Syria’s Community Leader Discusses Crisis

SYRIA’S COMMUNITY LEADER DISCUSSES CRISIS

asbarez
Monday, July 30th, 2012

by Ara Khachatourian Share Print

Syrian-Armenian community leader Jirair Rayisian

YEREVAN, ALEPPO (Yerkir)-There is no threat that the Armenian community
in Syria will be displaced or vacated, the spokesperson for the Syrian
Prelacy, Jirair Reyisian said in an exclusive interview to Yerkir.am
on Monday.

As news outlets report on the increasing tensions in Aleppo, Syria’s
largest city and home to the largest concentration of Armenians in
Syria, the community has taken measures to help, fortify and protect
the Armenian community there.

Rayisian explained that, under the auspices of the Prelacy, Armenian
organizations, institutions and youth have come together to ensure
that community members and others living in these areas are unharmed
and the needs of the community are met. Through volunteer neighborhood
watch groups and organizational centers, the Armenian neighborhoods
in Aleppo, Damascus and elsewhere are being protected.

Rayisian explained that the heavy fighting in Aleppo has not yet
impacted the Armenian neighborhoods, but has made essential supplies
scarce, with most municipal services, such as garbage collection,
have been halted. As such, Rayisian said, that the area youth have
undertaken this effort to ensure that the accumulating trash does
not cause spread of diseases and other matters that could complicate
the situation.

He also reported that all stores remain closed and people, generally,
are staying home.

The escalating violence in Syria has led to concerns in Armenia and
elsewhere about the fate of the important Syrian-Armenian community.

Some in Armenia have protested the government, urging immediate action
to accommodate Syrian-Armenians who are leaving their communities and
seeking refuge there. The Armenian government last passed measures
that significantly ease conditions for acquiring Armenian passports
by Lebanese and Syrian citizens.

On the other hand, calls for assistance to the Syrian-Armenian
community continue with the Armenian Relief Society establishing a
fund in May to secure the needs of the community. His Holiness Aram
I, Catholicos of the Great House of Cilicia has also called for
mobilization of all Armenian to help the Syrian Armenian community.

Rayisian said that returning to the homeland and making Armenia their
home has always been a dream for every Armenian. But, in practical
terms, the current situation in Armenia, as well as the economic
conditions in Syria are impeding such mass exodus to Armenia.

The lack of jobs, resources and an infrastructure in Armenia, coupled
with the severe economic crisis in Syria are making it difficult for
people to move to Armenia. However, Rayisian said, if the Armenian
authorities were to make necessary arrangements, as an emergency
and temporary basis, then many Syrian Armenians might consider a
relocating to Armenia.

Despite all the difficulties, Rayisian stressed that the
Syrian-Armenian community will forever protect the historic community
and will continue the unwavering advancement of the historically
significant community.

“There is no danger or threat of the Armenian community being emptied,
displaced or dissolved,” stressed Rayisian.

From: A. Papazian

Chinese College To Open In Armenia

CHINESE COLLEGE TO OPEN IN ARMENIA

news.am
July 30, 2012 | 22:01

YEREVAN. – Total of 28 students from Armenia will go to China to study
there. Undergraduate and postgraduate scholarships were granted by
China in a competition within the frameworks of the international
treaty between Armenia and China. The scholarships were granted by
the Armenian Minister of Education and Science Armen Ashotyan, the
Chinese Ambassador to Armenia Tian Changchun and the Armenian Deputy
FM Sergey Manasaryan.

Wishing students the success, Ashotyan stated that China was the most
of all to provide for university positions, which meets the great
interest and desire of the Armenian students to get familiarized with
the Chinese culture and policy.

He also added that 15 Chinese students will study in Armenia on
the skill exchange program. Besides, a college teaching the Chinese
language and meeting international criteria is planned to open in
the near future in Armenia.

