The government’s plan for 2021-2026 is presented in the National Assembly. the report on the progress and results of the 2025 implementation of the activity plan. At first glance, the same problem as last year is noticeable. In the report, the indicators of 2025 are again compared with 2017.

Meanwhile, logic dictates that the reporting year should be compared not with the distant past, but with the targets set in the program approved by the given government. In other words, to assess whether the government fulfilled its promises or simply tried to “look good” through comparisons.

In addition, the report contains a number of controversial and questionable wordings. Let’s consider two of them.

Observation N.1

Page 2 of the report states: “In 2025, a high economic growth (7.2%) was recorded, as a result of which in 2021-2025 The average annual GDP growth was 7.9%)”։

The numerical indicators are impressive at first glance, but here the most important point has been clearly overlooked. In recent years, economic growth has been largely determined by external factors. We are talking, in particular, about the large inflow of capital and human resources to Armenia as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian war, as well as the sharp increase in re-exports. It is no coincidence that in 2022-2023 the highest growth rates were recorded, a significant part of which (up to 6 percentage points), according to various estimates, was formed precisely at the expense of these endogenous influences. It is important to record this because the government’s plan stipulated that the minimum level of average annual GDP growth should be 7%, and in the case of a favorable external environment – 9%.

In other words, under the favorable conditions that have actually been formed, which continue to this day, the government should have ensured a higher result. But even against this background 9% growth was not achieved. This is an example of missed opportunities.

These “nicely packaged” statistics are especially remarkable in the context of foreign policy. Recently, there has been an obvious tension between the current government and the Russian authorities, as evidenced by the recent meeting between Nikol Pashinyan and Vladimir Putin. At the meeting, the Russian side made clear statements about what Armenia has gained by joining the EAEU, and what will happen if Armenia drastically changes its foreign policy vector towards Europe. This circumstance is essential. the economic growth of the last years was formed in the very environment in which today the government is trying to revise its policy. In other words, by boasting about economic indicators, the basis of those same results is at risk. Abrupt changes in foreign policy can change the rules of the game very quickly, and in that case it will become clear very quickly whether it was a question of permanent gains or temporary favorable circumstances.

Observation N.2

The picture presented in terms of tax revenues is equally telling. Page 2 of the report states: “In general, tax revenues and state duties amounted to 2 trillion 725.2 billion AMD, ensuring 100.3% implementation of the specified program and an improvement of 7.6 percentage points compared to the previous year. In 2025, tax revenues of the state budget and state duties have registered an increase of about 14% compared to the previous year, or an additional income of 334.3 billion AMD”:

The indicators are also presented here as an achievement, but the real picture is different. Actually, in 2025 the “overperformance” of tax revenues was only 0.3%, while the economic growth, 7.2%, significantly exceeded the budgeted 5.1%. In other words, the economy grew faster than expected, but this growth did not adequately translate into budget revenues. As a result, in 2025 the tax/GDP ratio was 24.1%, 0.9 percentage points lower than the program target.

This is already a clear signal that high economic activity was not accompanied by an adequate efficiency of tax administration. More simply, the government could not “take” what the economy gave. That is why the presented “outperformance” is actually rather a technical result due to an incorrectly forecasted base than management efficiency. Furthermore, these data also cast doubt on the feasibility of the program’s key target of raising the tax/GDP ratio to 25% by 2026. When it is 24.1% in 2025, and time is limited, it is difficult to talk about the realism of such a leap improvement.

In general, it is obvious that an attempt was made in the report to present as “rosy” a picture as possible. However, even with that approach, it was not possible to hide the main problem. under favorable external conditions, the government not only did not reach the highest benchmark set by itself, but also did not even provide the corresponding “return” to the budget in the form of tax revenues. Such a selective presentation of indicators is already difficult to perceive as a method of pure accountability. It is more likely that we are dealing with a propaganda package being formed ahead of the parliamentary elections on June 7, where the numbers are not analyzed, but “arranged” based on political expediency.

To be continued…

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The hearing in the case of Samvel Karapetyan, chairman of the “Strong Armenia” party, started today at the Anti-Corruption Court. The judge presiding over the session is Vahe Dolmazyan.

At the beginning of the court session, Karapetyan’s legal team submitted a motion to hold the court session without video recording and live broadcasting. The court granted the motion.

