The Armenian illuminated manuscripts of Medieval Artsakh and Armenia

Aug 16 2023
by LIANNA AGASYAN

Armenian illuminated manuscripts in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) and Armenia include various humanities of Ancient and Medieval Armenian culture and sciences. The art form was embraced by Greater and Lesser Armenia.

It first appeared in Ancient Armenia with the creation of the Armenian alphabet in 405 AD.

Only a few fragments of an illuminated manuscript from the 6th and 7th centuries have survived. The oldest complete manuscript dates from the 9th century. When the leading Armenian schools and centres began to emerge in the 13th and 14th centuries, art experienced a Golden Age.

Armenian miniaturists have always interacted with other artists from the East and West, and their art has deeply and richly influenced Armenian

One of the manuscripts from before 1261 was illustrated by one of the famous masters of Armenian miniature, Toros Taronatsi: the manuscripts produced in the southern regions of Artsakh and the Lake Sevan basin are of great iconographic interest and artistic value.

The iconographic features of illuminated manuscripts were created between the 13th and the 18th centuries; more than a hundred images of the illuminated manuscripts are included in the books, aimed at spreading the culture of Artsakh and Utik.

The manuscripts are also related to other forms of medieval Armenian art and Byzantine illuminated manuscripts.

Most of the surviving Armenian manuscripts are Gospels. Portraits are found
as early as the 11th century but always appear in the Bible and Gospels.

Armenian Illuminated manuscripts occupy a very special place in Armenian culture. Early Armenian painted manuscripts feature celebratory designs associated with Armenian culture.

In addition to rich architecture, manuscripts are the most important medium of artistic _expression_. They span over a millennium of Armenia’s turbulent history and comprise a storehouse of national memory of singular significance.

Manuscripts embodied the power of art and the universality of language.

About 30,000 ancient Armenian manuscripts worldwide, most of which (about 20,000) are preserved in Matenadaran, Yerevan.

Other important collections of Armenian manuscripts are kept in the Library of the Armenian Patriarchate in Jerusalem (approximately 4,000 manuscripts), the Mekhitarist Monastery in Vienna (about 2,500 manuscripts), and the Mkhitarian Brotherhood in Venice (about 4000 manuscripts).

You can follow Lianna Agasyan on X.

https://greekcitytimes.com/2023/08/17/armenian-illuminated-manuscripts/

Azerbaijani armed forces open gunfire at Armenian military border positions in Gegharkunik Province

 18:46,

YEREVAN, AUGUST 16, ARMENPRESS. The Azerbaijani military opened gunfire on August 16 at Armenian positions near Norabak, a village in Gegharkunik Province, the defense ministry said in a statement.

“On August 16, at around 5:30 p.m., Azerbaijani armed forces units fired from fire arms towards the Armenian combat outposts in the vicinity of Norabak,” the defense ministry said.

OSCE Chairperson-in-Office instructs personal representative to visit adjacent areas of Lachin Corridor

 18:53,

YEREVAN, AUGUST 16, ARMENPRESS.  Chairperson-in-Office of the OSCE Bujar Osmani has instructed his personal representative Andrzej Kasprzyk to visit the Lachin Corridor’s adjacent areas. 

“After phone conversations last week with the foreign ministers of Azerbaijan and Armenia, as OSCE Chairperson-in-Office I instructed my personal representative Andrzej Kasprzyk to visit the adjacent areas of Lachin Corridor and report to me details on the current situation,” Osmani said in a statement posted on Facebook.

He also reiterated his call related to restoring freedom of movement along Lachin Corridor, and at the same time called for work in the direction of opening new roads.

“Humanitarian factors must take precedence over political ones. The OSCE is ready to be involved as a mediator as long as dialogue over political issues resumes,” he added.

Nagorno-Karabakh: Armenia Demands End to Azerbaijan Blockade Amid Accusations of Genocide

Democracy Now
Aug 17 2023

Armenia is calling on the United Nations Security Council to address a worsening humanitarian crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh, a region of Azerbaijan home to ethnic Armenians that has been under a blockade for eight months. Armenia and Azerbaijan have fought multiple wars over the territory since the collapse of the Soviet Union, most recently in 2020. Azerbaijan closed the only road into the region in December, severely restricting the movement of food, medicine and other supplies for the roughly 120,000 people living there. “We cannot accept a new Armenian genocide in 2023,” says Luis Moreno Ocampo, the Argentine lawyer who served as the first prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. He issued a report earlier this month on the blockade. We also speak with Anna Ohanyan, professor of political science and international relations at Stonehill College, who says Azerbaijan is relying on “the use of hunger as a weapon” in order not to engage politically with the largely self-governing region of Nagorno-Karabakh.


This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.

AMY GOODMAN: This is Democracy Now!, democracynow.org, The War and Peace Report. I’m Amy Goodman, with Nermeen Shaikh.

NERMEEN SHAIKH: The U.N. Security Council met Wednesday to discuss the blockade imposed by Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh, as Armenia and other nations called for the immediate reopening of the Lachin corridor to allow for humanitarian aid for the roughly 120,000 people suffering severe shortages in the breakaway region. Twenty-three-year-old English teacher Nina Shaverdyan, a resident of Nagorno-Karabakh, described life under the blockade.

NINA SHAVERDYAN: We don’t have gas. We have electricity blackouts. So, for example, at 5:00, we will have a blackout again, so we will not have electricity for two hours, and then this is repeating itself. We don’t have water, because we have only one water reservoir, which is used right now to produce electricity, and it’s not enough. So right now we have also water shortages. And because of the water shortages and electricity shortages and no gas, the bakeries don’t work, so there is not enough bread even in the shops.

NERMEEN SHAIKH: That was Nina Shaverdyan. She also noted there’s a shortage of fuel, further isolating those who are not able to walk or walk long distances.

A recent report by former International Criminal Court prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo found the blockade amounts to a likely genocide of the local Armenian population. Azerbaijan has rejected the accusation.

Tensions have been running high in Nagorno-Karabakh since December of last year, when the blockade started. The crossing has been totally sealed off since mid-June. The population of the disputed region is majority Armenian, but it’s part of Azerbaijan, after Azerbaijani forces regained control of the territory in the 2020 war, leaving the Lachin corridor as the area’s only connector with Armenia.

