Moscow’s Collective Security Organization: A Challenge to NATO?

Second Line of Defense
July 9 2018


07/09/2018

By Richard Weitz

One issue that will probably not be on the NATO summit agenda, but should be, is to develop a strategy for dealing with the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO).

NATO has consistently rejected to do so, dismissing the organization as a façade for Moscow’s aspirations for regional hegemony.

It is true that Russia dominates the CSTO, which also includes Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan as full members.

For example, the CSTO helps to justify the Russian military presence in other former Soviet republics.

But the organization has become increasingly active in recent years and NATO can hardly have a comprehensive role for Eurasia without addressing its prominent role.

The CSTO has several types of collective military forces: large combined regional forces, standing rapid reaction forces, and smaller special purpose forces for sub-conventional missions.

Most importantly, in 2009, the CSTO created a Kollektivniye Sily Operativnogo Reagirovaniya (KSOR or Collective Rapid Reaction Force) to conduct low-intensity operations such as peacekeeping, counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, emergency response, and countering drug trafficking.

The KSOR includes special purpose forces as well as conventional troops.

Its more than 25,000 personnel are split into a large battle group of 22,000 and a 3,500-member Central Asian Regional Collective Rapid Deployment Force (KSBR TsAR), which maintains a higher state of combat readiness but is intended for use only in Central Asia.

The KSOR has engaged in more major exercises in recent years, especially since the Ukraine conflict began in 2014:

  • The “Vzainmodeystviye” (translated in English as “Interaction” sometimes “Cooperation” or “Collaboration”) are annual large-scale rehearsals of the KSOR’s conventional capabilities.
  • The “Rubezh” (“Frontier”) drills tests rapid deployment against hypothetical terrorist organizations in Central Asia.
  • The “Nerushimoe bratstvo” (“Unbreakable Brotherhood) series rehearse various peacekeeping skills.
  • The periodic “Kobalt” (also translated as “Cobalt”) exercise internal security forces including special police and emergency response.
  • The similar “Grom” (“Thunder”) exercises involve members’ national drug and law enforcement bodies.
  • The “Search” series drill the CSTO’s reconnaissance and interdiction capabilities.
  • The “Combat Brotherhood” label is sometimes used to refer to multi-phased exercises that link several of these more specialized drills.

For example,the “Combat Brotherhood 2017” was based on a single integrating political-military concept and scenario. Under Colonel General Alexander Dvornikov, Commander of the Russian Southern MD, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan contributed both regular and specialized units for the CRRF drills, which totaled 12,000 troops, 1,500 major pieces of hardware, as well as some 90 aircraft and other combat equipment.

The first phase, which ran from October 3-7, “Search-2017,”drilled members’ reconnaissance forces. In the second, “Interaction-2017,” which lasted from October 9-13, Russian and Armenian regular units exercised at Armenia’s Bagramyan and the Alagyaz training grounds.

The third stage, the “Unbreakable Brotherhood 2017” peacekeeping drills, took place from October 16-20 at two ranges in Kazakhstan. The CSTO Collective Peacekeeping Forces rehearsed conducting negotiations, escorting humanitarian deliveries, operating checkpoints, psychological and information operations, and eliminating terrorists.

In the final phase of “Combat Brotherhood-2017,” which ran from November 10-20, more than 5,000 troops, 300 major ground platforms, and some 60 fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft of the CRRF rehearsed counter-terrorist missions in mountainous areas of Tajikistan. ‘

The multiple forces, locations, and phases of the “Combat Brotherhood 2017” exercise simulated the various missions that might occur under unified command and control when defending the southern CSTO region from state and especially non-state actors.

Later this fall, Kyrgyzstan will host “Interaction-2018”. An estimated 3,000 personnel, 600 pieces of military hardware, and some 40 aircraft will participate.  The drill will rehearse peacemaking, rapid response, interoperability, reconnaissance, and air force missions.  It will reportedly feature a new operational format allowing for more synchronized exercise management across CSTO members.