“I have Russian and Cypriot passports, regarding which the process has started. I am a citizen of the Republic of Armenia. Since I am now the chairman of the “Strong Armenia” party and we will participate in the elections and we are sure that we will win, I will give up those passports.

Yes, I will renounce Russian and Cypriot citizenship. My education is higher, I have a doctorate in economics. I have not been convicted before.

Yes, I work, I work as the chairman of the “Strong Armenia” party, I had another job before I was arrested, I live in Yerevan, I am registered in the city of Tashir. I have not received the indictment,” said Samvel Karapetyan.

Addressing Judge Dolmazyan, Samvel Karapetyan said that Arshak Vardanyan brought a stack of papers with him, but he does not consider it an indictment.

“The accusers, those who gave them orders, have more to do with that pile of paper than I do. I said: I got it from Arshak Vardanyan, I didn’t get it from the accusers, if you consider that I got it, then I did,” said Samvel Karapetyan.

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The first hearing of the criminal case against Samvel Karapetyan is underway in the Anti-Corruption Court.

His supporters are in the court yard.

Chairman of the “United Armenians” party, Nairi Sargsyan, speaking about the expectations, mentioned that it is necessary to achieve the final victory by combining forces.

“We have repeatedly stated that we have pursued the short-term priority goal of removing the number one obstacle to Armenia’s development on June 30. Nikol Pashinyan’s justice should be treated the way they treat the country, the Armenian people and the judicial bodies, that is, with fingers crossed.”

He added that justice and the period of Nikol Pashinyan have no relation to each other. “The 3 member parties of the alliance have set a new congress, and, I think, mergers are still possible.”

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“I was detained to protect the Armenian identity, to protect the church. I want the prosecutor, Dallakyan, to participate in these court sessions, and as a boy from Lorraine, to be guided by his conscience,” said Samvel Karapetyan in court, referring to the reasons for the criminal proceedings initiated against him.

At today’s court session, Samvel Karapetyan’s defense attorneys petitioned to change Samvel Karapetyan’s restraining order. The judge decided to discuss the matter in order of priority.

The prosecuting prosecutor requested to extend the detention for 3 months, justifying that there are persons on whom Samvel Karapetyan can influence.

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Samvel Karapetyan has already started the process of renouncing the citizenships of both countries, Mamikon Aslanyan, a member of the “Strong Armenia” party, said this in the court yard.

“Samvel Karapetyan considers serving the RA as a priority interest and continues the course of changes that he will bring with him. Every time we come to the court, we think that we should come early, there is a place for a car or a place to stand, but contrary to what we think, we come and see that there is a huge crowd, big traffic jams that reach kilometers.

This proves that although our rival, the Ahoyan, is a genius in a negative sense, it is so in history. the greater the impact, the more the resistance will increase like a spring.”

To remind, the first court hearing in the criminal case against Samvel Karapetyan is going on in the Anti-Corruption Court, his supporters are in the court yard.

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Government 2021-2026 The report on the progress and results of the 2025 implementation of the action plan, to put it mildly, raises more questions than it answers, especially with regard to records related to unemployment and poverty.

On page 23 of the report, it is written about unemployment. “The unemployment rate was 11.8% in the third quarter of 2025, compared to 13.3% in the same quarter of 2024 and 16.4% in 2017.“. However, the full picture is not presented here. We are talking about a quarterly indicator.  2025 annual data have not yet been published. And the last available annual indicator refers to 2024, when the unemployment rate was 13.4% in 2023. 1.0 percentage point more than the indicator, that is, instead of decreasing, it increased. It turns out that, despite the recorded economic growth, the unemployment rate has increased in 2024.

According to the target set by the government’s plan (page 22), the unemployment rate by 2026 should be below 10%. However, existing trends already suggest that this target will not be achieved. It is practically impossible to reduce the unemployment rate by 3.4 percentage points within two years, because even in the years of high economic growth, such rate of reduction was not recorded. Such was the case, for example, in 2022-2023. the period when the largest decrease in the unemployment rate in conditions of high economic growth was 3.1 percentage points.

