Author: Boshkezenian Garik

TWO COMPANIES BID FOR ARMENIAN RAILWAYS

ARMENPRESS
Oct 9, 2007

YEREVAN, OCTOBER 9, ARMENPRESS: Transport and communication minister
Andranik Manukian said today a tender for concessional management of
the Armenian Railways will be announced on October 15.

Manukian said two companies, one from Russia and the other from India,
have shown interest in the Armenian Railways. They have asked for
tender packages and sent all required documents.

Manukian said the winning company will be announced on December 15 and
the subsequent talks are expected to be over by January 15 next year.

The winner of the tender will have to transfer $10 million as
concessional payment and pay 2 percent of its incomes to the
government The railway tariffs will be set by the Pubic Services
Regulatory Commission.

Manukian said the Railway will remain under the government’s ownership.

"In a couple of years Armenian Railways will lose its carriages and
locomotives as they are in their last days. Armenia does not have
extra $170 million to repair the railroads and buy new carriages and
this is the main reason that prompts us to hand it to confessional
management,’ Manukian said.

CE COMMISSIONER IN ARMENIA TO ASSESS HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION
By Karine Kalantarian

Radio Liberty, Czech Rep.
Oct 9 2007

Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights Thomas Hammarberg,
who has been on a five-day visit to Armenia since Sunday, says his
fact-finding mission is focused on a broad spectrum of issues related
to human rights in the country and is a routine practice for all
Council of Europe member states.

Hammarberg said his main meetings would be held in Armenia’s capital
Yerevan and second largest city Gyumri. He also announced that he
would submit the summary report on the human rights situation in
Armenia to the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers no later than
in three months.

But before that he promised to "summarize his impressions" at a press
briefing just before leaving Armenia.

Hammarberg avoided voicing any opinions yet pertaining to the human
rights situation in Armenia, but said the mission would focus on the
country’s judicial system and corruption risks in it, as well as a
broad scope of issues related to free speech, trafficking, the rights
of vulnerable social and economic groups, and others.

"Of course, we have gone through all the reports from others, but I
would like to see myself and have discussions myself for pronouncing
any clear opinion," Hammarberg told RFE/RL before leaving for Gyumri
on Tuesday.

Apart from gathering information about human rights issues in the
country the mission is also due to review the country’s progress in
solving issues highlighted in the previous reports.

According to the commissioner, the Armenian authorities will be
offered to draw a plan of action to follow the guidelines presented
in the report to redress the existing shortcomings.

The Council of Europe Human Rights Commissioner is due to pay another
visit to Armenia in three months’ time for additional discussions
around these issues.

The Armenian Weekly On-Line
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The Armenian Weekly; Volume 73, No. 39; Sept. 29, 2007

Literature and Art:

1. A Playbook for Morality
‘Extraordinary Evil: A Short Walk to Genocide’ Lays the Anatomy of Genocide
and the Battle Plan for Combating it
By Andy Turpin

WATERTOWN, Mass. (A.W.)-If every buck private, UN peacekeeper and armchair
general were to read Barbara Coloroso’s logistical history of the genocide
process in Extraordinary Evil: A Short Walk to Genocide [Nation Books, 2007]
they would have an invaluable tool and manual to combat the process from
resurfacing at such short intervals in recent history.

Coloroso brings home the nuts and bolts of the origins of genocide, and some
of the best hard facts and recent scholarship on the Armenian, Rwandan,
Jewish and Roma (Gypsy) genocides in a way that is understandable to the
masses.

Seldom do you find a book on comparative genocide that you could thrust into
the hands of an uneducated 18-year-old being shipped off to Iraq, or to a
grad student in Harvard Square, and say to them both: "If you read this, you’ll
have no excuse to say you don’t know about genocide and what it means to
cross the line in combat."

Coloroso is a speaker and educator on bullying, as detailed in her most well
known book, The Bully, the Bullied and the Bystander. After a speaking visit
to Rwanda in the years following the genocide there, she began researching
how genocide is the same as bullying, yet on a grandiose and heinous scale.
"Conflict, when not resolved nonviolently, can escalate to armed conflict
and to all-out war. Conflict does not escalate to genocide," she writes in
Evil.

