TABOOS, TATTOOS, AND TRAUMA: MAKING ‘GRANDMA’S TATTOOS’
The Armenian Weekly Magazine
April 2012
Posted by Suzanne Khardalian on May 10, 2012 in Opinion, Special
I have a tree, my own tree in Stockholm. A dead oak tree. Majestic
from a distance. Yet it holds as its secret the big hole inside
its trunk. You will not see it unless you climb down and examine it
closely. This magnificent oak has still kept its form. The beautiful
woody branches still rise to the sky. But the tree is dead; it has been
dead for more than a decade. It is a monument to things gone. And it
is mute; you will not hear its leaves murmur. I am surprised no one
has decided to cut it down.
Suzanne Khardalian in Der Zor The tree has lost its roots, just
like me. It is standing with no roots. Living yet dead. Just like my
culture, my mother tongue.
I am full of dying or dead words. A lifeless existence. On my way to
being extinct.
Why am I writing about my tree? The oak evokes in me a world that is
disappearing. But what fascinates me is this unique state, of being
half dead, half alive. What does a dead tree have to offer? Not life!
Herein are the origins of my interest in memory and its reflections
in my work.
Why do we remember things? What is memory? What is it that we choose
to remember, and what do we decide to forget? Do we even decide? How
much can we influence the process of memory-making?
And why do we remember genocide? Why do we want to remember the pain?
Why do we want to pass it on? Is there anything at all to learn
from genocide?
And what about selective amnesia? Why do we decide to remember
certain stories about the Armenian Genocide, but have difficulty even
mentioning some others?
I’ve been grappling with these questions for more than two decades
now. They are at the core of my films.
In documentary film and photography, one is inclined to associate
pictures or film sequences and frames with a specific depiction of
history. We call it a “slice of time,” or sometimes “frozen moments.”
>From this perspective, frozen moments are nothing but flat
constructions that we pick randomly from a constant flow of events.
And shooting a film means stopping time in artificial ways. But
reality is something else: Time is a machine that is moving us, the
film viewers, hopping randomly from one event to another, while still
sailing the stream.
A scene from ‘Grandma’s Tattoos’ This is how Heraclitus looked
at history and time: “Just as the river where I step is not the
same, and is, so I am as I am not.” He was attempting to understand
history through channeling world events into one big coherent unit,
harmonious and consequential. But the camera gives us the opposite
picture. It makes time look fragmented. There is no one big river,
flowing. It makes us believe that there is no one big narrative,
and therefore no place for the art of narration, storytelling.
Yet, Democritus understood time as a big ocean and waves, as big
and small explosions, a sea of eruptions. Each event is unique, and
independent. There are only free atoms flying around us. In contrast
to the first concept, instead of a flowing river, the privilege here
goes to unique moments.
So what happens when we look at film as a series of eruptions? This has
been the model I’ve worked with in my films. I see it as an exciting
thought that could open the door for new interpretation.
According to conventional storytelling, the camera fragments time and
consequently the world. But we can never say what came before or after
a certain fragment. Time as a sea of eruptions gives us the possibility
to see each picture as an entity, freely moving in space and time.
Heraclitus’ and Democritus’ concepts of time do not contradict each
other. Photos are not frozen moments but instead are a “state of
things.” And film becomes a machine that translates this “state of
things” into a series of scenes.
I made this introduction about time in order to reflect on my work
that has long had the Armenian Genocide as its subject. When making
“Back to Ararat,” “I Hate Dogs,” and “Grandma’s Tattoos,” I consciously
tried not to limit myself to the traditional art of storytelling,
and to instead show that the depiction of the genocide does not come
in sequences, but as explosive outbursts.
Film not only makes it possible to capture these violent eruptions,
but also encapsulates the power that lies within these outbursts. Only
then can we understand the power that the survivors’ stories carry.
Documentary filmmaking has never been about packaging and storing time,
but for me it has been about giving the viewer access to an experience
that is pressing and distinct in its nature. And my intention has been
to capture fragments of traumatic time. Every frame, each picture,
each scene, is a standpoint that reminds the audience that in reality
there is no room for readymade solutions.
There is a connection between the camera and the structure and
functioning of traumatic memory. Trauma is disorder in time and
memory. Trauma is not the product of the event itself, but is
the creation of the experience that, although registered by the
individual, never evolves into meaningful memory. Trauma blocks the
routine mental processes that usually translate an experience into a
memory. Documentary film can give access to an experience that cannot
be recalled, but that, at the same time, cannot be forgotten. Film
has the potential to urge the viewer to confront a past moment-one
that has been lived, but never internalized, and thus never understood.
The genocide has turned into a collective trauma for us Armenians. In
an historical reality such as genocide, there are no simple ways
to access the truth. I have tried to capture those persistent
uncertainties, the fears and doubts that are still not dealt with, the
unresolved issues. I have worked extensively with survivors. Their
recollections, their fragmented stories tell about the unique
experience, yet with no cohesion and context. They give us a series
of eruptions. Through film and storytelling, the sum of the parts
become one, integrated. And their eruptions acquire a context. The
genocide experience becomes real, lived; it gets a meaning and can
finally be turned into a memory.
The viewer cannot identify with an experience if that experience
does not have a holder. Genocide survivors and their stories have
stopped being private. Testimonies are so general that they’ve lost
their human dimension. They’ve become numbers. For a human being, it
is easy to understand a single tragedy, and to internalize it. But
a human being is never able to internalize the death of a million
people. Our mind cannot make sense of it.