AMY GOODMAN: Well, for more, we’re joined by two guests. In Boston, Anna Ohanyan, professor of political science and international relations at Stonehill College, is joining us. Her latest book is The Neighborhood Effect: The Imperial Roots of Regional Fracture in Eurasia. And joining us from the capital of Colombia, Bogotá, Luis Moreno Ocampo, Argentine lawyer who served as the first prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. He also was the deputy prosecutor in Argentina’s Trial of the Juntas.

We welcome you both to Democracy Now! Luis Moreno Ocampo, we last had you on with the Oscar-nominated film Argentina, 1985, which was about the Trial of the Junta against the leaders of the Argentine coup, led by Jorge Rafael Videla. Right now you’re talking about Azerbaijan. Can you talk about your findings?

LUIS MORENO OCAMPO: It’s very basic. Some Armenian people asked my expert opinion. I have experience. I prosecuted for genocide President al-Bashir for Darfur genocide. And it’s very simple because the facts are exposed by the International Court of Justice, who said to Azerbaijan they cannot blockade the corridor that provides food and other essentials to the Armenians living in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. So, it’s very basic, as just the facts are there. It’s just like the king is naked.

You know what? The International Court of Justice say Azerbaijan is blocking the essentials for the life of these Armenian people, and that’s exactly, exactly what Article II of the Genocide Convention say. The genocide have different forms to be committed. Killing massive numbers is one, (a), but (c) require not [inaudible]. It’s just creating conditions to destroy the life of the group. And that is what’s happened today in Azerbaijan. That’s why it’s funny. It’s funny because it’s like a shock, but it’s obvious. It’s a genocide today. The question is now not debate genocide; the question is prevent the killings, prevent the death of these people. You present one of the victims. In a few minutes, I will be in a press conference with the people of Nagorno-Karabakh by Zoom. So, they are there, and they are dying.

So, what do we do? And that’s the question. Because I was listening to your show, and when you have a national crime, you have judges and prosecutors. When George Floyd was killed, you had judges and prosecutor. Here, there is no judge or prosecutor for this chosen case, because the International Criminal Court has no juridiction. So, the U.N. Security Council is the only global institutions who can solve the problem.

And the problem there is there are tensions today — that’s obvious — between Russia, U.S. and France. These are the three key actors. If they agreed how to manage the problem, they stop this genocide in one minute. And that’s why it’s interesting. Here, the solution is very, very simple. It’s an agreement between the U.S., France and Russia to stop the genocide. It’s easy. And my last point is, Ukraine is a big conflict, is a big crime, but Armenian victims could not be collateral damage of the Ukrainian conflict, could not be. We should not accept a new Armenian genocide in 2023.

NERMEEN SHAIKH: Could you explain, elaborate on that point, what you mean when you say that the Armenians who are stuck in Nagorno-Karabakh should not be collateral damage of the war in Ukraine? If you could talk about that? And then also say — you say that you based your decision on the — your findings on the decision taken by the International Court of Justice earlier this year. Explain what that decision was. It was legally binding. And what followed that decision? What happened as a result of what the International Court of Justice found?

LUIS MORENO OCAMPO: Starting from the second question, the International Court of Justice, which is a court who deal between states, received a request from Armenia against Azerbaijan based not on Genocide Convention, based on a treaty that forbid — against discrimination. So, the International Criminal Court of Justice is not analyzing genocide. It’s analyzing a different treaty against discrimination.

But in this case, since February — since February, for the last six months — the International Criminal Court of Justice gave a binding order to Azerbaijan to free the blockade of what is called the Lachin corridor, that provided food and the essentials for the life of the Armenians in Azerbaijan. And Azerbaijan is refusing. In fact, it’s sealed off completely, since June. And that was not just ICJ, the International Court of Justice, say. In July 26, the Red Cross say that. Since June, we provide — you cannot move nothing from the Lachin corridor. So, that are the facts. And this is genocide, creating the conditions.

The solution, as I said before, and why the Armenians are collateral victims, because the solution is an agreement between U.S., Russia and France. If they agree that they will stop this, they will do it. Because they cannot agree, they just call for negotiation. Remember the Rwanda time, an ambassador say calling on negotiations in — no, sorry, in Srebrenica, when they talk about the Balkans, talking about negotiation is to asking the Jews in the concentration camps to negotiate with Hitler. That it is.

So, this is a good moment. It’s a time for President Biden to transform and stop a genocide. We’ve got great people in power. President Biden is the first president, U.S. president, who recognized Armenia 1915 was a genocide. Yesterday, the Armenian ambassador in the U.N. Security Council meeting said, “We need not just commemoration. We need prevention.” And we have Secretary of State Blinken, who has a family affected. And we have Samantha Power, who really wrote the most important book on how to prevent genocide. But Samantha Power, in her book, said something very important. She explained how every time a genocide happened, since 1915 through the Jewish genocide, there’s always reason to not be involved, a denial, how many efforts the political leaders are doing to deny the genocide. And that’s why my report was basically saying the king is naked. It’s a genocide. Now, the solution is political. The leaders have to agree to stop the genocide. That’s the chance.

NERMEEN SHAIKH: I’d like to bring in professor Anna Ohanyan, a professor of political science and international relations at Stonehill College. Professor Ohanyan, if you could respond to the ongoing crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh and what you understand occurred at the meeting, Wednesday’s meeting, of the U.N. Security Council yesterday?

ANNA OHANYAN: In addition to the severe humanitarian crisis that the blockade, the siege of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic by Azerbaijan has created, the genocidal violence, essentially, that has created, as described by Mr. Ocampo, it also is taking place in a context of broader use of violence in the region. In 2020, when Azerbaijan, with Turkey’s backing, engaged in an offensive on the Nagorno-Karabakh entity, Azerbaijan was victorious, emerged victorious, recovered the territory surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as parts of Nagorno-Karabakh. The November 9 agreement, as your previous speaker mentioned, created and maintained the Lachin corridor connecting Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia.

