenia Anahit Avanesyan met with Armenian-American scientist, Nobel Prize laureate and molecular biologist Ardem Patapoutian, who arrived in Yerevan within the framework of the Science and Business Days 2020 forum.

“We talked about the current situation, achievements of the healthcare system and the systematic reforms that have entered a new phase. Patapoutian was interested in the activities being carried out to overcome the pandemic and the consequences of the war and made valuable observations on the field.

Highlighting the ongoing reforms in the sector, particularly the programs in fighting cancer, he expressed readiness to support our programs in fighting the disease, stating that the system is open now more than ever, and today he feels himself closer to the Armenian land, culture and homeland”, Anahit Avanesyan said in a statement on social media.

Secretary General says CSTO takes all necessary measures to ensure security of member states

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 13:07,

YEREVAN, JUNE 17, ARMENPRESS. The Secretaries of the Security Councils of the member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) analyzed in detail the military-political situation at a globe during their today’s session in Yerevan, CSTO Secretary General Stanislav Zas said following the session, regretting over the current crisis in the global security system.

“Agreements existing for decades actually stop operating, and the level of mistrust between a number of leading players is approaching a critical juncture. Moreover, the security challenges and threats not only have not lost their sharpness, but also are showing trends of escalation due to the growing global uncertainty”, he said.

He said that the CSTO principled position on these issues remains the same that all disagreements and conflicts must be solved through political means. The organization addresses all powers with this call.

In line with this, Mr. Zas said, the CSTO is taking all necessary measures to strengthen peace and stability in its member states and is ready for the protection of its interests.

“The development of capacities of collective security forces and means, as well as the mutual partnership of special services and law enforcement agencies is one of the main tools to ensure the security of the member states and resist the challenges and threats”, the CSTO chief said.

He thanked the Secretary of the Security Council of Armenia Armen Grigoryan and his staff for creating wonderful conditions for holding the session.

The U.S. Embassy to Armenia welcomes Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Karen Donfried to Yerevan


US Embassy in Armenia

YEREVAN – . During her visit on June 18, Assistant Secretary Donfried will meet with government officials, including Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan. Assistant Secretary Donfried will discuss U.S. support for the diplomatic efforts between Armenia and Azerbaijan towards a lasting peace. She will engage on our strong partnership, based on shared values, and our mutual commitment to Armenia’s democratic development.

https://am.usembassy.gov/embassy-welcomes-donfried/

The Pursuit of Property: The Afterlife of an Armenian Charitable Complex in Istanbul

  •   By Naomi Cohen

WHEN TOURISTS take the shuttle out of the Istanbul airport, they are likely to notice a deep crater across from the last stop, overlooked by a bunch of hollowed-out pastel houses. This mess was supposed to be a shopping mall, convention center, theater, hotel, and more — an “international fun system,” in the words of Selim Dalaman, the architect behind the project.

People would come here to forget, buy, laugh, swim, dine, dance, and sleep. Dalaman was used to larger-than-life projects, but this one, he said, was the biggest he could ever hope to build in such a central spot, in a city of 15 million, on “virgin” land.

Yet as the story goes in most cities, especially ones several millennia old, the land wasn’t virgin. For 175 years, it had held the Armenian Catholic Surp Agop Hospital and its appendages, including a retirement home, a mental asylum, and low-rent housing. The foundation that ran them helped the congregation survive some of the darkest days in the region’s history: it gave free schooling to children orphaned by the 1915 Armenian Genocide and free care to members crippled by discriminatory taxes in 1942. It also pooled wealth in the community to keep it there, even after entire families moved continents.

However far or high the city stretched, and however tense the days for Armenians in Turkey, the buildings stayed put, a reminder that they were inked into the skin of Istanbul. But on paper, the property was itself orphaned. With nothing but a sultan’s decree and a 1936 record to its name, it had no owners, at least in the modern legal sense. This left it under the yoke of the Turkish state — until the state made amends, and the hospital plot vanished.

The Surp Agop Hospital Foundation is “slowly wasting away and under threat of disappearing,” wrote its board president in 1957 in the short-lived Surp Agop Hospital Nonpolitical Monthly Magazine. The truth was that, back then, it was not. Costs were up and donations were down, but the buildings it ran and inherited from members without family were gaining value.