In October, the CSTO peacekeeping exercise “Indestructible Brotherhood-2018” will occur in Russia.

Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu explained that these exercises are part of an integrated series of drills that the CSTO will conduct in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan “sequentially under a single plan.”

Here is a more comprehensive description of the more recent significant CSTO and CSTO-related Russian exercises, compiled from various Russian and other publicly available sources:

Go to

Sports: Celtic stars all aboard flight to Armenia to begin Champions League journey

The Scottish Sun, UK
July 8 2018
GREEN FLY

There was no sign of either Marvin Compper and Leigh Griffiths, who are both injury doubts for the tie after missing trip to Ireland

Sports: Rivaldo, Figo, Djorkaeff and others: Football legends meet in Armenia

Public Radio of Armenia
July 8 2018
23:11, 08 Jul 2018

 

Latin American and European football stars came together  in Armenia’s capital Yerevan on July 8 for a Legends Match.

Participating in the match were Rivaldo, Hernán Crespo, Luis Figo Gabriel Batistuta, Dida, Cafu, Ivan Zamorano, Juliano Belletti, Serginho, Youri Djorkaeff, Jari Litmanen, Hristo Stoichkov, Demetrio Albertini, Ludovic Giuly, Kakha Kaladze, Ryan Giggs and others.

Armenia’s long-time goalkeeper Roman Berezovsky and legendary footbller Khoren Hovhannisyan played for the European team managed by Paolo Maldini. Ronaldo took charge of the Latin American team.

Figo scored the opener in the 7th minute, but it was to be cancelled by Batistuta a minute later. Javier Saviola and De Rosario scored in the 53rd and 61st minutes respectively to give a two-goal lead to Latin America.

Youri Djorkaeff’s stunning goal in the 64th minute was unable to save the Europeans from defeat as De Rosario and Beebto added two more close to the end of the match to make it 5-2.

The fixture was organized by Russia-based Armenian businessman Arthur Soghomonyan – the owner of the Armenian Yerevan FC (previously Pyunik).

Armenia’s Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan was watching the match.

 

Sports: Alashkert vs Celtic live score and goal updates from Champions League qualifier in Yerevan

Scottish Daily Record, UK
July 8 2018


Celtic start the arduous quest for a place in the Champions League group stage with a first round qualifying clash in Armenia.

Beyrouth: Les couleurs du bonheur en plein Bourj Hammoud

L’Orient-Le Jour, Liban
8 juillet 2018


Les couleurs du bonheur en plein Bourj Hammoud

Reportage
par Patricia KHODER


Magasins de jouets et de vêtements, marchands des quatre saisons et épiciers… La rue Marache a été construite par les Arméniens venus à la fin des années vingt de la région qui portait le même nom en Cilicie.

y a le quartier de Bourj Hammoud et sa fameuse rue Arax. Et il y a aussi la rue Marache, une voie parallèle à la rue Arax que peu de Libanais connaissent. Ici, comme beaucoup se plaisent à le dire, on trouve tout, « de la babouche au tarbouche », soit en bon français, de la tête aux pieds. La rue Marache est connue aussi par certains fins gourmets libanais, qui aiment les saveurs fortes et exotiques, pour ses marchands d’épices, notamment de piment en poudre et en pâte, en provenance directe d’Alep avant la guerre en Syrie ou préparé par les familles arméniennes de Anjar, village de la Békaa qui a servi de refuge aux Arméniens d’Alexandrette.