What this peace process has been continuing since then by the Western — European Union, United States has been very, very active. This is in parallel with Russia’s continued attempt to remain relevant and provide security with its peacekeeping troops inside Nagorno-Karabakh. But what is transpiring, what the siege, what the blockade, the use of hunger as a weapon is demonstrating is that Baku, essentially — Baku’s strategy is to consolidate the victory it has achieved in the battlefield through the use of nonkinetic, non — tools that are not directly violent, such as the weapon as a hunger, in order to coerce the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict to either relocate — soft ethnic cleansing — or to fully submit to Azerbaijan, which Azerbaijan government refers to as “integration.” The key here, I think Baku’s objective is to not engage, to not provide political accommodation to the entity. And this is an entity that has been a de facto state, has been a self-governing unit since the First Nagorno-Karabakh War ended in 1994, and it was part of — as a result of Stalin’s gerrymandering, this entity was given to Soviet Azerbaijan, but even then, as part of Soviet Azerbaijan, it was an autonomous republic, self-governing. So, the siege, the hunger, is an attempt to eliminate, to not engage with the entity politically.

And in that respect, it’s quite dangerous. Using hunger as a weapon essentially creates the conditions of hybrid war. And as such, it’s very dangerous not just for the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh, but also for other conflict regions in general. Much more recently, that strategy was also used in Ethiopia relative to the Tigray population in its north. So it’s quite troublesome as to what is happening. And it’s devastating also because there is opportunity that Azerbaijan has in moving towards pacifying the region. There are various actors involved. And this historic opportunity, considering that Russia has weakened, creates an opening in moving the region forward. And as such, it is a historic opportunity, because Russia, for almost a century, has been using interethnic cleavages, tensions, to remain relevant. So, geopolitical stakes of a peaceful, principled, dignified resolution of this conflict remain significant.

AMY GOODMAN: Anna Ohanyan, we want to thank you for being with us, professor of political science and international relations at Stonehill College, joining us from Boston, and Luis Moreno Ocampo, Argentine lawyer who served as the first prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. He also was the deputy prosecutor in Argentina’s Trial of the Juntas.

This is Democracy Now! Coming up, The Intercept reports a secret Pakistan cable documents U.S. pressure to remove Imran Khan as prime minister. Stay with us.

‘Situation is untenable and must be resolved without delay,’ Switzerland calls for free passage in Lachin corridor

 00:29,

YEREVAN, AUGUST 16, ARMENPRESS. Switzerland has called for an urgent solution to prevent the humanitarian crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh.

“Switzerland supports a peaceful settlement of the differences between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and commends the efforts made by the parties and several diplomatic players in this respect,” Switzerland’s representative to the UN said at the UN Security Council emergency meeting on the humanitarian crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh resulting from the Azeri blockade of Lachin Corridor.

“We regret the renewed tension over the last few months. In this context, we are deeply concerned by the increasing deterioration of the humanitarian situation following the restrictions on access through the Lachin corridor. Women, men and children are finding themselves in an increasingly difficult position, faced with a shortage of medicines and products essential to their survival. Restrictions on access have a profound impact on the most vulnerable, especially children, the sick, the elderly, people with disabilities and pregnant women. This situation is untenable and must be resolved without delay. It is vital to restore the free passage of civilians and essential goods. We call on the parties to respect the commitments they have taken, notably in the trilateral declaration of November 2020. The International Court of Justice has requested that Azerbaijan take all measures at its disposal to ensure the unimpeded movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin corridor, in both directions. We call for compliance with the Court’s decisions. In addition, the parties must take urgent steps to facilitate safe, rapid and unhindered access for humanitarian actors to civilians in need, as required by international humanitarian law. We join the ICRC in calling on the parties to find a “humanitarian consensus” to ensure that impartial humanitarian aid reaches those who depend on it. The ICRC must be able to resume its humanitarian operations in the region without hindrance. Madam President, We recognize the diplomatic efforts undertaken to achieve a lasting peace between Armenia and Azerbaijan. The pursuit of constructive dialogue and the implementation of agreements on the ground, based on respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as on the protection of minority rights, remain fundamental to building confidence for a long-term solution. We call on the parties to take de-escalation measures and intensify their efforts to normalize relations and reach a peace treaty. Switzerland remains ready to promote these efforts through its good offices, if both parties so wish. As a Council, we must do everything in our power to support efforts,” he added.

Azeri disinformation campaign continues with more false accusations, warns Armenian defense ministry

 10:59,

YEREVAN, AUGUST 17, ARMENPRESS. The Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense continues to disseminate disinformation, the Armenian Ministry of Defense warned Thursday.

Azerbaijan has once again falsely accused Armenia of opening gunfire on the border.

“The Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan disseminated another disinformation. The statement disseminated by the MoD of Azerbaijan that allegedly on August 16, at around 11:25 p.m., the units of the Armenian Armed Forces fired against the Azerbaijani combat outposts located in the eastern part of the border, does not correspond to reality,” reads a statement released by the Armenian Ministry of Defense.

AW: IALA introduces the participants of its 2023 Mentorship Program

This year, the International Armenian Literary Alliance (IALA) celebrates a record number of talented and diverse writers who were selected as mentees for its third annual mentorship program, which will run until August 31. Twenty-one Armenian writers have joined the program from across the world, including from Artsakh, Armenia, Europe and North America, working on novels, short stories, poetry and, for the first year, literary translation. 

IALA’s 2023 mentee cohort includes Sarkis Antonyan, Karine Armen (Kurkjian), John Ohan Danho, Sarah Elgatian, Carolina Gazal, Juliette Hagobian, Pattianna Harootian, Sarah B. Ignatius, Byurakn Ishkhanyan, Alexia Kevonian, Michelle Khazaryan, Rafi Mankassarian, Roza Melkumyan, Vera Mkhsian, Sarah Mnatzaganian, Asbed Pogarian, Rachel Sona Reed, Marina Terteryan, Lilly Torosyan, Lusine Vanyan and Alen Voskanian. 

To help the selected writers hone their craft, 19 inimitable Armenian authors are serving as mentors—some of whom are donating their time for the second or third year in a row. They will read and provide feedback on their mentee’s writing and speak with their mentee virtually throughout the program to discuss the writing life, the mentee’s work and how to navigate the publishing industry. At the end of the program, IALA will host an Emerging Writers Showcase to feature the mentees’ work.

The IALA 2023 mentors include Nancy Agabian, Dr. Nyri A. Bakkalian, Susan Barba, Dr. Tamar Marie Boyadjian, Gregory Djanikian, Arminé Iknadossian, Aris Janigian, Olivia Katrandjian, Arthur Kayzakian, Dr. Hrayr Varaz Khanjian, Lola Koundakjian, Dr. Jennifer Manoukian, Arthur Nersesian, Veronica Pamoukaghlian, Jen Siraganian, Victoria Harwood Butler-Sloss, Dana Walrath, Alene Terzian-Zeitounian and Aida Zilelian.