Conrad Hilton built his first international hotel just across from the hospital, on top of an Armenian cemetery, which the city had seized and resold for cheap. To keep up, the Surp Agop board spruced up its three dozen shopfronts and cleared its vegetable patch and a unit of social housing to build the Şan Theatre, a music hall the likes of Radio City.

Then, in 1987, it caught fire. Smoke curled into the retirement home above the hospital, but only the theater burned.

“It wasn’t that old of a building,” said a congregation member, “but it became history.” The theater wasn’t just a piece of real estate; it had placed the foundation at the frontier of Istanbul nightlife, with its classical concerts, spaghetti Westerns, musicals, and air conditioning. The board wanted no less of the building that would replace it: a pair of American consultants had told them they were underselling their worth, and that was just in financial terms.

The timing of the fire was lucky. Turkey had its first prime minister who didn’t make life hard for non-Muslim foundations. Turgut Özal was also a World Bank veteran and did all the things a good liberalizer does. He privatized industry and opened Turkey to free trade. He also looked into returning large plots of land to diasporic Armenians, after a cost-benefit analysis told him they had high sums to invest.

Özal’s plan was too radical for its time, but the Surp Agop Foundation’s project wasn’t. An industrial conglomerate that was friendly with Özal signed with the board to build an entertainment complex where the Şan Theatre had been. They swiftly got permission — but when Özal died two years later, ultranationalists killed the project.

The foundation waited for the next liberalizer to help them resurrect it. In 1999, Board President Greguar Akan met Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, then former mayor of Istanbul, at a cocktail party. Akan told Erdoğan and his colleague Abdullah Gül about the entertainment complex.

“You’ll do it, no problem,” he remembered them telling him. “You’ll only have issues if there’s a historical relic.”

“There isn’t.”

“Then you’ll do it.”

When Erdoğan became prime minister, he appointed Gül as foreign minister to push forward talks to join the European Union. The EU prioritized property rights for non-Muslims. In 2008, Gül, by then president, opened a way for Armenian and other non-Muslim charitable foundations to claim their right to thousands of their unregistered and confiscated properties. It was an uneasy peace. Most applications were rejected. Some modest properties were pried from government hands after years of trial. The easiest returns went straight to construction contractors, driving their owners to their own destruction.

On the corner of the Surp Agop property, across from Taksim’s Gezi Park, sits a döner restaurant. In late 2013, after the foundation scored its title deed and before it sent the first bulldozers, the restaurant’s manager wanted to move the women’s toilet from the third floor to the second. The Istanbul Chamber of Architects told him that his building was a historical relic. He wondered why his was the only protected building on the block.

“If I scream, three people will hear my voice,” he said, “but if that hotel’s owner screams” — he pointed across the street — “a thousand people will hear him. It’s a different tune.”

A heavyweight joined the foundation’s redevelopment team around the same period because Dalaman was stuck. His company, Vizzion Europe, had contacts in Brussels who could finance the project, but they needed a title deed. He had men in Ankara who could expedite the title deed, but they were rivals with city officials who approved the zoning. Then Dursun Özbek, a hotel magnate, stepped in. He brought in big names, like a Marriott hotel operator, and made the plan more attractive and “green” by carving out an interior plaza dressed with hanging wisteria and bistro tables.

The project was called Şan City after the theater, but its redesign wasn’t done in its spirit. It was done out of fear. Özbek came on board just as protests had shaken Turkey’s construction establishment. Thousands of people occupied Gezi Park in summer 2013, hugging trees and pitching tents to stop its redevelopment and all speculative projects that preyed on the old heart of Istanbul. During Erdoğan’s first decade in power, every other corner of the city was shuttered with the logos of builders turning shacks into boutique hotels, fields into forests of high-rise condos. As the protests swelled, so did their demands: resign, nationalize, make peace.