The picture regarding poverty is no less problematic. On page 63 of the report there is the following record. “The poverty rate continued to decrease, from 25.7% in 2017 to 21.7% in 2024, and extreme poverty from 1.4% to 0.6%.”. However, the most important thing was bypassed here: the government’s 2021-2026. comparison with program targets. Meanwhile, by 2026, it is planned to to halve the level of poverty (p. 21), and to completely eliminate extreme poverty (p. 67).

When you put the numbers side by side, the picture becomes more than telling. Poverty level doubling means that it should decrease from 27% to 13.5% in 2020. But taking into account the 21.7% poverty level registered in 2024 and, in general, the dynamics of the past four years, it is frivolous to expect a sharp turnaround, even with extremely optimistic estimates.

In the case of extreme poverty, the situation is more worrying. Over the past four years, it has decreased by only 0.1 percentage points, from 0.7% in 2020 to 0.6% in 2024. Meanwhile, the government promised in its plan that extreme poverty should be completely eliminated by 2026. In this case, the wording in the government’s report can be considered as an attempt to ignore one’s own statistics. 

Summing up, let’s emphasize once again that the unemployment rate has not been brought to the target announced by the government, poverty has not been halved, and extreme poverty has not disappeared. And no matter how much the report tries to single out positive episodes, the general picture does not change. there are promises left on paper, and there is reality, which stubbornly “does not comply” with official reports. This has become a familiar scenario in the case of the current government. We see the same in other areas, where high percentages of economic growth were presented as evidence of universal prosperity, while the average citizen did not experience this “growth” in his life. Or when the expansion of social programs was presented as an alleviation of poverty, but in reality they often only mitigated the effects, not eliminating the causes.

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Yesterday, Pashinyan met with representatives of the business community and assured that with the peace established with Azerbaijan, Armenia is entering a new period of economic development. Moreover, he continued to address the perspectives of the TRIPP project launch, talking about rail cargo transportation through the territory of Azerbaijan to Armenia.

Are such proposals really forward-looking, or against the background of the latest Russian announcements, a quasi-comforting alternative for businessmen? 168․am was interested in political economist Hrant Mikayelyan.

“How the business community will react to Pashinyan’s false promises, it will be a bit difficult for me to clarify, because of course there are people who look very positively at the prospects of establishing relations with Turkey and Azerbaijan, regardless of all the circumstances.

Here his calculation may partially work, but at the same time, the business community already realizes that Pashinyan’s policy in the direction of Russia will significantly worsen their position, and in addition, in the direction of Turkey, if we get rid of the language of promises and move to real life, then realistic, tangible progress is not observed.

Therefore, I think that this PR move will not have the effect it wants to have. In other words, he will not get additional votes and additional support in that community,” explained Hrant Mikayelyan.

To the question: does Pashinyan’s talk about long-term economic prospects indicate that he is confident in his and his team’s re-election prospects, the political scientist answered that the current behavior of the authorities indicates the opposite.

“I don’t see the confidence that they are convinced of their reproduction. In other words, the actions of the authorities, the propaganda they are conducting, the new chain of arrests, yesterday’s unsuccessful attempt to arrest Gohar Ghumashyan, and the attempts of new repressions show their distrust. Pashinyan’s tasteless statements… all this proves that there is no trust.

The fact that they want to present the situation like that is another matter, but it is not necessary to overestimate the possibility of reproduction,” he added.

Hrant Mikayelyan listed several factors that will be of significant importance in the electoral mosaic in any case, such as where will the electorate of the parties and forces that will not participate in the elections go, or whether Pashinyan may try to resort to some unconventional steps, to introduce a state of emergency, etc., the internal political shades of the European Political Community Summit in Armenia…

“There are many questions here, but Pashinyan knows better than anyone that at the moment his support is lower than the support of the opposition, which is also confirmed by polls. Another thing is that with various manipulations, for example, in the scenario of the Yerevan elections, he can try to win, and it is not excluded,” the specialist summarized.

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The Armenian people, the political elite of Armenia, the intelligentsia, the collective Armenians must defeat the Turkish Trojan horse.

The history of peoples is a history of ups and downs, victories and defeats.

This stage, in the personal history of our people and all of us, these last years are a period of defeat.

This is a very deep question that has many layers.

Details: video

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On April 2 TASS:In an interview with , Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Alexei Overchuk stated that the signing of the agreement on the implementation of the “Trump Road” project violated the regional balance of the South Caucasus.