“Mentors are an invaluable resource to emerging writers, not only in giving feedback on work, but in providing encouragement and guidance in what’s otherwise an often solitary practice. Persistence is vital to a writer’s journey, and we pair our mentees with authors who believe in their power to create, inspiring them to persevere through inevitable periods of self-doubt,” says IALA’s founder and director Olivia Katrandjian. “We hope that bonds between our mentors and mentees will last beyond the length of the program and transform into mutually supportive relationships that will only strengthen our writers and the Armenian literary community.”

Subscribe to IALA’s newsletter and follow their social media outlets for updates about next year’s mentorship program and more.

The Mentees of IALA’s 2023 Mentorship Program

Sarkis Antonyan is a nineteen-year-old poet and multidisciplinary artist from Los Angeles, California. His work appears in Peach Magazine, Olit, Revolute, h-pem, Pollux Journal, The Round and elsewhere. He is a winner of the International Armenian Literary Alliance’s 2021 Young Armenian Poets Awards. A poetry reader at The Adroit Journal, he spends his time admiring the color yellow, brewing peach tea, collecting frog sculptures and knitting. He is dually attending Brown University and the Rhode Island School of Design.

Karine Armen (Kurkjian) is a teacher, photographer, social worker and writer. She was an elementary school teacher in Glendale for 32 years. She has a bachelor’s degree in photography and social work and a master’s degree in Education Administration. She enjoyed teaching creative writing and poetry to her second-graders. Karine has written several articles for the Armenian Reporter, Armenian Weekly and Asbarez. In 2010, Karine translated her mother’s self-help articles from Farsi to English and published them in a book called Inner Heaven

John Ohan Danho is an Armenian-American educator, editor and writer. He holds a master’s in English Literature. When he isn’t serving as an adjunct teacher at community college, John Ohan often spends his time composing poetry and penning his manuscript, a fantasy novel using pre-Christian Armenian mythology as its foundation. He has been the poetry editor for HyeBred Magazine for several years, a now-annual digital publication that has featured some premiere expressions of art, poetry and prose from the Armenian community during its tenure.

Sarah Elgatian is a second-generation Armenian-American writer with a lot of questions. Her work has appeared in Crab Fat, Beholder Magazine and print anthologies including These Interesting Times: Surviving 2020, the Iowa Writers’ House We The Interwoven and Fifth Wheel Press’s Flux. A Marketing and Program Specialist at the Midwest Writing Center, Sarah facilitates the bi-monthly workshop group Writers’ Studio and bi-weekly webseries Write More Light in which she interviews literary figures and gives brief writing lessons. She likes bright colors, dark coffee and long sentences.

Carolina Gazal is a Peruvian-Armenian writer and communications specialist based in Queens, New York. She is currently a writer for the AGBU Magazine where she covers timely topics on Armenian identity and culture. She is also a freelance lifestyle writer at Insider, where she was previously a Freelance Fellow editing articles on food, entertainment and travel. She also covers food stories for newly-founded Armenian publication MIASEEN. She holds a bachelor’s degree in English and communications from Boston College with a concentration in creative writing.

Juliette Hagobian (she/her) is an eighteen-year-old poet and writer from Los Angeles, California. She has been published or is forthcoming in h-pem, Corporeal, Surging Tide and The Howl. She works as a poetry/prose editor for Kalopsia Literary. Juliette is a 2023 poetry mentee of the Adroit Journal’s Summer Mentorship Program. She loves fruit-flavored gum and will challenge you to a game of Just Dance. 

Pattianna Harootian grew up in Reading, Massachusetts, living an idyllic childhood in a big house that was always filled with friends. She lists her parents as her heroes and credits them for influencing her to start a charity that empowers girls and women. She graduated from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and is a high school English teacher in southern California where she lives with her two sons. Her grandmother, an Armenian Genocide survivor, inspired her to write the historical fiction novel, My Grandmother’s Tattoo.

Sarah B. Ignatius is a creative writer and lawyer and served as executive director of the National Association for Armenian Studies and Research until the beginning of 2022. The Devil’s Kaleidoscope, her novel-in-progress, is historical fiction about a twelve-year-old boy Arakel living through the Armenian Genocide who must rely on people he thinks are his enemies to survive. Previously, she worked as a lawyer and executive director in Boston and Seattle, representing asylum-seekers pro bono fleeing from persecution throughout the world. She taught immigration and asylum law at Boston College Law School. She earned her bachelor’s degree from Stanford University in anthropology and juris doctor from Georgetown University Law Center.

Byurakn Ishkhanyan, an Armenian writer based in Copenhagen, Denmark, has published short stories in Armenian literary magazines, some translated into English. Her writing delves into themes of identity and belonging, inspired by her childhood in post-Soviet Armenia and her adult life in Europe. She is an active member of the Aarhus Women Write collective and has performed her work at the LiteratureXchange festival in Aarhus. Currently, she is preparing her debut novel Tote Bag for publication. Byurakn holds a doctorate in psycho- and neurolinguistics.

Alexia Kevonian was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina to parents of Armenian descent. Immigrating to Los Angeles at the age of four, she became a part of the American immigrant experience. Early on, she discovered books by Roald Dahl, as well as the Nancy Drew series, and a love affair with the written word began. In due course, she started to write short stories and essays for herself. Professionally, she pursued clinical psychology, using words to improve the lives of others. In her personal life, she married her best friend, Kevon, and they have three children, Atam, Sophia and Neshan.

Michelle Khazaryan is an Armenian-American writer born and based in Los Angeles. She received her bachelor’s degree in English with a focus on creative writing from the University of Southern California. She writes fiction and poetry focused on the lives of working-class Armenians in East Hollywood, gendered labor and caregiving, and the effects of climate change on her community. She is currently working on a short story collection.

As a lifelong fan of fantasy and science fiction, Rafi Mankassarian was always drawn to the prospect of creating worlds of his own that moved others in the same way that the stories he grew up with moved him. As a third culture kid growing up abroad, coupled with a love of all kinds of storytelling, he was exposed to a different cultural milieu, which he hopes gives him a different perspective for artistic endeavors. He hopes to bring a written voice that incorporates both his traveled nature and his Armenian heritage in imaginative and fantastical settings.