From: A. Papazian

Armenia’s Former FM Petitions To Appellate Court

ARMENIA’S FORMER FM PETITIONS TO APPELLATE COURT

news.am
July 30, 2012 | 16:28

YEREVAN. – The Civilitas Foundation’s founder, former FM, and currently
Prosperous Armenia Party MP Vartan Oskanian petitioned to the Court of
Appeals with respect to capital city Yerevan Central and Nork Marash
Administrative Regions’ General Jurisdiction Court’s July 23 denial
of his petition submitted by his attorney, Tigran Atanesyan.

To note, with this petition Oskanian’s lawyer was appealing the
investigator’s decision to open a criminal lawsuit by the National
Security Service (NSS). And Oskanian is a witness in this case.

“The Court notes that Vardan Oskanian’s rights were not violated,
which is an unreasoned conclusion. At the same time, the Court
did not reflect on and respond to the arguments of our appeal,”
Atanesyan commented.

Separately, The Civilitas Foundation’s Executive Director Salpi
Ghazarian forwarded a letter to State Revenue Committee Chairman Gagik
Khachatryan, and enquired the reasons for suspending the inspections
toward the accuracy of Civilitas’ interrelations with the state
budget. To note, these inspections were suspended on July 23, and
for thirty work days.

As Armenian News-NEWS.am informed earlier, on May 25 the NSS Department
of Investigation launched a criminal lawsuit on charges of money
laundering with respect to The Civilitas Foundation, and Vartan
Oskanian is mentioned in this connection.

And, in this regard, Oskanian had written the following in his
Facebook account:

“It was apparent from the content of NSS’ statement issued that
I am being questioned as a suspect and not as a witness along the
lines of the criminal lawsuit that is launched. Considering this,
I decided to use my constitutional right and not to testify.”

Also, he had stated that this is political persecution.

From: A. Papazian

Syrian Armenian Children To Spend Their Summer Holidays In Armenia

SYRIAN ARMENIAN CHILDREN TO SPEND THEIR SUMMER HOLIDAYS IN ARMENIA

ARMENPRESS
30 July, 2012
YEREVAN

YEREVAN, JULY 30, ARMENPRESS: The problems of Syrian Armenians are in
the centre of attention of Ministry of Diaspora of Armenia. Armenpress
reports that during the opening of 6th stage of “Come home” project
minister Hranush Hakobyan mentioned that the ministry is informed about
the problems of our compatriots in Syria with the help of Armenian
bodies as well as the embassy of the Republic of Armenia in Syria. “We
try to change all laws and decisions adapting them with the demands
of our compatriots. In all international meetings I express concern
on the issues of helping Syrian Armenians. The working group of the
ministry is being in airports, meets Syrian Armenians” said Hakobyan.

Hranush Hakobyan also mentioned that in the framework of “Come home”
program is planned to organize the holidays of many Syrian Armenian
children in Armenia.

“The aim of “Come home” program is make the motherland-Armenia
known for Armenian youth in the whole world, get them acquainted with
national traditions and customs, support strengthening Armenia-Diaspora
educational and cultural ties.

From: A. Papazian

Yerevan’s Arch-Shaped Passes Are Being Decorated

YEREVAN’S ARCH-SHAPED PASSES ARE BEING DECORATED

news.am
July 30, 2012 | 14:40

YEREVAN. – A total of 76 arch-shaped passes are decorated in Armenia’s
capital, Yerevan, and 60 of these passes were decorated this year,
Yerevan’s Chief Designer reported to Yerevan Mayor Taron Margaryan,
during the Municipality’s regular working consultation.

Margaryan instructed that this project be finished by the year’s
end, the Municipality’s Information and Public Relations Department
informed.

In his turn, the Utilities Department Chief reported that 807
residential building entrances already have been renovated.

In addition, Yerevan’s sanitary cleaning Saturdays have begun since
the past week.

Also, seven more overpasses are currently under construction.

The activities are still in progress toward conducting a 24-hour
inspection of the service quality of the Armenian capital city’s
public transport system.

And the Sport and Youth Affairs Department Chief reported that weekend
sport and fitness events are still being organized in Yerevan’s parks.