I want to stress that I am not questioning the veracity of the
survivors’ recollections. Undoubtedly what they went through was
atrocious. But precisely because of that, these stories need to be
placed in their right context. This is why I keep on returning to
the private, to the individual, to the specific. Only through the
personal pain and suffering can the horror be approached.
“Back to Ararat,” which was released in 1988, was my effort to describe
how we were dealing with the acceleration of history. As Armenians, we
were rapidly distancing ourselves from the past. We no longer inhabited
that past; we only communed with it through relics, ruins, and vestiges
that had become-and still are-mysterious to us, and that we would do
well to question, since they hold the key to our “identity,” to who
we are. We were cut from the land, from the language, from the nature,
sounds, and places that once were our keys to our identities.
The “acceleration of history” had two effects on our memory. First,
we started stockpiling. Caught up in this feeling of loss, we began
establishing institutions and instruments that relate to memory:
museums, archives, libraries, and digitized collections. Yet, we
also found ourselves caught between a past shrouded in darkness or
mist and an unforeseeable future. The present emerged as the only
category for understanding our lives, but ours was a present that
was already historical. “Back to Ararat” dealt with how our past no
longer guaranteed our future. It is essentially on this ground that
memory came to play such an active role in our communities.
Investing in memory was a warranty, a promise of continuity. “I Hate
Dogs-The Last Survivor,” from 2005, was about establishing individual
memory, and about the demand for truth-more “truthful” than that of
history, the truth of personal experience and individual memory.
Unlike history, which has always been in the hands of powerful states,
public authorities, scholars, and specialized peer groups, we gave
memory all the new privileges and prestige of a popular protest
movement. It has come to resemble the revenge of the underdog or
injured party, the outcast. My film reflected the mood, and told the
story of those who were denied their right to history.
“Grandma’s Tattoos,” which was released in November 2011, again
deals with memory. This time my intention was to reflect the mood
that memory, too, can be collective, and both liberating and sacred.
Before, only individuals had memories, and collectivities had
histories. The idea that collectivities have a memory, too, represents
an important transformation in the status of individuals within
society and of their relationship to the community at large. In this
documentary, Grandma becomes us, we become Grandma-a reasoning that
mirrors the shift in our understanding of identity.
The concept of identity has undergone a reversal in meaning at the
same time as that of memory. It has gone from being an individual
and subjective notion to a collective, quasi-formal, and objective one.
The expression identity now is a group category, a way of defining
us from without. Identity, like memory, is now a form of duty. As
Simone de Beauvoir remarked, “One becomes a woman,” and “One is not
born a woman.” I am asked to become what I am: a Swede, an Armenian,
a film director, an American, or even a Muslim Armenian. It is at
this level of obligation that the tie is shaped between memory and
social identity. The two terms have become synonymous, and the fact
that they have merged reflects a change in the way that history and
society interact. No one has a monopoly on history today.
May be that is why “Grandma’s Tattoos” created so much controversy.
As mentioned earlier, the survivors’ traumatic memories were disorders
in time and memory. Certain memories were amplified, others were
suppressed; certain memories became taboos, never to be touched. It
disturbed the essence of our identity. “Grandma’s Tattoos” was about
unlocking the attic door and bringing down the walls of oblivion.
“Grandma’s Tattoos” was, for me, the most difficult film to make. We
have rarely dealt with the issue of gender, even less when it comes to
gender and genocide. It is remarkable that so little is written about
the fate of women in wartime. Only now have we started to confront
ourselves and ask the questions that were never meant to be asked.
Usually, a film on genocide is viewed as a bad idea, as commercially
non-viable. Yet I fought, and persistence yielded results. That
is how “Back to Ararat” and “I Hate Dogs” were made. But this time
the resistance was incomprehensible, irrational. Already from the
beginning, while researching, I was told, “Fate of the women? That
is a strange way to approach the genocide.”
A commissioner could allow himself to say, “But what is the big deal
with rape?”
And sexual violence is almost taken for granted. But that is not
surprising. After all, history is written by men; so it is with
genocide. Women as casualties is only now becoming an international
security issue.
There was another challenge with “Grandma’s Tattoos”: How could you
tell the story of thousands of victims while making it interesting,
touching, and comprehensible at the same time? The victims, these
women, had long passed away.
Perhaps the biggest challenge, however, was fighting my own blindness,
my belief that I knew it all, that I had seen all the photos and read
all the books. I was shocked when I found out that my own grandma
had been a victim. And I was shocked by my family’s choice in dealing
with the problem-selective amnesia.
It took me three years of research and of fighting opposition to the
project, but the reception to “Grandma’s Tattoos” was overwhelming. We
were all discovering ourselves. Women were mostly touched by it. Men
were angry. But in the end, the anger was only a sign of desperation.
“Grandma’s Tattoos” was aired on Al Jazeera English, and reached
a large audience. It was launched at the prestigious International
Documentary Film Festival in Amsterdam. But reaction form the Turkish
side came only when the film was to be aired on Swedish television,
SVT; Turkish organizations and Turks living in Sweden bombarded SVT
with letters, demanding the film not be shown. Instead, they demanded
the showing of “Sari Gelin.”
For several weeks the campaign went on. However, “Grandma’s Tattoos”
was broadcast as scheduled.
The film was also selected by FILMMOR, in Istanbul. This time, the
Azeris took the lead and contacted the festival with threatening
words, asking for the film to be removed from the program. The
festival committee, however, decided not to politicize the issue,
and insisted on screening the film. “Grandma’s Tattoos” was screened
in Istanbul three times.