Coloroso covers much-treaded territory when explaining the Armenian
genocide, though still manages to throw in some facts that intrigue the
reader. "The first president of the American Red Cross, Clara Barton,
mobilized sophisticated relief teams to the Armenian provinces of the
Ottoman Empire," she writes-an amazing fact considering that during the
genocide, Barton was well on in her antebellum pre-Medicaid years to
energize such efforts, though she clearly believed in the cause.

Akin in chapters to Hannah Arendt’s seminal work Eichmann in Jerusalem,
Coloroso cites both the banality of evil and banality of good when she
writes about the record number of Jews saved by the Danish citizenry during
the Holocaust: "Just as there is ordinariness about those who commit
extraordinary evil, there is an ordinariness of those who commit
extraordinary goodness. By studying the words and actions of those who not
only did not succumb, but railed against it, we can begin to see a way out
of the morass of contempt."

"The more one does good, the easier it becomes to do more good. The more one
acts cruelly, the easier it becomes to be cruel again," she adds.

Coloroso writes of the ineffective UN mandate to prevent the genocide in
Rwanda, and of how presence of such bureaucracy hindered the work done by
the peacekeepers. She notes the harm of imposing conflict-resolution models
on genocide, and how such behavior never serves those being killed.

Instead, she defines the six criteria for involvement as: "the pre-existence
of a ceasefire; a commitment to a peace process between the parties in
conflict; co-involvement of regional or sub regional organizations; the
formulation of a precise mandate; the existence of a clear political goal;
and the reasonable assurance of the safety of UN personnel."

"All of these criteria make sense if dealing with warring parties willing to
come to the peace table; none of these make any sense in the face of
genocide," she writes.

Coloroso ends her work with an example of biblical language-without being
preachy-in order to cite the modes of facing and combating genocidal
behavior: "Hope for humanity is bound up in a relationship of caring. This
relationship is premised on what philosopher Martin Buber called ‘meeting
one another as an I and a Thou.’ To see another as a ‘Thou’ is to honor our
uniqueness and our individuality, and at the same time to recognize our
common bond, our solidarity and interdependence."

Don’t be surprised if you can’t find a copy of Evil at a bookseller near
you. Though the true merit of a book isn’t how fast it flies off the shelves
by some people, rather how many important people would have it fade away.

FIRST BUDGET OF THE SECOND PHASE OF ECONOMIC REFORMS
Harutyun Gevorgyan

Hayots Ashkharh Daily, Armenia
Oct 5 2007

Interview with Head of the Committee on Financial-Credit and Budgetary
Affairs Gagik Minasyan

" For a long period of time our economy has been recoding an
unprecedented growth, due to which we provide a dynamically developed
state budget. We have recorded an unprecedented high rate also due
to tax-GDP ratio. And I must mention that during the coming years
this growth will not only be continuous but also rapid.

All this is the verification of the fact that our economy and business
atmosphere is improving. In the sum of taxes, the sector of direct
taxes grows more swiftly than the general volume of the tax income. The
tempo of tax income growth exceeds the tempo of GDP growth. During
the coming years we are going to face two principal challenges.

Firstly we must reduce the volumes of shadow economy. We have always
struggled against shadow, but we intend to progress in our achievements
in this sphere.

The next not less important issue is to create equal competitive
conditions. Thus we will get rid of oligarchy, which will promote
the development of economy and will shift market relations to a new
qualitative plane.

The draft budget of the coming year has recorded certain mechanisms
and formulae for the settlement of these problems. It particularly
envisages bringing tax-GDP ratio to 16,2%, which is an unprecedented
index for Armenia. It is impossible to achieve such results without
a principled, serious, and effective struggle against shadow.

"Do you think the reproach of the opposition activists saying that
you could have started this struggle against shadow and corruption
long ago, is justified?"

" If we evaluate our opportunities from the height of our economic,
legislative, social and cultural achievements, with a retrospective
glance, it seems that we could have started to struggle against all
the defective phenomena earlier and more effectively. But those who
observe the issue from that point of view they forget that, years
ago we lacked this civil society, legislative field, this knowledge
and opportunities and why not this Mass Media level."

"Recently Prime Minister Serge Sargsyan announced that the punitive
measures for economic violations and abuses would be criminal and
maximum strict. Does this suggest beneficial preconditions for the
entrepreneurs to come out of the shadow?"

