Weekend Australian
December 28, 2013 Saturday
A persecuted people face life in exile
by MATTEO FAGOTTO
Beset by violence and marginalisation, thousands of Christians are leaving Iraq
“THEY held me captive for five days, without food nor water,
constantly beating me. One day I heard them coming down the basement
where I was held.
“Suddenly, I felt a cold blade under my neck and someone told me, `If
you become a Muslim, we will not kill you.’ ”
Sitting on an armchair in the living room of his new house in Erbil,
the capital of the Iraqi Kurdistan region, 63-year-old Rostom Sefarian
suddenly stops his account, clearly struggling to hold back the tears
filling his eyes. After gulping heavily for a few moments, he composes
himself and continues, holding the cross he kept throughout his
captivity.
“Once, they took it and put it inside a bottle full of pee while I
was watching. `Let this cross help you now,’ they said, laughing.”
It was July 2006 and Sefarian, an Armenian Christian living in the
northern Iraqi city of Mosul, had been kidnapped by a group of Islamic
fundamentalists while working in his grinding machines workshop. At
that time he was just the latest victim in a series of abductions and
killings of Iraqi Christians that continue today.
“They kept me constantly handcuffed and blindfolded. I just had a
sack of charcoal as a pillow and a bottle for my physical needs,” he
says, sorrow darkening his face.
After five days Sefarian was released, when his family agreed to pay a
hefty ransom of $US72,000.
It was the second time Sefarian had been kidnapped by one of the many
armed groups active in Mosul, the first time being a one-day
imprisonment in January 2005 that ended after his family paid
$US12,000 to his captors.
His wife’s cousin, also a Christian, was kidnapped on another occasion
but was not lucky enough to survive: after three days, he was found
dead by his family.
Today, Sefarian is one of the 35,000 Christian refugees from all over
Iraq who have found shelter in Kurdistan, the autonomous northeastern
part of Iraq and the only stable region of the country.
But what was once a haven for Christians is rapidly turning into the
last departure point for the tens of thousands who feel they have no
future in their home country.
The Christmas bombings in the Christian neighbourhood of Doura in
Baghdad, which caused the death of 34 people last Wednesday, are just
the latest in a series of attacks and problems Iraqi Christians have
had to face.
Hampered by a lack of economic prospects, mixed with language and
cultural barriers, and with no proper political protection, more and
more Christians are leaving the region, abandoning Kurdistan, and
Iraq, for good.
According to recent estimates, the Iraqi Christian population has
shrunk to between 300,000 and 500,000 from a high of 1.3 million
people in 1991, raising fears about the possible extinction of one of
the most ancient Christian communities in the world.
A 2011 report by the International Organisation for Migration shows
the number of displaced Christian families in the four northern
governorates of Iraq (three of them in Kurdistan) decreased from 1350
to fewer than 500, while in the same year the UN High Commissioner for
Refugees in neighbouring Turkey recorded an increase in Iraqi
refugees, half of them (about 1700) Christians.
Divided into five different religious confessions that range from
Catholic Chaldeans to Nestorians and Orthodox, Iraqi Christians are
almost all ethnic Assyrians, a neo-Aramaic or Syriac-speaking
population tracing its origins back to the ancient community that used
to inhabit Mesopotamia more than 4000 years before Christ.
Evangelised during the first three centuries AD, Assyrians have
embraced Christianity ever since, fiercely resisting the periodic
attempts of Arabisation and Islamisation carried out by Arab and
Ottoman rulers throughout the centuries.
Proudly calling themselves the original inhabitants of Iraq,
Christians are now facing one of the toughest challenges to their
existence: numbering just a few hundred thousand out of more than 30
million Iraqis, Christians have been politically sidelined in a
country organised along sectarian and ethnic lines dominated by the
far bigger Shia, Sunni and Kurdish communities.
“We are the weakest link in the Iraqi mosaic,” explains Keldo Ramzi,
the Christian secretary of the Chaldo-Assyrian Youth Union in Erbil.
“If anyone wants to send a message to the US, he targets Christians
or bombs churches.”
The worst attack happened in October 2010, when a series of suicide
bombings hit the Our Lady of Salvation Church in Baghdad, causing the
death of 58 people.
According to a recent report published by the Assyrian International
News Agency, at least 71 churches have been attacked or bombed in Iraq
since 2004. Itself home to a local Christian population numbering
about 160,000, Kurdistan has long been a haven for Iraqi Christians.