From: A. Papazian

Ongoing Struggle In Aleppo

ONGOING STRUGGLE IN ALEPPO

ARMENPRESS
30 July, 2012
YEREVAN

YEREVAN, JULY 30, ARMENPRESS: Both Syrian Government and Opposition
forces announce they are taking control on the central Salaheddine
district of Aleppo. As Armenpress reports citing Euronews violent
clashes are continuing in the city.

Still on July 20 the rebel fighters took control over some districts of
the city. Syrian Foreign Affairs Minister Walid Muallem accused Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, Turkey and other countries, which hinder the cessation
of conflict in Syria helping fighters with necessary armaments.

According to “France Press” agency, Syrian rebels captured Anadani
checkpoint of strategic significance situated in Aleppo’s north-western
part. In the words of General Abdel Naser , the capture of checkpoints
will enable to control the road taking to the border of Turkey.

In the briefing with Armenpress, Syria’s Armenian Community head
Nazaret Elmagyan told, regardless the tense atmosphere the situation
in Armenian districts has been calm,is not in the center of the
attack. Currently the onslaught is ongoing in three districts:
Salaheddine, Alsakhour, Al Hayadaria.

In the words of Elmajyan there are also foreign fighters within
the opposition.

According to the Syrian Human Rights Organization data 17 thousand
192 people died because of the Syrian 16 months ongoing clashes. The
Arab media reports that among the dead11 thousand 897 were peaceful
civilians, and 4348 were security officers. Among the victims there
were 7 Armenians, 2 of which were the Syrian Army militaries. The
Syrian riots make the Syrians leave the country appearing in other
countries as refugees. Recently the Armenian community representatives
also leave the country. The refugee status or asylum applications from
Syria are considered in an accelerated procedure, at least ten days.

On July 26, Armenian government introduced amendments to the earlier
decision, enabling Syrian citizens of Armenian descent to receive
passports in diplomatic institutions.With another decision the
Executive Body verified that Armenian nationality foreign citizens
from now and then will be enabled a chance to receive entry visa to
the Republic of ‘~RArmavia ‘~R in the border checkpoints of Armenia.

“Armavia” company and Armenian Government are negotiating to make
available a second flight per week Aleppo-Yerevan direction.

From: A. Papazian

Six Women Journalism Scholarship Recipients Graduate In Armenia/Arts

SIX ESTER AJEMIAN SCHOLARSHIP RECIPIENTS GRADUATE IN ARMENIA/ARTSAK
by Naira Hambardzumyan

Published: Saturday July 21, 2012

Armenian Reporter International

Five of the six graduates.

Yerevan – Six recipients of FAR’s Ester Ajemian Scholarship
() successfully defended their
master’s theses. These six diligent students hail from various regions
of Armenia and they are the first young Armenians to complete their
degrees with the assistance of this scholarship, which aims to support
aspiring female journalists.

Betkhehem Arabyan, who comes from Javakhk, is now working at the Mitq
news service. Manya Poghosyan from Masis is employed at Tatron.info
news service. After graduating from Armenia State Pedagogical
University, Satenik Asatryan has returned to the Syunik region to work
at a radio station in Kapan. Naira Guloyan is a journalist working for
Aysor.am, and Shoghik Galstyan is still searching for the right job.

I am currently working at the Information and Public Relations
Department of Armenia’s Ministry of Defense. In addition, I’m a
correspondent for the weekly newspaper Eter.

As young journalists who are making their first steps in this
profession, we are so fortunate to be highly qualified and endowed with
excellent knowledge and skills. We are fully aware of the importance
of our profession for our society and our nation. We will do our best
to serve our country by dedicating ourselves to our work, shedding
light on the issues that concern our people, and by being thorough
professionals. We are certain that after obtaining our master’s
degrees we are now able to better compete in the labor market and
our investigations will assist in the formation and development of
a stronger civil society for Armenia.