Il faut savoir avant tout que Marache est le nom d’une province arménienne en Cilicie, dont la population a été massacrée par les Turcs en 1921 avec la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale. Aujourd’hui, la province a perdu son nom arménien. La Turquie l’appelle désormais Kahraman Maras. « L’année officielle du génocide est 1915, mais il y a eu plusieurs massacres sous l’Empire ottoman, raconte Stéphan Kazazian, qui possède un magasin de jouets dans la rue. Des rescapés de Marache sont arrivés au Liban durant les années 20, d’autres qui s’étaient établis en Syrie les ont suivis par la suite. La première chose qu’ils ont faite était de construire l’église Kansoun Manerg en 1929. Chacun y a contribué à sa façon, mon grand-père a participé avec seulement son alliance. C’est tout ce qu’il possédait. »

« Quand il est arrivé au Liban et pour survivre, mon grand-père fabriquait des sacs en papier, ici à la rue Marache. Il allait ensuite au centre-ville de Beyrouth pour les vendre aux commerçants. À l’époque, les sacs en papier n’étaient pas chose courante », poursuit-il. « Mon grand-père à moi allait à Antélias où il n’y avait que des dunes de sable au bord de la mer et des orangeraies à perte de vue. Il ramenait des oranges et du savon parfumé au laurier qu’il revendait à Beyrouth », s’écrie de son côté Vicken Kasparian. Aujourd’hui, les deux hommes, fiers de dire qu’ils sont nés à la rue Marache, tiennent le même magasin de jouets. Mais avant les jouets, la famille de Stéphan Kazazian avait ouvert une fonderie au même endroit, se lançant dans la fabrication des clés et des poignées de porte. « L’atelier était ici, mais nous avions un magasin à quatre portes à Souk el-Najjarine, au centre-ville de Beyrouth », raconte-t-il. Son voisin, Hagop Samuelian, a préservé ses ateliers dans la rue. Il fabrique des machines à moudre le café. Il ne vend pas aux particuliers, mais aux grands noms du café du Liban qui distribuent leurs machines à café, fabriquées dans les ateliers de la rue Marache, dans les points de vente au Liban et dans le monde arabe. « Ma famille est originaire de Marache dans l’actuelle Turquie. Elle est arrivée au Liban en 1933. Ici, il n’y avait que des maraîchers. Des familles druzes, qui louaient le terrain, plantaient des pommes de terre et des fèves. Les Arméniens sont arrivés et ont construit la rue, avec quelques maisons et des ateliers. Les maraîchers ont complètement disparu après le tremblement de terre de 1956 », se souvient Hagop Samuelian.

Les colliers de légumes séchés


Ici, ce sont les ateliers qui ont pris le dessus. Jusqu’aux années 80, la rue était presque exclusivement arménienne. Et la majorité des ateliers étaient ceux des cordonniers, certains spécialisés dans les semelles des chaussures (kendarjé), d’autres dans la partie qui couvre le coup du pied (mehanjé).

Avec la guerre du Liban, la rue Marache se transforme petit à petit en rue marchande, où on commence à trouver tout « de la babouche au tarbouche ». Ensuite, des Libanais qui ont appris divers artisanats des Arméniens s’y sont établis. Aujourd’hui avec la guerre en Syrie, de nombreux réfugiés syriens y louent des fonds de commerce. Mais la rue Marache, c’est surtout une profusion de couleurs, que ce soit avec les vitrines des magasins de chaussures, de vêtements, de linge de maison, de jouets, de légumes et d’épices.

Assise sur une chaise devant son épicerie, Nazéli Tenbelian parle des produits qu’elle prépare et vend avec son mari. « Nous sommes tous les deux Arméniens de Beyrouth, mais nous avons des ateliers pour préparer les épices et les légumes séchés à Anjar. Les produits en provenance de Syrie se font de plus en plus rares avec la guerre. Pour la poudre de piment rouge, il faut venir en septembre. Elle sera toute fraîche », dit-elle. Elle montre les colliers de cornes d’abondance, de paprika, de poivrons, d’aubergine, de loumi (citron iranien), de courgettes séchées, explique comment il faut travailler les produits. Elle montre aussi les grillotes et les mûres qui baignent dans leurs jus, les petits abricots dorés, et donne des recettes arméniennes sur la manière de les cuisiner. À l’intérieur du magasin, il y a toutes sortes d’épices, de nougats notamment en provenance d’Arménie, et de fruits confis.