Thanks to its ethnic homogeneity and the political autonomy gained in
1991, the region has been able to avoid the daily bombings and
sectarian killings that have ravaged Iraq since the 2003 US-led
invasion that toppled Saddam Hussein.
Here, local authorities proudly boast, all religions are protected,
according to the spirit of the new Iraqi constitution. “We respect
Christians, and Christians respect us (Muslims),” declares Kamil Haji
Ali, the Kurdistan Regional Government’s Minister of Endowments and
Religious Affairs.
But even if Christians can profess their faith in relative safety
here, many, like Sefarian, claim their civil and economic rights are
not respected. After selling his four-storey house in Mosul, in August
2006 the old man moved with his wife and son to Erbil, where he now
rents a small apartment in Ankawa, a Christian enclave on the
outskirts of the city.
But without a pension or other forms of assistance from the Iraqi
government, Sefarian is forced to rely on his son’s wages to survive.
“In Mosul, I was living like a king,” he says, laughing bitterly as
he casts a quick glance at the pictures of Christian saints and
crosses adorning his living room. Here in Erbil he has to renew his
residence permit every year, a procedure that includes finding a local
sponsor and takes time and money.
“I can’t find a job at my age. I don’t speak (Kurdish) and don’t have
any means to survive.”
While the region has registered an impressive economic boom driven by
oil exploitation since 2003, many Christians claim to have experienced
only the worst part of it. Houses in Ankawa have been sold to Muslims,
contravening a “gentlemen’s agreement” Christian politicians say was
reached with the KRG to preserve the Christian identity of the area.
“They are building new, very expensive apartment towers that nobody
here will be able to afford,” claims Naurad Youssif, a 41-year-old
Christian from Ankawa working at the local post office.
“Christians here are a poor community and those apartments will not
be for us.”
The fall of Saddam has not brought only problems, though. While under
the previous regime Assyrians were assimilated to Arabs, the new Iraqi
constitution recognises them as a distinctive ethnic group, allowing
them to use Aramaic (instead of Arabic) in churches and schools for
the first time in Iraqi history.
But the aftermath of the Arab Spring, with Islamist parties winning
elections in Tunisia and Egypt, has not gone unnoticed here, raising
more doubts about how a democratic Iraq may turn out for Christians.
“If political Islam will take control of the government here, I don’t
know what might happen to us in 50 years,” says a worried Farouk Anna
Atto, director of the Ankawa Syriac Heritage Museum, an exhibition
illustrating the history of Assyrians.
Faced with a constant haemorrhage of people, some Assyrian parties are
proposing to create an autonomous region in the Nineveh plains, an
area of 4000sq km east of Mosul, where Christians could live as a
majority and govern themselves. The project, which would create a
Christian enclave in an oil-rich area whose control is still contested
between Kurdistan and the Iraqi central government, has been already
rejected by many Christians.
“It’s a project the Catholic Church has always opposed,” says
43-year-old Afnan de Jesus, an Arab Chaldean nun, originally from
Mosul, who converted to Christianity.
“I think it would be very dangerous to live just among ourselves,
isolated from the others,” she adds, looking at the three other nuns
sitting in the main room of their convent in Ankawa. The Little
Sisters of Jesus, as the religious order is called, were forced to
leave the Baghdad neighbourhood of Doura in 2006, after violence and
killings had reached an unbearable level. Before 2003 Doura was home
to more than 2000 Christian families; now only 150 remain.
Yet if the majority of local Christians seem resigned to choose
between a life in exile and an uncomfortable existence here as
second-class citizens, a young and active wing of the Christian
population is trying to fight this passive mentality. Globalised and
English-speaking, many Christian youngsters are employed by foreign
companies working in Kurdistan, aware of their rights and willing to
keep on living in Iraq, no matter what.
To do so, they are ready to break the nexus between religion and
politics that, in their opinion, has created so many problems.
“If we reclaim our rights under the name of Christianity we will be
very weak, because churches cannot interfere with governments,”
explains Savina Rafael Daoud, a 22-year-old Assyrian woman from
Ankawa. Taking advantage of the overall good relationships between
Kurds and Christians, some youngsters are willing to engage with the
local society, something the Christian community has refrained from
doing so far.
“Christians are not very brave here. Yes, there are problems to
solve, but this doesn’t mean we should leave this country,” says
Salim Kako, an Assyrian politician. “We cannot look for the shadow
all our life.
“We have to go under the sun and fight for our rights.”
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