“The problem is that these signatures caused deeper processes. They violated the regional balance that existed since 1828, when the Treaty of Turkmencha was signed.” he justified, recalling that “at that time, the lands of the Erivan and Nakhichevan khanates were ceded to the Russian Empire, and the border was established along the geographical border along the Araks River.”

“Since then, in general, this is a peaceful border, which was ensured by the agreements reached between the two big neighbors.” stressed Overchuk.

The Deputy Prime Minister of Russia continued that Russia’s participation in the tripartite working group of Deputy Prime Ministers allowed for a balanced discussion of the interests of all present countries, taking into account the sovereignty, jurisdiction, territorial integrity and economic interests of Armenia.

“Azerbaijan was in a constructive mood, and the Islamic Republic of Iran, which at that time was already conducting negotiations with the EAEU on the mutual opening of markets, did not feel the threats brought by inviting the Americans to the northern coast of Araks,” he said.

It should be noted that the tripartite on November 9-10, 2020 from the announcement then, the 9th point of which refers to the unblocking of all economic and transport links in the region, two more Armenia-Russia-Azerbaijan trilateral declarations be signed.

In particular, approved in Moscow on January 11, 2021 statement mentions the creation of a working group dealing with the issue of unblocking.

“1. We support the implementation of point 9 of the statement of November 9, 2020 regarding the unblocking of all economic and transport links in the region. President of the Russian Federation V.V. to Putin’s proposal.

2. The working group will hold its first session by January 30, 2021, and based on its results, it will draw up The list of the main directions of works resulting from the implementation of point 9 of the announcement, defining railway and road communications as priorities,as well as Republic of Azerbaijan, Republic of Armenia and Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Parties) will define other directions by agreement between them,” the document states.

On November 26, 2021, the leaders of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia will meet together in Sochi statement were accept, where, in fact, the emphasis was again on the process of unblocking, but also on the process of demarcation.

«We highly appreciated 2021. The activity of the Trilateral Working Group on unblocking all economic and transport links of the region established under the joint chairmanship of the Deputy Prime Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia and the Deputy Prime Minister of the Government of the Russian Federation in accordance with the statement of January 11. We emphasized the need to start concrete projects as soon as possible to reveal the economic potential of the region.”

And though regarding TRIPP and trade corridors in the region In the context of the article by Zohrab Mnatsakanyan, former Minister of Foreign Affairs In a conversation with Shiraz Khachatryan, an expert of the “Henaket” analytical center, recently we have touched on the role of regional players, the transforming role of Russia and the strengthening role of Turkey. However, the footnotes of the Russian Deputy Prime Minister’s statement were not addressed at that time, which we tried to do this time:

Shiraz Khachatryan, expert of “Henaket” analytical center this time we tried to understandլ՝ What does Overchuk’s reference to the Treaty of Turkmencha mean? What does this interesting statement by a Russian official mean about both Syunik and Nakhichevan?

“In my opinion, Overchuk’s statement is not so much a historical excursus as it is a political message to regional and major actors. When he says that the TRIPP agreements have upset the balance established since 1828, he actually means the regional order, which was based on the borders of Russian and Iranian influence for a long time, and later on the treaty system mediated by Moscow. The mention of the Treaty of Turkmencha here is not accidental. The Russian side is trying to show that the current border and political architecture of the South Caucasus was not formed today, but has a two-century deep historical-legal basis, the circumvention of which is perceived in Moscow as a change in the arrangement of forces to their detriment. One of the important layers of this announcement is not only TRIPP, but also the topic of Nakhijevan. You know that Azerbaijan has recently abolished the significance of the Moscow and Kars treaties of 1921 regarding Nakhichevan, weakening their references in its internal legal framework. But the special status of Nakhichevan as a part of Azerbaijan with external guarantees was confirmed by those agreements. In other words, when Baku tries to push those bases to the background, it is considered in Moscow not as a matter of internal change of the given country, but as an attempt to rethink the entire regional legal and political structure. That is why Overchuk’s words referring to previous agreements, in my opinion, mean several things.

First, Russia openly says that it does not consider new communication projects purely on the economic level.

Second, Moscow warns that it considers the new balance being built in the South Caucasus without its participation to be problematic.