"The reforms of the second generation are the pre-conditions that
are in the stage of implementation. Legislative activity, in this
respect, is of great importance. The thing is there are loopholes
in the law as well. And many dishonest entrepreneurs and officials
make use of these loopholes. I don’t think any entrepreneur can work
in shadow without cooperation with a state official. In this respect
the struggle against shadow and corruption must be multi-plan.

Law is one of them and we have already made certain amendments and
supplementations that demolish the opportunities of similar criminal
cooperation. Particularly the law on "Simplified Tax" was aimed
at the development of small and medium enterprises. But after some
period of time negative aspects of this law were also manifested and
those working by this law managed to evade taxes more easily. Thus
the framework of the "Simplified Tax" was limited."

" Mr. Minasyan, can the weighty surplus of budget lead to undesirable
social consequences?"

"The expenditure of 2008 state budget will make up 820 billion 800
million drams. For a comparison I must underscore that the budget of
the current year makes up 583 billion 700 drams. It is a consequence
of shadow reduction and increase of tax debit. Thus we will mainly
solve social problems.

Hence we can state that the surplus of the budget will definitely
have consequences but they will be desirable and positive. It is
a false statement to say that after shifting to the taxation field
the entrepreneurs will increase the prices. Competition is one of
the positive manifestations of market economy, which lacks negative
consequences. The opposite statement is only a political speculation
and is very far from the logic of economy.

During the previous years the social allowances, pension and salary
have increased, which will continue during the coming years and with
high paces and effectiveness. In parallel with the reduction of shadow,
market economy will have new qualitative manifestations.

And I would like our society to call the budget of the coming year
"The First Budget of the Second Phase of Economic Reforms."

DPA LEADER: IT IS HURTFUL TO THINK THAT ARMENIAN PEOPLE HAVE FORGOTTEN THEIR YESTERDAY OR THEY CHOOSE THE LEAST OF TWO EVILS

ArmInfo News Agency, Armenia
Oct 5 2007

ArmInfo. Leader of the Democratic party of Armenia Aram Sargsyan
considers the recent meeting of ex-President of Armenia Levon
Ter-Petrosyan with representatives of ARF "Dashnaktsutyun" strange,
he expressed his opinion at today’s press-conference in "Tesaket" club.

"The situation is strange enough and unexpected for me. No one knows
what they discussed during a 40-minute meeting", DPA leader said
and added that in view of absence of specific information, different
assumptions can be made. A. Sargsyan hypothecate that it is profitable
for ARFD not to remember "the problems of the past years", while it is
profitable for ex-President Levon Ter-Petrosyan "to forget" his own
deeds (with respect to this party- ed.). Asked about possibility of
creation of an election bloc between ARFD and the Armenian National
Movement party, A. Sargsyan replied: "I rule out nothing".

As for possibility of L. Ter-Petrosyan’s participation in the
forthcoming presidential election, A. Sargsyan recalled that the
"issue of nomination of the ex-president’s candidacy is still unclear
despite the attempts of Ter-Petrosyan’s relationship to reanimate
him as a political figure". "My attitude to his personality and his
organization is well-known. The people elected him, indeed, in 1991,
and this is a fact. However, if he enters the political arena today,
he can receive the voices only. The people’s attitude towards him is
also well-known. It is hurtfully to think that the Armenian people
have forgotten their yesterday or they choose the least of two evils",
Aram Sargsyan said.

RA PARLIAMENT RATIFIED ARMENIAN-IRANIAN INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT ON COOPERATION FOR CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS ON ARAKS RIVER

ArmInfo Agency, Armenia
Oct 4 2007

ArmInfo. Today, RA Parliament ratified an Armenian-Iranian
intergovernmental agreement on cooperation for construction and
operation of hydropower plants on Araks river.

As RA deputy Energy Minister Ara Simonyan told parliamentarians,
the agreement has been signed on March 19, 2007, in Meghri within the
frames of the meeting of the Armenian and Iranian Presidents Robert
Kocharyan and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in Meghri. On behalf of Armenia’s
government, the document was signed by RA Energy minister Armen
Movsisyan. The document is aimed at efficient use of the hydroenergy
potential of Araks river. In particular, it is scheduled to build two
hydropower plants on the boundary territories of Armenia and Iran
(one in RA territory, the second one in the territory of Iran). It
is scheduled to start construction of two HPPs in 2007 and complete
it within 6 years. As Araks river is boundary, all the issues on
development and construction are solved by joint efforts of the two
states. According to the agreement provisions, each party obliges to
defray all the expenses related to the development of a feasibility
study and construction. The parties will cooperate in solution of
technical issues, rendering of services and other issues.