Roza Melkumyan is a U.S.-born journalist, creative nonfiction writer, amateur linguist and avid traveler who splits her time between Yerevan and Washington D.C. She is dedicated to amplifying the voices of those whose stories might otherwise go unheard. She currently works for Freedom House in human rights and democracy and previously worked as communications manager at the nonprofit ONEArmenia. She writes for various publications including EVN Report and FF2 Media on arts, culture and technology and runs a personal Substack blog. She earned her bachelor’s degree from New York University in 2018.

Vera Mkhsian is an 18-year-old college freshman pursuing a career in writing and teaching. She was born in Los Angeles and graduated from Rose and Alex Pilibos Armenian school. She is a counselor at the AYF summer camp, teaching kids about Armenian culture, her ancestors’ amazing accomplishments and how she can continue their legacy. She likes to hike, take pictures and write poetry.

Sarah Mnatzaganian is an Anglo-Armenian poet based in Ely, U.K. Her debut collection, Lemonade in the Armenian Quarter, won the 2022 Saboteur Award. Her poems have also been featured in PN Review, The Rialto, Poetry Wales, The North, Magma, Poetry News, Poetry Ireland Review, The Frogmore Papers, Poetry Salzburg Review, Alchemy Spoon and Pennine Platform. Sarah was highly commended in the 2019 and 2023 Mslexia Pamphlet competitions and was awarded first prize in the Spelt Poetry Competition 2021. Sarah has read for the King’s Lynn Poetry Festival, Poetry in Aldeburgh and for the online Cheltenham Poetry Festival and Live Canon. 

Asbed Pogarian was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. After graduating from Armenian elementary school, he pursued his education at Melkonian Educational Institute in Cyprus and then at Swarthmore College in Philadelphia, earning a degree in engineering. Upon settling in Los Angeles, he embarked on a career as a utility consultant. In addition to his professional career, he also pursued writing, producing three screenplays and a novel. Asbed is married and splits his time between Los Angeles and the village of Gosh in Armenia. Alongside his wife, he is actively involved in revitalizing the village, contributing to its development and growth.

Rachel Sona Reed is an anthropologist-turned-nonprofit consultant from southern California clinging tenuously to her Armenian heritage through food, family and fiction. She has written novels since 1994, but has yet to finish one. Rachel’s essays, micro-fiction, book reviews and mediocre poetry have appeared in Anthropology & Aging, The Literary Review, Rose City Sisters, Language in Society, Angels Flight: Literary West and Contemporary Contempt, where her reflection on Armenian-American identity remains her most widely read piece.

Marina Terteryan is a California-based Armenian immigrant who is an innovation executive and educator by day, and a writer and community leader by…later that day. At night, she dreams of her homeland. She uses creative nonfiction to inspire love, hope, empathy and healing for communities who live at the intersection of identities. Her first self-published book is titled Sh!t My Armenian Grandma Says. It is a collection of short stories and the witty, profound and loving thoughts of a quirky and kind Armenian grandma, exploring themes of intergenerational friendship, immigrant culture and aging with dignity.

Lilly Torosyan is a freelance writer based in Connecticut. Her writing focuses on the confluence of identity, diaspora and language – especially within the global Armenian communities. She has a master’s degree in human rights from University College London and a bachelor’s degree in International Relations from Boston University. Her articles have appeared in publications such as the Armenian Weekly, h-pem and EVN Report. She is currently working on her inaugural poetry collection. 

Lusine Vanyan writes stories about unique, war-torn Artsakh and its local charm and struggle, where she was born and raised. She absorbs the stories during cozy family talks, university classes, socio-cultural events or while eavesdropping on the road. The stories reveal the dedication, courage and purity of heart in isolated and forsaken Artsakh, which, if overlooked, will descend into oblivion. Lusine started writing as a scholar and translator, having worked as a tourist guide, an English teacher and a curator in the lore museum.

Alen Voskanian is a practicing physician, author and the Chief Operating Officer at Cedars-Sinai Medical Network. He is board-certified in Family Medicine as well as Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Alen is passionate about improving healthcare for all. Alen earned his bachelor’s degree from UC Berkeley and his medical degree from UC Irvine Medical School. He completed his residency at UCLA, followed by a fellowship in HIV. He earned his master’s in Business of Medicine from Indiana University’s Kelley School of Business.

The Mentors of IALA’s 2023 Mentorship Program

Nancy Agabian is a writer, teacher and literary organizer who works in the intersections of queer, feminist and Armenian identity. She is the author of The Fear of Large and Small Nations, a finalist for the PEN/Bellwether Prize for Socially Engaged Fiction, published by Nauset Press in May 2023. Her previous books include Princess Freak, a collection of poetry and performance art texts, and Me as her again: True Stories of an Armenian Daughter, a memoir honored as a Lambda Literary Award finalist for LGBT Nonfiction and shortlisted for a William Saroyan International Prize. In 2021 she was awarded Lambda Literary Foundation’s Jeanne Cordova Prize for Lesbian/Queer Nonfiction.

Dr. Nyri A. Bakkalian is an author, journalist, historian and accomplished raconteur, a Beirut-raised Sendai Armenian by way of Philadelphia and New York, based in Pittsburgh. She hosts the podcast Friday Night History and co-hosts the podcast Cleyera: Conversations on Shinto. She is a staff writer for Unseen Japan, and the author of the novels Grey Dawn: A Tale of Abolition and Union (Balance of Seven Press, 2020) and Confluence: A Person-Shaped Story (Balance of Seven Press, 2022). 

Susan Barba is the author of Fair Sun, which was awarded the Anahid Literary Prize and the Minas & Kohar Tölölyan Prize, and geode, a finalist for the New England Book Awards and the Massachusetts Book Awards. She is the co-editor, with Victoria Rowe, of I Want to Live: Poems of Shushanik Kurghinian, and the editor of American Wildflowers: A Literary Field Guide, which won the 2023 American Horticultural Society Book Award. Her poems have appeared in The New York Times Magazine, The New York Review of Books, Poetry, The New Republic and elsewhere. She works as a senior editor for New York Review Books.