La famille Tenbelian est relativement une nouvelle venue dans le quartier. « Nous sommes là depuis un peu plus de trente ans. C’est l’idée de mon mari d’ouvrir l’épicerie. Il aime ce métier », dit-elle. Un peu plus loin, Garo, nonagénaire et premier épicier de la rue, est assis sur une petite chaise sur le trottoir. Il avait baptisé son épicerie « Café Garo », car l’un des services qu’il propose est de vendre du café fraîchement moulu devant les clients.

Empilant des feuilles de vigne fraîches, frêle et menu, il continue de se pointer tous les jours au travail. Il répond aux questions qui lui plaisent. « Cela ne m’appartient pas, c’est un don du bon Dieu », dit-il. Il avait commencé sa vie comme cordonnier dans un atelier de la rue, et un jour, il a décidé de changer de métier. Avec le temps, il a quitté Bourj Hammoud pour s’établir avec sa femme et ses trois enfants à Kornet Chehwane.

Chez lui, on trouve toutes sortes d’épices, de légumes séchés et de fruits confits en provenance du Liban, d’Arménie et de… Turquie. « Pourquoi je vends des produits turcs ? Parce que désormais le monde fonctionne à l’envers », s’exclame-t-il, avant d’annoncer qu’il a tout dit.
https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1124643/les-couleurs-du-bonheur-en-plein-bourj-hammoud.html





Les lois mémorielles ont leur place dans les programmes scolaires

Dalloz actualité, France
9 juillet 2018


Les lois mémorielles ont leur place dans les programmes scolaires

L’enseignement du « génocide des Arméniens » prescrit par les programmes scolaires ne porte pas atteinte aux libertés d’_expression_, de conscience et d’opinion des élèves et ne méconnaît pas la neutralité du service public de l’éducation.

par Jean-Marc Pastorle 9 juillet 2018

L’association pour la neutralité de l’enseignement de l’histoire turque dans les programmes scolaires avait demandé à la précédente ministre de l’Éducation nationale d’abroger deux arrêtés du 15 juillet 2008 et du 9 novembre 2015 fixant les programmes d’enseignement d’histoire au collège parce qu’ils évoquent le « génocide des Arméniens » dans les programmes scolaires de troisième. À la suite du refus implicite de la ministre de faire droit à cette demande, l’association a saisi le Conseil d’État. Elle avait déjà essuyé deux refus de renvoi de question prioritaire de constitutionnalité sur la très laconique loi du 29 janvier 2001 qui, en un seul article pour une seule phrase, dispose que « La France reconnaît le génocide arménien » (CE 19 oct. 2015, n° 392400, Association pour la neutralité de l’enseignement de l’histoire turque dans les programmes scolaires, Lebon ; Constitutions 2015. 588, chron. L. Domingo  ; 13 janv. 2017, n° 404850). Elle soutenait cette fois que l’arrêté attaqué porte atteinte aux libertés d’_expression_, de conscience et d’opinion des élèves, ainsi qu’à la neutralité du service public de l’éducation.

Ses arguments sont rejetés, le Conseil d’État considérant, d’abord, que le choix d’inscrire cette question au programme n’est pas entaché d’erreur manifeste d’appréciation. Il juge ensuite que, « d’une part, la seule utilisation de ces termes, dont il ressort des pièces du dossier qu’ils se bornent à reprendre une formulation courante, notamment de la part d’historiens, et d’ailleurs reprise par la loi n° 2001-70 du 29 janvier 2001 relative à la reconnaissance du génocide Arménien, n’est pas, par elle-même, de nature à porter atteinte à ces principes ; que, d’autre part, l’objet même du programme d’histoire, tel que le fixe l’arrêté litigieux, est de faire enseigner aux élèves l’état des savoirs tel qu’il résulte de la recherche historique, laquelle repose sur une démarche critique, fondée sur la liberté de soumettre à débat toute connaissance ; que, par suite, la prescription d’un tel enseignement par l’arrêté attaqué est, en elle-même, insusceptible de porter atteinte aux libertés d’_expression_, de conscience et d’opinion des élèves, ou de méconnaître la neutralité du service public de l’éducation ».