And third, this is a reaction not only to American involvement, but also to Turkey’s growing role and Azerbaijan’s attempts to redact the previous treaty bases. In short, Overchuk is trying to say that the issue of changing the status of Nakhichevan or TRIPP are not new processes or projects in the Russian perception, but are a blow to the historical and political system on which Moscow has built its influence in the region for decades. 168.amShiraz Khachatryan explained in a conversation with

The fact that Aliyev decided to limit the autonomy of Nakhichevan, we wrote just last year. We we have informed also about the process of turning Nakhijevan into a tax and administrative free zone and referred to its risks.

Shiraz Khachatryan gave a positive answer to the question: to what extent can the topics of internal legal change in Nakhijevan and the issue of the road passing through Syunik be considered in the same dimension, or is it possible?

“Yes, the topic of internal legal changes in Nakhichevan and the issue of the road passing through Syunik can be considered on the same military-political level. Outwardly, they are different processes, but in reality they are two sides of the same transformation. Overchuk’s statements are remarkable for this very reason. When he talks about the Syunik road, the tripartite working group and the “disturbed balance”, it becomes clear that Moscow is unhappy not only with the specific project, but also with the fact that Armenia is trying to move in such formats where the role of Russia is either reduced or bypassed. In this context, the legal changes around Nakhichevan and the topic of the road passing through Syunik are connected.

If, on the one hand, Baku is trying to redefine the foundations of Nakhichevan’s status by reducing the importance of previous contractual references, then on the other hand, it is promoting a new communication regime, which should operate under new power conditions. In other words, in one case, the legal basis is revised, in the other case, its geopolitical continuation is created. For Russia, this is a general process with the general picture of a weakening of its role, an increase in the influence of Turkey, a deepening of American involvement, a more independent play of Azerbaijan and the often incomprehensible behavior of Armenia. That is why the mention of Iran in Overchuk’s speech is not accidental either. Moscow is actually implying that under the conditions of the previous balance, Tehran did not feel threatened as long as Russia was involved as a mediator and guarantor. But now, when that system is changing, Iran’s sensitivity is naturally increasing, and the latter should advance its interests in the region in a non-passive way,” the expert said.

Let’s add that Azeri sources recently had reported that works are underway to connect the Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan to the main energy system of Azerbaijan and to form the Azerbaijan-Turkey-Europe energy corridor.

In this context, it was informed that a high-voltage transmission line with a voltage of 330 kilovolts and a capacity of 1000 megawatts is being built, starting from “Jrakan (Jabrayil)”, and that in the next phase of the project, an additional 44 km long transmission line will be built, which will cross the “Zangezur Corridor”.

Rashad Mammadov, Ambassador of Azerbaijan to Turkey last year referred to Prospects related to “Zangezur Corridor” and report the following:

“As Nakhichevan has no land connection with Azerbaijan, we are currently supplying it with natural gas through Turkey, through the Tbilisi-Erzrum pipeline. Recently, the possibility of building a second pipeline has appeared. In other words, there is a possibility to build a gas pipeline from Zangezur to Nakhichevan. Thanks to this, it becomes possible to lay a pipeline from Nakhijevan to Kars, which will open new perspectives,” he elaborated.

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On April 3, the Chairman of the RA NA Foreign Relations Committee Sargis Khandanyan met with the Chargé d’Affaires of the Embassy of the Republic of Iraq in Yerevan, Mohammed Al-Sheikhli. Welcoming the guest, the Armenian parliamentarian noted that the friendly relations between the peoples of the two countries have always been a solid basis for the continuous development of cooperation between Armenia and Iraq, emphasizing the development and expansion of interstate and parliamentary relations. M. According to Al-Sheikhli, bilateral relations between Armenia and Iraq are developing dynamically, which is also reflected by the signing of a number of agreements and memoranda of understanding. Yerevan and Baghdad attach great importance to the establishment of peace in the region, stressing that it is the most important condition for the prosperity and mutually beneficial cooperation of the states.

Earlier, at the beginning of the year, the Iraqi diplomat was received by the RA Deputy Minister of Territorial Administration and Infrastructure, Narek Apitonyan. According to the press service of the department, a number of issues of bilateral cooperation in the field of energy and the prospects of its development were discussed during the meeting. Er:and:are planning to at least double the import of Iraqi liquefied petroleum gas from the current year, seeking to weaken the dependence in this field not only on the Russian Federation, but alsoand: From Azerbaijan, where the limited supply of this product started hereby thevowel marchfrom: Narek Apitonyan emphasized the developing relations between the two countries in the field of energy, expressed hope that the dynamics of bilateral cooperation in the field of energy will improve, opening up new opportunities in that field.