My dream was to become a journalist. I can now say with certainty that
all of our dreams came true thanks to the Ester Ajemian Scholarship
Program.

Ester Ajemian Scholarship Program beneficiary Naira Hambardzumyan is
a proud graduate of Yerevan State University’s journalism department.

Note: Established in July 2010, this scholarship aims to specifically
support and empower aspiring female journalists by providing the
opportunity to receive the education and training they need. Margaret
Ajemian Ahnert established this scholarship fund in memory of her
mother Ester Ajemian. The fund, administered by FAR, provides full
tuition and monthly stipends to female graduate students in Armenia.

Students are required to maintain excellent grades and must agree to
work in Armenia or Karabagh for the same number of years that they
are supported by the scholarship.

Related Articles:

FAR names first Ajemian Ahnert scholarship beneficiaries:

From: A. Papazian

http://www.reporter.am/go/article/2012-07-21-six-ester-ajemian-scholarship-recipients-graduate-
http://farusa.org/Gulamerian.html
http://www.reporter.am/go/article/2010-10-19-far-names-first-ajemian-ahnert-scholarship-beneficiaries-

Il ritratto e il rapace

Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso (Comunicati Stampa)
27 luglio 2012

Il ritratto e il rapace

Paolo Martino

L’incontro con Vartuhi e con il destino che la separò dalla sorella
nel 1946. Vive a Musa Dagh, in Armenia, dove un enorme falco
appollaiato ricorda i combattenti armeni che nel 1915 si opposero alle
truppe ottomane. La quinta puntata del reportage “Dal Caucaso a
Beirut”

Vartuhi fissa il ritratto di Angel, affondando lo sguardo nei segni
che il tempo ha inciso su quel volto. Sessantacinque anni di silenzio
si infrangono nell’umanità del più spontaneo pensiero fraterno: `Dio
la benedica, i suoi occhi sono rimasti gli stessi’. La donna poggia la
foto sul tavolo senza perderla di vista, e rivolgendosi al marito, che
osserva in disparte, lo invita: `Guarda, questa è mia sorella’.

Armenia. Un mastodontico rapace in mattoni rossi presidia l’autostrada
tra la capitale Yerevan e la città sacra di Echmiadzin. Il bus accosta
davanti a un cartello che indica il nome del villaggio adiacente. Non
serve saper leggere l’armeno per capire cosa c’è scritto: l’enorme
falco appollaiato è il simbolo dei combattenti di Musa Dagh, gli
armeni che nel 1915 si opposero alle truppe ottomane arrivate per
deportarli. Questo villaggio e il monumento che lo sovrasta
rappresentano la continuità storica di quella comunità umana: fuggiti
una prima volta in Egitto nel 1915, rientrati a casa nel 1919,
trasferiti in Libano nel 1939, parzialmente rimpatriati nell’Armenia
sovietica nel 1946. L’autobus riparte abbandonando il luogo al sibilo
del vento: dallo zaino tiro fuori il ritratto che mi porto dietro dal
Libano e mi addentro nei viali sterrati, fiancheggiati da case basse.

Il genocidio non è storia. E’ presente

Hayk Demoyan, direttore del memoriale del genocidio armeno di Yerevan

`Angel ha dieci anni più di me, e aveva già un figlio quando i nostri
genitori decisero di partire dal Libano per venire qui, in Armenia. Ci
dividemmo: noi siamo partiti per primi, Angel invece rimase ad Anjar,
in attesa di un nostro segnale. Avevo nove anni’. Le mani callose di
Vartuhi continuano a stringere la foto di Angel, la sorella che non
vede dal 1946. In tutta la vita Vartuhi non ha fatto altro che la
contadina in questo villaggio, cittadina dello stato più povero del
Caucaso. `Ma quel segnale non fu mai inviato. Nostro padre impedì che
Angel e la sua famiglia ci raggiungessero. Qui trovammo fame, freddo e
lo spettro della Siberia.’