RFE/RL – Armenian Court Issues Arrest Warrant For Ex-President’s Brother

Armenian Court Issues Arrest Warrant For Ex-President’s Brother
Armenia -- President Serzh Sarkisian (R) awards a medal to his brother Levon 
Sarkisian, 22 March, 2016
A court in Armenia has issued an arrest warrant for former president Serzh 
Sarkisian’s brother, Levon, who is being prosecuted on charges of illegal 
enrichment.
Sarkisian and his two children have been under investigation after 
law-enforcement authorities discovered nearly $7 million held by them in an 
Armenian bank.
The State Revenue Committee (SRC) launched criminal proceedings against them on 
June 29 shortly after announcing that a company linked to Levon Sarkisian had 
been fined 800 million drams ($1.7 million) for tax evasion.
The SRC said that while searching Sarkisian’s home its investigators found 
documents showing that he, his son Narek and daughter Ani deposited a total of 
$6.8 million in the unnamed bank “in the second half of 2017.” It said that the 
ex-president’s youngest brother and Ani Sarkisian failed to disclose these sums 
to a state anti-corruption body while Narek did not file any income 
declarations at all.
Under Armenian law, such declarations are mandatory for high-ranking state 
officials and their family members. This legal requirement applies to Levon 
Sarkisian because he has long worked as ambassador-at-large at the Armenian 
Foreign Ministry.
The Special Investigative Service (SIS) said on Saturday that as part of the 
criminal case on hiding property in declarations and illegal enrichment an 
investigator has decided to bring charges against the Sarkisians.
Levon Sarkisian and his daughter Ani are charged under penal code articles 
dealing with “Illegal participation in entrepreneurial activity” and “official 
forgery”, while Sarkisian’s son Narek is charged under an article dealing with 
“Illegal participation in entrepreneurial activity”.
“On July 6 the SIS requested that the court choose arrest as a measure of 
restraint against Levon Sarkisian and the court granted the request the same 
day. A search has been announced for Lyova (Levon) and Ani Sarkisians. A 
written undertaking confining Ani and Narek Sarkisians to country limits has 
been chosen as a measure of restraint against the two. Investigation is 
ongoing,” the SIS statement reads.
Earlier this week Armenia’s law-enforcement agencies named two sons of the 
ex-president’s other brother, Aleksandr Sarkisian, Hayk and Narek, as suspects 
in separate criminal investigations concerning an attempted murder, theft and 
illegal possession of weapons and drugs. Narek Sarkisian was put on the 
police’s wanted list, while Hayk was released after interrogation pending 
investigation.
The decisions were made after a search that was conducted at the Yerevan 
apartment of Aleksandr Sarkisian, who is better known to the public as “Sashik”.
The 62-year-old controversial brother of the former president is thought to 
have made a big fortune in the past two decades. Unconfirmed reports in the 
Armenian press have said that he spent millions of dollars buying real estate 
in Europe and the United States.
A video of the search at Aleksandr Sarkisian’s apartment released by the 
National Security Service (NSS) on July 5 showed large sums of money, expensive 
watches and artworks, numerous gold coins, and pieces of jewelry found there. 
The NSS said the legality of the items is being checked as part of a criminal 
investigation.
Speaking to RFE/RL’s Armenian service (Azatutyun.am) on Friday, Armenian Prime 
Minister Nikol Pashinian denied the “political” nature of the cases against 
Sarkisian family members, saying that they are being pursued on their legal 
merits.
Pashinian came to power two months ago following weeks of peaceful protests 
that forced Sarkisian, who had served for 10 years as president, to resign 
within less than a week after moving to a newly empowered post of prime 
minister in mid-April.
Pashinian declared a crackdown on corruption after being elected prime minister 
on May 8.