It is scheduled that each party will select areas in its territory for
HPP construction, for which it is envisages to facilitate the terms
of entry in the two states’ boundary territories. Construction of two
HPPs will not cause changes of the two countries’ borders. The work
over development of the project’s feasibility study has been already
completed. The design capacities of each plant will make up 130-140
MW. The annual generation of electric energy will make up 840 mln
kWh. One tunnel with length of 13- 14 km and width of 6 m will be built
in the territories of both countries. The plant will become a property
of Armenia. Talking of the project of construction of two HPPs on Araks
river by Iran together with Azerbaijan, the deputy minister said that
the matter concerns creation of generating capacities of 50 MW. After
operation, the water will subject to return to Araks river. There is a
water pool in the boundary territory of Armenia and Nakhichevan and,
as a result of the agreement signing, the Iranian party undertakes
to assure all the necessary water flows and will not affect the level
of electric energy generation at Meghri HPP in Armenia.

In accordance with the intergovernmental agreement from December 27,
2001, the project’s feasibility study was developed by "Mahaborts"
Iranian Company and a contractor represented by the "Armgidroproyekt"
Armenian Institute.

WWF BRANCH OPENED IN ARMENIA
By Nana Petrosian

AZG Armenian Daily
05/10/2007

The activity of WWF worldwide counts already 36 years, it includes 100
countries, 700 different nature protection programs and has about 5
thousand employees. Since 1992 WWF has been running several programs
in South Caucasus, and in 2001 and office was found in Armenia. Last
year the office was officially registered as the Armenian branch of
WWF, and the ceremony of the inauguration of the branch took place
yesterday at "Armenia-Marriott" Hotel, Yerevan. At present the Armenian
branch is running 20 programs, which also contribute the solution of
a number of social and economic problems of our country.

The head of "WWF International" and the European and Central Asian
Departments, Georg Swed stated in his speech at the opening ceremony,
"Caucasus, as one of the regions, richest with wildlife diversity, is
included in the WWF ‘World’s 2000 Eco Regions’ program and is counted
among world’s 25 richest and most threatened regions. In Armenia,
which is 6,7% of the territory of Caucasus, grow over 3.500 kinds
of rare plants with one of the highest density rates in the world –
100 kinds per square kilometer. 387 kinds of those rare plants are
registered in the Armenian Red Book. These facts and many others prove
the importance of finding solution to nature protection problems,
which our organization combines with the solution of social-economic
questions. We also have the support of the Government of Armenia,
as well as 10-year experience of fruitful activity".

Armenian Minister for nature Protection Aram Haroutiunian in his turn
stated that the Government is determined to continue the cooperation
with WWF, in order to attract maximum attention to ecology problems,
and eventually reduce them to minimum. He said that a tourism center
is to be founded in the reservation of the Khosrov Woods, so as to
enhance ecotourism in Armenia.

The Minister explained the reduction of wildlife diversity and ecologic
degradation in Armenia by a number of social, economical, political and
institutional issues, such as mineral resource industry, illegal wood
throw, poaching, etc. The programs of WWF are aimed at the reduction
of the aforementioned factors. The programs provide for restoration of
natural environment, ensuring life condition for the life of animals
and plants and involvement of the society in those programs.

A competition for articles on ecology was organized for Armenian
reporters. 9 of them were awarder prizes for their works. WWF awarded
"Armenia-Marriott" and HSBC Bank-Armenia with diplomas for their
assistance to eth organization’s programs. By the way, HSBC granted
$13,2 million for the restoration of a nature memorial in Tatev,
Armenia.