Dr. Tamar Marie Boyadjian (she/her) is a poet and translator and teaches courses on medieval literature, poetry and translation. She thinks of herself as a sound-shaper and a wandering ašuł. Her work explores themes around movement, subjectivity, symbols and transmission—drawing from the threats imposed on endangered languages such as her native tongue Western Armenian. She has authored ինչ որ է ան է it is what it is, the vineyard of mirrors on Armenian and Afrofuturism, Ինքնակենսագրականութիւն Autobioliterature (forthcoming). She is also the editor of two out of the three extant anthologies of translation of contemporary Armenian literature into English: makukachu, and unscripted: An Armenian Palimpsest [Absinthe: World Literature in Translation].

Gregory Djanikian’s latest collection of poetry is Sojourners of the In-Between (Carnegie Mellon University Press). His poems have appeared in such places as The American Poetry Review, Boulevard, New Ohio Review, Poetry, TriQuarterly as well as in numerous anthologies including Best American Poetry, Good Poems, American Places (Viking), Becoming Americas: Four Centuries of Immigrant Writing (Library of America), Poem in Your Pocket (The Academy of American Poets), Language for a New Century (Norton) and 180 More: Extraordinary Poems for Every Day (Random House), among others. Director of creative writing at the University of Pennsylvania for many years, he retired in 2015.

Born in Beirut, Lebanon, Arminé Iknadossian’s family fled to California when she was four years old to escape the civil war. After graduating from UCLA, Iknadossian earned a master of fine arts degree in creative writing at Antioch University. The author of All That Wasted Fruit (Main Street Rag Press), Iknadossian’s work is included in XLA Anthology, Ruminate, Five South, Whale Road Review, Southern Florida Poetry Journal, MacQueen’s Quarterly and The American Journal of Poetry. She recently received a Professional Artists Grant from the Arts Council of Long Beach. Armine is on the Advisory Board of IALA and is also one of the Tlaquilx poets for Project 1521.

Aris Janigian is the author of five critically-acclaimed novels–Bloodvine (2003), Riverbig (2009), This Angelic Land (2012), Waiting for Lipchitz at Chateau Marmont (2016), WAITING FOR SOPHIA at Shutters on the Beach (2019)–and co-author, along with April Greiman, of Something from Nothing (2001), a book on the philosophy of graphic design. Holding a doctorate in psychology, Janigian was senior professor of humanities at Southern California Institute of Architecture, and a contributing writer to West, the Los Angeles Times Sunday magazine. He was a finalist for Stanford University’s William Saroyan Fiction Prize and the recipient of the Anahid Literary Award from Columbia University.

Olivia Katrandjian is an Armenian-American based in Luxembourg whose writing has appeared in the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, the BBC, PBS, ABC and Ms.. Her first novel was awarded second place in Luxembourg’s National Literary Prize. Her short fiction has been nominated for the PEN/Robert J. Dau Short Story Prize and listed for the Oxford Review of Books Competition, Bristol and Cambridge Short Story Prizes and Oxford-BNU Award. A Creative Armenia-AGBU fellow, Olivia founded the International Armenian Literary Alliance. She holds a master’s degree in creative writing from Oxford University.

Arthur Kayzakian is the winner of the 2021 inaugural Black Lawrence Immigrant Writing Series for his collection, The Book of Redacted Paintings, which was also selected as a finalist for the 2021 Philip Levine Prize for Poetry. He is the recipient of the 2023 creative writing fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts. He serves as the Poetry Chair for IALA. His work has appeared in several publications, including The Adroit Journal, Portland Review, Chicago Review, Cincinnati Review, The Southern Review, Michigan Quarterly Review and Witness Magazine.

Dr. Hrayr Varaz Khanjian is a queer Western Armenian-ist, Yelamu-based (S.F.) twitter-poet, translator, linguist, flower photographer, empath, seks worker, emoji-er, dancemonger, a kweer community flagbearer. He’s a white non-disabled gay cis-male who writes with spelling freedoms and welcomes odar-words (non-Armenian words) putting aside amot (shame). Hrayr‘s first self-published bilingual poem pair collection #jivjiv #twitterpoem is now in its second printing, with a second volume out at the end of the year. He’s also translated and collaborated on language projects with the Armenian Creatives. Hrayr reads his jivjivs frequently in SF, LA and NY.

Lola Koundakjian has four collections: The Accidental ObserverAdvice to a Poet (finalist – Orange Book Prize in Armenia); The Moon in the Cusp of my Hand and a chapbook of Armenian poems. Lola has organized readings for The Dead Armenian Poets Society and runs the Armenian Poetry Project. She was a member of the Editorial Board of Ararat, a literary quarterly, from 1995 to 2007 and since 2020 serves on IALA’s board. Lola has read her work at international poetry festivals in Medellín, Trois-Rivières, Ramallah, Lima, Buenos Aires and Santiago.

Jennifer Manoukian is a UC President’s Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of California, Irvine. She earned her doctorate in 2023 from the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at UCLA. Her research focuses on Ottoman Armenian language practices and ideologies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. She is also a translator from Western Armenian and presently at work on an English translation of Yervant Odian’s memoir 12 Years Away from Constantinople, an entertaining account of the writer’s exploits and escapades across Europe and Egypt between 1896 and 1908.  

Arthur Nersesian is the author of eight novels, including Chinese Takeout (HarperCollins), Manhattan Loverboy (Akashic), Suicide Casanova (Akashic), dogrun (MTV Books/Simon & Schuster), and Unlubricated (HarperCollins). He is also the author of East Village Tetralogy, a collection of four plays. Nersesian was the managing editor of the literary magazine “The Portable Lower East Side” and was an English teacher at Hostos Community College (C.U.N.Y.) in the South Bronx. He was born and raised in New York City and currently lives there. 

Writer, producer, filmmaker and editor Veronica Pamoukaghlian has produced more than 10 films, including two feature documentaries, and translated and edited more than 30 books, including Cambridge University Press publications and New York Times bestsellers. She is currently working on a novel and shooting a film in France about actress Solveig Dommartin. She is a Centre Pompadour and New York Film Academy alumna and a recipient of scholarships from Sundance Film Institute, Ibermedia, the Inter American Dev. Bank and Bankboston Foundation.