Sul tavolo, il ritratto della sorella perduta calamita i pensieri,
evocando ricordi lontani come un Graal proveniente da un’altra epoca.
`Partimmo da Beirut a bordo della Pobeda verso il Mar Nero, poi in
treno da Batumi fino a Yerevan. Avevamo grandi sogni, finalmente una
vera patria. Arrivavamo

L’intero reportage

Vai alla pagina dedicata al reportage

incoraggiati dai giornali, dalla propaganda, dalla speranza’. Il
pomeriggio scivola veloce sui racconti di Vartuhi, mentre il sole si
affretta a lasciare il posto a una notte glaciale, rendendo ancora più
drastica la distanza dal Libano. Prima che sia buio estraggo la
macchina fotografica, mentre l’anziana si sistema per un ritratto.
Nello sguardo, la stessa luce che qualche giorno fa illuminava gli
occhi della sorella maggiore, sul volto la stessa severità. `Pensi che
Angel riuscirà a riconoscermi?’

Prima di lasciare il villaggio mi addentro nella pancia del rapace,
dove un piccolo museo raccoglie cimeli, documenti, memorie dei
profughi di Musa Dagh. Nelle teche in compensato si glorifica il
sacrificio degli antenati, tentando di trasformare la cicatrice del
passato in una storica sfida da tramandare attraverso le generazioni
in esilio. Un tagliando prestampato racconta la migrazione di Sarkis
Penenian e della sua famiglia, rimasti alla storia grazie
all’ingiallita carta d’imbarco sulla Pobeda. `Familiari al seguito:
cinque. Porto di partenza: Beirut. Porto di arrivo: Batumi. Emesso a
Beirut il 19/9/1946. Firmato: Comitato per il rimpatrio degli armeni
di Libano e Siria’. Prezzo, cinquanta lire libanesi: il viaggio di
sola andata verso l’ignoto si acquistava a prezzi modici.
Dal mio diario.
Da cosa dipende il destino di un profugo? Dalla nave che prende o che
perde, dal consiglio che segue o che ignora. Il campo profughi
palestinese in cui vivo si trova a Beirut semplicemente perché nel ’48
i rifugiati riuscirono a fuggire su un treno che faceva servizio tra
Palestina e Libano appena prima che il tunnel ferroviario tra i due
paesi fosse fatto saltare. Così Vartuhi e Angel, le sorelle armene
divise solo da un viaggio in nave di pochi giorni nel 1946, hanno
attraversato un secolo intero senza mai più incontrarsi. La diaspora è
la terra delle circostanze. L’unica patria dei profughi è la memoria,
e la guerra è la loro vera madre.

La nebbia che intrappola Yerevan si scioglie già sulle prime rampe che
salgono verso lo Tsitsernakaberd, il memoriale del genocidio armeno.
Quassù Armenia e diaspora si fondono, ricostituendo simbolicamente
l’unità delle due anime del popolo armeno. Una fiamma sulla sommità
della collina ricorda il milione e mezzo di vittime, mentre a
fondovalle la capitale è coperta da un tappeto bianco di silenzio e
nuvole basse.

`Diaspora e genocidio sono due facce della stessa medaglia. Una
questione rimanda all’altra’. Hayk Demoyan, direttore del memoriale,
mi attende nella semioscurità dei corridoi, dove fotografie e
documenti ricostruiscono le tappe della tragedia subita dal popolo
armeno un secolo fa. `Riconoscere il genocidio è il passo necessario
per dimostrare comprensione per la storia della diaspora’. La politica
di stato turca nega che massacri e deportazioni compiute dall’impero
ottomano a danno degli armeni avessero scopi genocidari, minando le
possibilità di normalizzare le relazioni tra i due paesi.