Նշվեց՝ Armenia imports liquefied petroleum gas from Iraq. According to the data of the RA Customs Service, in the first half of 2025, Armenia imported 218.1 tons of this energy resource, which is 68.3% more compared to the same period last year. Moreover, customs valuen: increased 2.8 times to $146,000. During that period, Iraqi gas accounted for only 0.1% of total imports of this commodity. This volume in the second half of the yearn: grew toand: a total of 410 tons, which is about 1% of total imports. These supplies were mainly routed through Iran, against which the United States and: Israel launched a war of aggression on February 20, 2026.

In the opposite direction, again through the Meghri checkpoint, cigarettes are transported through the territory of Iran and: some other Armenian products: The total volume of exports and re-exports from Armenia to Iraq in 2025 made 338 million dollars, while trade turnover has steadily increased. noted participants of the 4th session of the intergovernmental commission on economic cooperation between the two countries. Armenia in October last year and: Oman has submitted formal applications to join the Road to Development project, according to the Iraqi Prime Minister’s Transport Adviser Nasser Al-Assadi. “The Iraqi government thinks so՝ right?and:those countries should participate in the “Road to Development” project. Q:atheCome on, the UAE and: Turkey has expressed readiness to support the project. The ambassador of Armenia in Iraq also expressed his desire for his country to participate in the project, the Armenian industry and: With Iraq and the regionand:by creating a free zone for trade exchanges”.

Earlier, in the late 1990s (and even in the mid-1970s), experts from the USSR/Russia, Iran and Iraq discussed a project to transit natural and oil gas and oil from Mesopotamian fields through Iran to the Caucasus, with the possible creation of a gas and oil export hub near the port of Batumi.. Such a project was conditioned both by the normalization of relations between Iraq and Iran, who signed friendship and border treaties in Algiers in 1975, and by the relatively friendly relations of the USSR with both the regimes of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Saddam Hussein. However, in 1979 the bloody Iran-Iraq war began, which lasted until 1988 and buried any transit option in the region for many years.

Meanwhile, there was also a project that provided for the exit of northern Iraqi oil to the Iranian coast of the Caspian Sea. This age-old idea, which dates back to 1919, was developed by the British oil business to connect oil-producing regions and pumping systems in the Middle East and the Caspian region by the shortest route.. In 1995-2001, Mehdi Safari, Iran’s ambassador to Russia, told the author of my article (at that time, the commentator of RCC): “There were no categorical objections from Iran, the issue is being discussed, but a lot will depend on the position of the Iraqi side.”

Some authors consider the hypothetical energy connection between Iran and Iraq to be one of the reasons for the eternal concern of the US and Israel. An alliance between the two neighboring countries would quickly establish a dominant position in the region, and cooperation had come a long way in recent decades. For example, as of 2019, Iran supplies almost 43% of Iraq’s gas needs for developing Iraqi electricity generation (supplied by pipeline through the southern city of Basra and by rail). Iran resumed gas supplies to Iraq on March 21, 2026, after a nearly one-month hiatus due to the “Epstein Coalition’s” attacks on the largest field of “South Pars”. Iraq depends on Iranian gas (mainly liquefied natural gas) to run its power plants. The agreement provides for supplies up to and including 2029, with an option to extend for any period. In addition, the White House prohibits Baghdad from importing gas from Iran, but the government of Muammar al-Sudani insists on “temporary” permits and receives them.

It appears that renewed Iran-Iraq energy cooperation partially exempts Iraqi oil and gas from the embargo to supply Armenia, Turkey and Jordan. At the same time, projects have been prepared with the French TotalEnergies for the development of 4 new gas fields in central and southern Iraq in 2026-2031. Total gas reserves in the country are appreciated about 4.6 trillion cubic meters, almost 70% of which is petroleum gas. Whether all this will be realized depends on the course of events in the region, including the early cessation of US-Israeli aggression against Iran and the restoration of normal operation of transit routes.

Alexey Baliev

vpoanalytics.com

Translation by Zhanna Avetisyan

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