Los Gatos Poet Laureate Jen Siraganian is a writer, educator and literary organizer. She has served as managing eirector for Litquake: San Francisco’s Literary Festival, been nominated for a Ruth Lilly Fellowship and a Pushcart Prize, earned scholarships from Community of Writers and Napa Valley Writers’ Conference, has been featured in San Francisco Chronicle, The Mercury News and NPR’s KALW, and authored a chapbook titled “Fracture.” Her writing has appeared in Best New Poets, Cream City Review, Mid-American Review, Smartish Pace, Barrow Street, Southwest Review and other journals and anthologies.

Victoria Harwood Butler-Sloss is an Anglo-Armenian from Cyprus. She moved to London at 18, trained at Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and began her career as a dancer then actress. She moved to Hollywood with her husband, producer William Butler-Sloss (1967-2018) and sons, Arum and Roibhilin, where she continues to work in voiceovers. In 2014, her diary about the 1974 war in Cyprus was exhibited and turned into a documentary Cyprus Summer 1974. Her book The Seamstress of Ourfa (2018) is the first in a trilogy beginning in the Ottoman Empire 1895 and following four generations of women.

Dana Walrath’s award-winning works include Aliceheimer’s, a graphic memoir about her mother’s dementia journey, Like Water on Stone, a verse novel about the Armenian Genocide, and The Book of Genocides, an interactive art installation that uses artists books to counter dehumanization. Her comics, poetry and essays have appeared in The Lancet, Irish Times, Slate, Foreign Policy and on Public Radio. She has shared her work on the healing power of story throughout North America and Eurasia including two TEDx talks. A Fulbright Scholar and Atlantic Fellow, other recent projects include the libretto for the Aliceheimer’s chamber opera, the picture book I Am a Bird, and a contribution to the anthology Menopause: A Comic Treatment, a double Eisner Award winner and New York Times Best Graphic Novel of 2020.

Alene Terzian-Zeitounian holds a master of fine arts degree in creative writing with an emphasis in poetry. In 2019, she completed her doctorate in education from Arizona State University in the Leadership and Innovation Program. She currently teaches creative writing and serves as the Humanities Department Chair at College of the Canyons (COC). She is also the faculty advisor of COC’s award-winning literary magazine, cul-de-sac. In addition to her work in academia, Alene is the chief advisor and senior facilitator at Culturally Intelligent Training and Consulting. Her first book, Deep as City’s Ache, explores the Lebanese civil conflict both environmentally and psychologically. Her poems have appeared in The Colorado Review, Mizna, Cordite, Levitate, Media Cake, Duende and Rise Up Review, to name a few.

Aida Zilelian is a first-generation American-Armenian writer, educator and storyteller from Queens, New York. She is the author of The Legacy of Lost Things and recipient of the 2014 Tololyan Literary Award. Aida has been featured on NPR, The Huffington Post, Kirkus Reviews, Poets & Writers and various reading series throughout Queens and Manhattan. Her short story collection These Hills Were Meant for You was shortlisted for the 2018 Katherine Anne Porter Award. Aida’s most recent novel, All the Ways We Lied, is forthcoming in January 2024 (Keylight Books). She is currently working on completing her short story collection, Where There Can Be No Breath At All.




Remarks by Ambassador Linda Thomas-Greenfield at a UN Security Council Briefing on Armenia and Azerbaijan

United States Mission to the United Nations
Aug 16 2023
Home 

Ambassador Linda Thomas-Greenfield
U.S. Representative to the United Nations
New York, New York

AS DELIVERED

Let me start by thanking you, Director Wosornu, for being here with us this afternoon.

Colleagues, the United States is concerned about the humanitarian situation in Nagorno-Karabakh. And we are deeply troubled by the closure of the Lachin Corridor, which has cut off access to essential goods and exacerbated the humanitarian situation. Access to food, medicine, baby formula, and energy should never be held hostage.

We urge the government of Azerbaijan to restore free movement through the corridor – so commercial, humanitarian, and private vehicles can reach the population of Nagorno-Karabakh.

We also note the possibility of compromise on additional routes for humanitarian supplies. And understand that, since last December, the ICRC has facilitated medical transfers for more than 700 people in need of medical care thanks to a critical lifeline for medically vulnerable individuals through the Lachin Corridor. Neutral, impartial, humane, and independent humanitarian access and assistance – including medical transfers – must not be hindered. Full stop.

Colleagues, I want to stress the need for the parties to continue talks aimed at a lasting, peaceful resolution to the conflict – and the normalization of relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan. These peace discussions require all parties to exercise creativity, flexibility, and compromise. And let me be clear: peace in the region must include protections for the rights and security of individuals in Nagorno-Karabakh.

The United States urges restraint and the immediate cessation of any activities that undermine the peace process. And we call on all sides to fully meet their obligations under international humanitarian law. The international community must continue to engage diplomatically to facilitate dialogue and a durable, dignified peace.

Negotiations are vital to a lasting peace. And we support any format that allows Armenia and Azerbaijan to continue dialogue toward a peaceful resolution to the conflict. We encourage all parties to engage in direct talks, including between officials in Baku and representatives of the population of Nagorno-Karabakh.

The United States is committed to promoting a peaceful, democratic, and prosperous future for the South Caucasus region. And we will continue to engage bilaterally and multilaterally with all partners to help build this brighter future.

Thank you.

https://usun.usmission.gov/remarks-by-ambassador-linda-thomas-greenfield-at-a-un-security-council-briefing-on-armenia-and-azerbaijan/

Armenia-Azerbaijan: Crucial to have ‘unimpeded passage’ of aid through Lachin Corridor, Security Council hears