`Nel 2009 siamo stati ad un passo da un’intesa, ma almeno per ora la
firma dei protocolli non ha portato a nulla’. Gli accordi a cui si
riferisce Demoyan prevedevano la riapertura della frontiera tra
Armenia e Turchia, chiusa dal 1993, riducendo l’isolamento del piccolo
stato caucasico. Oltre alla questione del confine occidentale,
infatti, Yerevan è alle prese con un ventennale conflitto sul Nagorno
– Karabakh con il vicino orientale, l’Azerbaijan. `I tempi non erano
ancora maturi, ma il tempo gioca a nostro favore. Nel giro di qualche
anno potremo raccogliere i frutti della nostra politica di apertura’.

Dalle vetrate panoramiche della hall il Monte Ararat, emblema e
simbolo della saga armena, riempie il cielo man mano che la foschia
lascia il posto a un cielo terso e gelido. Il gigante bianco giace
oltre il confine, in territorio turco, assegnato dalla storia alla
sovranità dell’ingombrante vicino. `Ma l’Armenia non ha pretese
territoriali, l’abbiamo ribadito in tutte le sedi internazionali’.
Dopo un anno trascorso a contatto con la diaspora libanese,
l’approccio di Demoyan alle relazioni con la Turchia suona molto
pragmatico, lontano dalla retorica agguerrita e dai sogni di rivalsa
che serpeggiano tra i quartieri armeni di Beirut. `La diaspora ha
pagato il prezzo più alto della follia genocida ottomana, è per questo
che ha interiorizzato un approccio emotivo. Come cittadini di questo
paese, però, noi dobbiamo guardare alla questione anche con occhio
realistico’.

Il breve giro di sole si chiude dietro il sipario dell’Ararat,
abbandonando i viali di Yerevan alla lunga notte d’autunno. Il centro
storico della capitale armena è il teatro in cui si assiste a uno
spettacolo desolante che va in scena dagli anni novanta: la diaspora
d’oltreoceano, forte del suo potere economico e ansiosa di marcare il
territorio, invade col cemento armato ogni metro disponibile. Schiere
di appartamenti disabitati, vetrine deserte, residenze d’estate,
solitari agenti di polizia privata negli angoli della notte sono il
lascito della politica del laissez faire che il governo armeno riserva
alla sua diaspora. Nel tratto spietato del calcestruzzo si riconosce
lo stessa pena che la diaspora libanese infligge alla sua Beirut.

Stanco, mi rifugio nelle immagini raccolte nei territori in cui loro
malgrado Armenia e Turchia si incontrano. La penna corre.

Dal mio diario

Il filo spinato spezza la continuità assoluta dell’altopiano. Una
formica percorre un segmento di quella trama zincata, fin quando una
raffica di vento la scaglia a terra. Oltre i reticolati, il Monte
Ararat aggredisce l’orizzonte, vicino come sembrano solo le cose che
non si possono toccare. Questo è il limes da cui turchi e armeni
gridano da un secolo l’un l’altro: ‘Hic sunt leones’. Queste sono le
Colonne d’Ercole che reggono l’ultimo tratto ancora in piedi della
Cortina di ferro. La formica, ignara, zigzaga a lungo tra i due paesi,
prima di scomparire nella solitudine della prateria. E se invece di
volare a Beirut tornassi indietro via terra?

From: A. Papazian

http://www.balcanicaucaso.org/Tutte-le-notizie/Il-ritratto-e-il-rapace-120779

Book review: ‘The Sandcastle Girls’

The Record, NorthJersey.com, NJ
July 29 2012

Book review: ‘The Sandcastle Girls’

Sunday July 29, 2012, 2:48 PM

BY KIM CURTIS

THE ASSOCIATED PRESS

“The Sandcastle Girls,” by Chris Bohjalian (Doubleday, 320 pages, $25.95)

It takes a talented novelist to combine fully ripened characters, an
engrossing storyline, exquisite prose and set it against a horrific
historical backdrop – in this case, the Armenian genocide – and
completely enchant readers.

The prolific and captivating Chris Bohjalian has done it all – again –
with his 15th book, “The Sandcastle Girls.”