ARMENIAN EX-PRESIDENT BREAKS LONG SILENCE, SIGNALS COMEBACK
By Emil Danielyan

Eurasia Daily Monitor, DC
Oct 2 2007

Levon Ter-Petrosian, Armenia’s former president acclaimed in the West
for his conciliatory stance on the Karabakh conflict, has rocked the
domestic political arena with his first public speech in nearly a
decade. Addressing hundreds of supporters in Yerevan on September
21, he described the current Armenian leadership as "corrupt and
criminal" and called for its ouster. The blistering attack was a
further indication that he is likely to contest the presidential
election due early next year.

Ter-Petrosian has kept an extremely low profile ever since he was
forced to resign in February 1998 by his key cabinet members, notably
then-prime minister Robert Kocharian, for advocating what they saw
as a "defeatist" international peace plan on Karabakh. The plan, put
forward by the OSCE Minsk Group, envisaged a phased settlement of the
conflict with Azerbaijan and would indefinitely delay agreement on
the status of the disputed territory. Kocharian and other hardliners
found the proposed peace accord too risky and demanded a "package"
deal that would recognize continued Armenian control over Karabakh.

In his speech, Ter-Petrosian called the unresolved state of the
Karabakh dispute "the greatest crime" committed by the ruling
regime over the past decade. He reaffirmed his belief that Armenia’s
security and sustainable economic development are contingent on the
normalization of the country’s relations with Azerbaijan and Turkey.

However, Ter-Petrosian did not come up with any formulas for Karabakh
peace, saying that he does not know how the latest impasse in
Armenian-Azerbaijani peace talks can be overcome.

The 62-year-old, who led Armenia to independence from the Soviet Union,
also denounced the Kocharian administration as an "institutionalized
mafia-style regime that has plunged us into the ranks of third world
counties." He accused it of rigging elections, abusing human and
civil rights, illegally controlling courts, and extorting bribes from
leading Armenian businessmen.

Kocharian, who succeeded Ter-Petrosian as president and is now
completing his second and final term in office, was quick to rebut
the accusations, speaking to journalists on September 25. Kocharian
described Armenia as "one of the fastest developing countries in the
world," pointing to its robust economic growth, which has averaged 13%
since 2002 despite the continuing Azerbaijani and Turkish economic
blockades. "I became prime minister of Armenia in March 1997 and
inherited a $300 million [state] budget … Next year, Armenia will
have a budget worth about $2.5 billion," he said.

Kocharian went on to warn that his predecessor will become an "ordinary
opposition figure" and face "all the consequences stemming from
that" should he join the unfolding presidential race. He specifically
threatened to "remind" Armenians of the severe socioeconomic hardship
that they had suffered following the Soviet collapse and the outbreak
of the war with Azerbaijan. Throughout his presidency Kocharian has
exploited painful popular memories of the 1990s, which many analysts
view as the main obstacle of Ter-Petrosian’s return to power.

The reclusive ex-president himself indicated in his speech that he
is not sure he is popular enough to make a strong showing in the
upcoming election. He complained in particular that many Armenians
still do not understand the importance of Karabakh peace.

Ter-Petrosian’s political allies are more sanguine in that regard,
saying that he can capitalize on his international stature and what
they see as widespread popular dislike of the government.

Furthermore, they claim that he is the only politician capable
of defeating the presumed election favorite, Prime Minister Serge
Sarkisian, and have been trying to muster broad-based opposition
support for his presidential run.

However, most of the other major opposition forces have refrained
from throwing their weight behind Ter-Petrosian so far. Some of
their leaders pointed out last week that Ter-Petrosian himself rigged
elections and bullied his political opponents when he was in power
from 1990 to 1998. They recalled his decision in September 1996 to
send tanks to the streets of Yerevan to enforce the official results
of a reputedly fraudulent presidential election that gave him a second
five-year term.

Meanwhile, Sarkisian and his Republican Party, which swept to a
landslide victory in the recent parliamentary elections, claim to be
untroubled by the prospect of being challenged by Ter-Petrosian.

Whether this is really the case is unclear, though. Far more certain
is the fact that Ter-Petrosian’s comeback would add an element of
unpredictability to the 2008 election and perhaps reverse growing
public apathy about politics. That could, in turn, complicate
government attempts to rig the vote.