That summer, the hospital reeked of tear gas. After the tear gas came silence. Erdoğan blamed foreigners for meddling and threw opponents in jail, accusing them of plotting the failed 2016 coup. European investors didn’t like this, and Asian and Gulf money wasn’t enough of a stopgap. The Turkish lira tumbled, and construction yards were put to sleep. Dalaman was hired to build a nine-story multipurpose mosque that now crowns Taksim Square, but the Şan City project stalled. Özbek and other backers dropped out. The site fell apart: a scaffolding collapsed. A construction container went up in flames.

Levon Zekiyan, archbishop of the Armenian Catholic Church of Istanbul, had seen it all coming. There was no guarantee that the construction hype would continue, he said. “It’s written in the Bible: seven years of plenty, then seven years of famine.” Joseph said to hoard wheat.

The foundation board unanimously wanted to build an entertainment complex — with meager donations and no state support, it needed the profits to afford the latest medical technology. But they split on whether they should restore the hospital or scrap it for a new one. The second plan won out, tying the fate of the hospital and its side services to the fate of the project. Only a fraction of the Surp Agop doctors stayed on, squeezing into a polyclinic in an apartment on the other end of the döner restaurant, the only other building left standing.

The Surp Agop board also gambled on the contract’s duration. It would not pay to erect Şan City, but it deferred its land to Vizzion Europe for 44 years.

“Considering the population of the Catholic community today, the situation in 44 years is beyond imaginable,” stated a critique that was published in Agos, an Armenian weekly. Turkey no longer runs a census on religion, but Armenian Catholics say they number around 2,500 — less than half the size of when they founded the Surp Agop hospital in 1831. Back then, all non-Muslims made up about half of Istanbul’s population; today, they represent roughly one percent.

Who counts as a member is also up for debate. Selin Kalkan was born after the theater fire to an Armenian Catholic mother and a Turkish Muslim father. She didn’t go to church and, as a child of mixed marriage, was barred from Armenian school. Her only link to the congregation, then, was her home in the row houses whose rent the Surp Agop Foundation kept low. Eviction broke that link for good. For the other 120 renters who didn’t have a summerhouse to move into, the eviction also broke their trust.

“I don’t think anyone cares about the foundation anymore,” Kalkan said. The row-house residents were relocated to two apartment blocks a neighborhood away, equipped with televisions, elevators, and other domestic comforts. But nothing is the same: the slopes there hurt their knees, the speakers of the next-door mosque blare straight into their windows, and the only church close by is reserved for funerals.

Armenian Catholic pashas and moneylenders built the Surp Agop Hospital in 1831 to sustain life. They later created its charitable foundation, or vakıf, because it was the only way in the Ottoman Empire to keep property in the family and not risk its seizure. The sultan reserved the vakıf legal title for Muslim foundations, since, by definition, they managed endowments to God, but he informally granted his non-Muslim subjects vakıf land to win their favor.

When the Turkish Republic rewrote its property code based on the one used by Anglo-Saxons in the 1930s, it struggled to translate the vakıf title. The new law was secular, but the title was religious. It encouraged accumulation but for charity, not growth. The vakıf properties of non-Muslims became outliers, bullied and tagged as national security risks. When Ankara reversed its stance and adapted the vakıf title to the modern market, it seemed that everyone would win. But in this market, everyone could also lose.

Şan City was scheduled to open in 2018. In 2019, the board wondered if the day would ever come. It sued. Meanwhile, Vizzion Europe’s office in Brussels declared bankruptcy, and the one in Istanbul downgraded from a sultan’s waterfront palace to a dim space above the polyclinic.

On an average day in the Surp Agop lot, two or three workers will fiddle with cranes, like ants in a canyon, passing away the time. Tourists may snap a photo of the site, unaware that many more eyesores like this await them.

Property restitution aims to turn a loss into a gain, to fill a hole with something tangible. It lets the last owners take up where they left off and build something for posterity. Or, in the case of the Armenian hospital plot, it lets an “invisible hand” decide their future for them.

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Naomi Cohen is a freelance journalist based in Istanbul. She reported this story with a grant from the Pulitzer Center and continued her research on non-Muslim hospital foundations in Istanbul in collaboration with Gabriel Doyle and Yasemen Cemre Gürbüz. Their multimedia installation and video were exhibited in the show Finding a Cure in Istanbul, which took place in a tunnel under Gezi Park, put on by Karşı Sanat and the Istanbul Metro.