Aug 17 2023
There must be “rapid and unimpeded passage of humanitarian relief for all civilians in need” via the Lachin Corridor, the UN Security Council heard on Wednesday. Delivering a briefing on the latest situation there, the Director of Operations and Advocacy for humanitarian affairs coordination office, OCHA, made clear that the UN was unable to independently verify information on the movement of people and goods along the corridor “or on the well-being of civilians in the areas where Russian peacekeepers have been deployed.” Edem Wosornu said that OCHA was aware of ongoing reports of food and medicine shortages, and disruption to energy supplies which are needed to keep critical services such as health and water facilities operational. ## **Aid blocked** According to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which is the only international humanitarian organisation with access to the region in the South Caucasus, it has not been possible to transport humanitarian assistance through the corridor “or any other route”, for several weeks, the OCHA official said. Conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the region has persisted for more than three decades, but a ceasefire was agreed following around six weeks of fighting, by the President of Azerbaijan and Prime Minister of Armenia, and Russia’s President, in November 2020, leading to the deployment of several thousand Russian peacekeepers. Ms. Wosornu said that although medical evacuations were continuing, the ICRC had not been able to bring any medical items into the area since 7 July, with food deliveries stopping on 14 June. “International Humanitarian Law is very clear: parties must allow and facilitate the rapid and unimpeded passage of humanitarian relief for all civilians in need”, she told ambassadors. ## **Freedom of movement** “They must ensure that humanitarian relief personnel have the freedom of movement required for their functions. What matters is that passage is as rapid as possible under the circumstances.” She said the ICRC was doing all it could, but “as a single organisation it can only cover the most urgent needs”, calling for other “impartial humanitarian relief” to be allowed into the region by the parties. She added that a “sustainable solution for safe and regular transit of people and goods must be found.” ## **’Intensify efforts’ towards normalization** Ms. Wosornu referenced the deep concern over freedom of movement along the corridor expressed by UN Secretary-General António Guterres in a statement on 2 August this year, where he recalled the need for Orders from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding unimpeded movement “in both directions”, to be implemented. In that statement, Mr. Guterres urged “both parties to intensify efforts towards the long-term normalization of relations for the benefit of peace and security in the region.”

Perspectives: Pakistan and India wage proxy struggle in Nagorno-Karabakh

EurasiaNet.org
Aug 17 2023
Svenja Petersen Aug 17, 2023

The India-Pakistan rivalry is most closely associated with the simmering conflict in Kashmir. Less known is the two countries’ deepening involvement in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

Karabakh is emerging as an extension of the Kashmir conflict for the South Asian rivals, with both now supplying arms to the principal combatants – Armenia and Azerbaijan. While Pakistan has been siding with Azerbaijan since the outbreak of the First Karabakh War in the early 1990s, India entered the picture as an arms purveyor to Armenia only after Yerevan’s crushing defeat in the Second Karabakh War in 2020. 

Pakistani support for Azerbaijan is intertwined with Islamabad’s close strategic relationship with Turkey, Baku’s primary patron. The Pakistani government was second after Turkey in recognizing Azerbaijan’s independence following the Soviet collapse in 1991, and Islamabad has never acknowledged Armenia’s independence. The Pakistani and Azerbaijani militaries have reportedly been conducting joint exercises since 2016 and maintain extensive strategic security contacts. Although officially unconfirmed, Pakistani military advisers reportedlyparticipated in the Second Karabakh War, providing tactical advice on operations in Karabakh’s highlands. Some observers believe Islamabad may sell Pakistani- and Chinese-designed JF-17 fighter jets to Azerbaijan. 

India’s support for Armenia shifted into high gear in the fall of 2022 with the provision of $245 million worth of Indian artillery systems, anti-tank rockets and ammunition. In May, Yerevan announced it was adding a military attaché to its embassy in New Delhi, tasked with deepening bilateral military cooperation. 

Increased Indian support may prove crucial for Armenia as it strives to counter Azerbaijan’s strategic pressure in Karabakh. Yerevan’s traditional strategic partner, Russia, is bogged down by its disastrous invasion of Ukraine, and now appears to lack the resources and the will to play a major role in fostering a durable Karabakh settlement. The hope in Yerevan is that Indian assistance can help Armenia offset the support that Azerbaijan receives from Turkey, Pakistan and Israel.

Pakistan’s involvement in the Karabakh conflict is helping cement an Ankara-Baku-Islamabad alliance, informally dubbed the “Three Brothers.” The three states are all nominally democracies that have drifted to varying degrees from a pluralistic path, and which likewise have predominantly Muslim populations. The fact that all three are engaged in territorial/ethnic conflicts also acts as a binding agent, encouraging them to assist each other strategically and diplomatically. Reports circulated in early August that Pakistan may soon join Azerbaijan as a partner in a Turkish-led effort to develop a new-generation stealth fighter, dubbed Kaan. 

India’s decision to get involved in the Karabakh conflict is driven by two factors – one strategic, the other economic; the country’s own complicated history with Islam also plays a role. Azerbaijan’s victory in 2020 set off alarms in New Delhi by upending what New Delhi perceived to be a geostrategic balance in the Caucasus. Wary of rising Turkish-Muslim influence there, Indian leaders felt they had to step up cooperation with Armenia, which they hope can once again act as a countervailing regional force. This tendency to side with a non-Muslim party of a local conflict is also seen in India’s support for Israel, Serbia and Myanmar.

The overriding concern in New Delhi is that if Azerbaijan achieves its strategic goals in Karabakh, the Ankara-Baku-Islamabad grouping may concentrate its energies on Kashmir. Indian support for Armenia, then, can be interpreted as a forward-defense tactic to keep Pakistan in check in Kashmir. India’s involvement in Karabakh is also encouraging closer ties between New Delhi and Iran, which likewise has strong relations with Armenia rooted in a desire to diminish Turkish and Azerbaijani influence in the Caspian Basin. 

India also sees Armenia as a potential economic opportunity. New Delhi hopes it can profit from being an arms supplier, filling a gap left by Russia’s strategic downsizing in the Caucasus. New Delhi’s ambitions, however, are complicated by the fact India itself is a heavy importer of Russian arms: roughly three-quarters of its military equipment comes from Russia. And Moscow is becoming increasingly hard-pressed to fulfill export orders, as it struggles to replace battlefield losses in Ukraine. The Indian arms industry will thus be challenged to meet the country’s own growing needs while supplying Armenia too.

On the ground, India is quickly finding itself drawn into the Karabakh conflict’s propaganda dimension. In late June, an Azerbaijani news outlet published a report claiming that Indians were being recruited to fight as mercenaries in Karabakh. A commentary published July 5 by the Indian newspaper The Statesman described the Azerbaijani report as a “cock-and-bull story” cooked up by Pakistan’s ISI intelligence agency.

While it’s too early to say how growing Pakistani and Indian involvement will shape further developments in Karabakh, the new geopolitical configuration is indicative of the declining influence of traditional power brokers, such as the OSCE, NATO and CSTO. India and Pakistan are proving in Karabakh that geopolitics is moving in a multi-polar direction.

Svenja Petersen is a Berlin-based political economist and researcher focusing on the former Soviet Union.