Even the ex-president’s most bitter opponent, the Armenian
Revolutionary Federation (ARF, also known as the Dashnak Party),
has welcomed his possible participation in the presidential ballot,
saying that it will spur a healthy political debate on Karabakh,
relations with Turkey and other key issues. The ARF, which is
particularly influential in the worldwide Armenian Diaspora, had been
controversially banned and saw dozens of its activists imprisoned on
terrorism and coup charges during Ter-Petrosian’s rule. The nationalist
party was re-legalized immediately after Kocharian’s rise to power
and has since been represented in his governments. It has pointedly
refused to endorse Sarkisian for the Armenian presidency and intends
to nominate its own presidential candidate instead.

This was probably the reason why, on September 29, Ter-Petrosian paid
a sensational visit to the ARF headquarters in Yerevan and met with
two top party leaders (both of whom were jailed by him in 1995). A
short statement by the ARF said the talks focused on "issues related
to the forthcoming presidential elections." "Both sides stressed the
need for a politico-ideological debate," it added. The very fact of
such a meeting was a measure of just how intriguing political life
in Armenia is becoming these days.

(A1plus.am, September 29; Aravot, September 26; Armenian Public
Television, September 25; Haykakan Zhamanak, September 22)

POLITICIAN: ARMENIAN-TURKISH BORDER BLOCKADE LIFTING CAN SPUR KARABAKH CONFLICT SETTLEMENT

ARKA News Agency, Armenia
Oct 2 2007

YEREVAN, October 2. /ARKA/. Armenian-Turkish border blockade lifting
would spur Karabakh conflict settlement, Armenian Christian-Democratic
Party leader Khosrov Harutyunyan said.

"Armenia should view Armenian-Turkish border opening as top-priority
objective, since it will reduce Karabakh problem’s geopolitical
significance", he said.

He said Armenia has a real chance to solve this problem by itself.

Harutyunyan said Turkey is OSCE Minsk Group member, but takes steps
against another member – Armenia. He wonders why Armenian diplomats
refrain from expressing their protest in international organizations.

Karabakh conflict broke out in 1988, when Armenians-populated Nagorno
Karabakh declared secession from Azerbaijan.

On December 10, 1991, just a few days before Soviet Union collapse,
a referendum was conducted in Nagorno Karabakh with international
observers’ presence. At this referendum, 99.89% of population voted
for independence.

Responding to that, Azerbaijan launched a large-scale war against
Nagorno Karabakh. The military offensives were stopped after a
cease-fire agreement was signed in May 12, 1994. The agreement is
observed also now, and talks between Armenia and Azerbaijan are under
way. The negotiations mediated by OSCE Minsk Group are being held
without Karabakh’s participation.

AZG Armenian Daily #177, 29/09/2007

International

VARDAN OSKANIAN IS CONCERNED ABOUT THE DECLARATIONS OF LEVON TER-PETROSIAN

"The situation is generally evaluated, as there are serious
developments in the region today, new processes have started, deep
analyses are done – what kind of influence they will have on the
region and on Armenia, and what policy we need", announced Armenian
Foreign Minister Vardan Oskanian at a meeting of RA diplomatic
representatives and heads of consulates on September 27.

Issues of bilateral relations and multilateral diplomacy were
discussed also at the meeting. Cultural diplomacy is discussed as
means of presentation of Armenia abroad.

The diplomats discussed Russia-USA, NATO, EU broadening, power,
security and other issues, the policy on Iran, formation of the unions
in the territory of former Soviet Union, etc.

According to Vardan Oskanian the meeting of Armenian and Turkish
foreign ministers in New York is scheduled by joint initiative. "The
main issue of the meeting is if Turkish policy on Armenia has changed
or not, taking into account the new authorities of it. The Armenian
position remains unalterable – without preconditions", said RA Foreign
Minister. "What about Karabakh negotiation process, the next meeting
with OSCE Co-Chairs is already scheduled, but we can’t say the same
about the meeting with Azerbaijani Foreign Minister".

Vardan Oskanian touched upon the issue of the recent declarations of
Levon Ter-Petrosian about the unalterable position of Azerbaijan: "Any
declaration of Karabakh issue must be done cautiously. It’s an issue
that concerns all of us, it’s a national issue, and we must be careful
not to give additional opportunity to Azerbaijan to change or to
toughen its attitude. I am concerned that the recent declarations may
have that kind of result. Anyway, we’ll live and see."

By Aghavni Harutyunian, translated by L.H.