Readers will recognize the author from his best-selling “Midwives,”
which caught Oprah Winfrey’s attention in 1998. This time, it’s 1915
and, again, his protagonist is a feisty woman, Elizabeth Endicott, a
21-year-old graduate of Mount Holyoke who shatters stereotypes by
traveling to Syria to deliver food and aid to refugees of the
genocide.

And, again, Bohjalian shifts his novel back and forth in time to
simultaneously tell the story of Laura Petrosian, an Armenian-American
writer living in New York. It never feels clunky or tough to follow.
Instead, it’s seamless and keeps the reader flowing evenly through the
story.

It’s worth noting that even though Bohjalian is a man, his ability to
successfully inhabit the female mind and accurately depict his
characters’ inner lives is amazing.

“The Sandcastle Girls,” while perhaps not the “beachy” read its title
implies, is a fascinating journey through time and history. It also
educates readers about a little-known, but significant period in
history – “How do a million and a half people die with nobody
knowing,” his author-character writes. “You kill them in the middle of
nowhere.”

From: A. Papazian

http://www.northjersey.com/arts_entertainment/164195066_Book_review___The_Sandcastle_Girls_.html

Syria’s Aleppo: commercial hub turned battleground

Agence France Presse
July 28, 2012 Saturday 9:50 AM GMT

Syria’s Aleppo: commercial hub turned battleground

ALEPPO, Syria, July 28 2012

Syria’s second city Aleppo has turned into what could be the key
battleground of the 16-month uprising, as government forces launched a
major push to drive out rebel fighters on Saturday.

Troop reinforcements poured into the southwest of the commercial hub
of some 2.5 million people, where the rebels concentrated their forces
after seizing much of the city on July 20.

“The fiercest clashes of the uprising are taking place in several
neighbourhoods of the city,” the head of the Britain-based Syrian
Observatory for Human Rights, Rami Abdel Rahman, told AFP.

Before this month, Aleppo had seen sporadic protests but had been
largely spared the bloodshed that has engulfed other cities since the
uprising against President Bashar al-Assad’s rule broke out in March
last year.

The city suffered the wrath of the Assad family’s regime after an
uprising led by the Muslim Brotherhood between 1979 and 1982 when many
of its businessmen backed the rebellion.

But the manufacturing centre, renowned for its textiles, profited from
a free-trade agreement signed with Turkey in 2005, even if some small
businesses found themselves unable to compete.

“Aleppo was calm because it is an industrial and commercial town that
found favour with the regime after 10 years of punishment for its
support for the Muslim Brotherhood during the 1980s,” said geographer
Fabrice Balanche, who heads the Mediterranean and Middle East Studies
and Research Group in Paris.

“The security apparatus has been very powerful since then. The rebels
come from the countryside but Aleppo’s residents are staying home.”

The lure of the big city as well as the search for jobs has drawn
large numbers of migrants from the countryside around Aleppo.

Around 45 percent of the city’s 120 square kilometres (45 square
miles) is made up of informal neighbourhoods, whose residents are
mostly Sunni Arabs or Kurds.

Overall, the majority of its residents are Sunnis, around 65 percent
of them Arabs and 20 percent Kurds.

Christians represent around 10 percent of the population, around half
of them Armenians, with the remainder Syrian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox
or Maronites.

Members of the Alawite sect, an offshoot of Shiite Islam to which
Assad and his family belong, make up around five percent of the
population.

But unlike in Damascus and in Syria’s third largest city Homs, the
community is not concentrated in any particular district.

With the exception of Hamdaniyeh, home to large numbers of government
employees, many of them Alawites, the community is dispersed
throughout the city.

The metropolis of the north of the country, Aleppo was considered the
second city of the Ottoman empire until its collapse after World War
I.

It served as the capital of a vast province stretching across
southeastern Anatolia as well as northern Syria before the post-war
redrawing of international borders deprived it of much of its historic
catchment area.

Aleppo preserves many heritage sites including its renowned 13th
century citadel.The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation named the Ancient City a World Heritage Site in 1986.

From: A. Papazian