Veteran ARF Member Mher Chekerdemian Passes Away

Mher Chekerdemian

It is with great sorrow the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Western US Central Committee announced the passing of Mher Chekerdemian, one of its veteran members, who passed away on July 5 in Fresno, Calif.

For decades Chekerdemian has been an active member of the ARF, occupying leadership positing in the party and community organizations, including serving on the ARF Western US Central Committee. He was leading figure in the advancement of the Armenian-American community life in Fresno.

The Central Committee extends its heartfelt condolences to Chekerdemian’s family, relatives and fellow ARF members.

Impressions: ARF Western US Regional Convention

Garen Yegparian

BY GAREN YEGPARIAN

Last weekend, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation of the Western US held its 52nd Convention. This meeting occurs every other year. It reviews and evaluates the organization’s activities of the preceding two years and adopts the outline of the next two year’s activities.

It had been 24 years since I had the honor of participating in this meeting as a delegate. I was representing Burbank’s ARF unit, named Aghpalian after the famous revolutionary, organizer, and minister of the first Armenian republic. The biggest and best change I noticed a quarter century on was the much larger percentage of women among both the delegates and those attending in an advisory/consultative capacity.

Since the ARF has always been more than just a political party, more than just a revolutionary group, more than just another Diasporan organization; since it has been a central ideological entity attracting the largest number of free thinking Armenians; since it therefore serves as the organizational focus for a family of associations/institutions/societies serving various of our nation’s needs; these groups were also represented and contributed to the discourse and analysis grounding the resolutions adopted to guide operations for the next two years.

This convention addressed a lot of internal organizational issues impacting and about all levels of the organization, even though this particular meeting’s scope was formally limited to local and regional issues, not worldwide Armenian ones. These naturally bubble up periodically in any organization, especially a political one such as the ARF. The discussions were passionate, but didn’t degenerate into meaningless exchanges as can sometimes happen. The conclusions were also well reasoned and their wording took a lot of time to craft, requiring extensive efforts by the resolutions committee charged with the task.

Of course nothing is perfect. It was fascinating to observe how human nature played out. In a room full of almost 100 people, all largely in agreement about most issues, otherwise small, even miniscule, differences of opinion and approach somehow came to loom large. Later, during central committee elections, things were also heated. But, that’s the nature of the beast known as elections, isn’t it? The result was positive, with a good mix of old and new, another small step forward for the organization. The other factor that made the whole convention difficult was the shortened time allotted to it since I had last participated. We confront so many challenges as a nation and community that a somewhat longer time frame must be considered.

Numerous resolutions were adopted, but the ones that stand out for me were those about Western Armenia, reaffirming a statement of demands crafted four years ago and renewed ever since, emphasizing the importance of all-encompassing (in terms of community organizations) April 24th activities, and raising the level of activity on the Azerbaijan front to address the massive anti-Armenian efforts of that country.

As the ARF in the U.S. west of the Mississippi river embarks on the next biennium of the ongoing journey of the Armenian nation’s life and struggles, the input, the participation, the support, and yes, even constructive criticism of all concerned is welcomed. Your engagement assures a better collective future for all of us Diasporans, homeland dwellers (including the scattered remnants in Western Armenia), and even nations and countries neighboring the Armenian highlands.

Terry George, Joe Berlinger, Eric Esrailian Welcome Smithsonian Screening of Genocide Films

Showings of The Promise and Intent to Destroy Signal Ankara’s Weakening Grip over U.S. Policy on the Armenian Genocide; Mark Progress toward Federalizing American Remembrance of this Crime

WASHINGTON—In a sign of Turkey’s diminishing capacity to enforce its longstanding Armenian Genocide gag-rule across the U.S. government, the Smithsonian – America’s leading cultural and historical institution – screened two high profile films about this crime – The Promise and its companion documentary Intent to Destroy – as part of this summer’s landmark Folklife Festival on the National Mall.

“In the Smithsonian Folklife Festival’s showing of The Promise we see the power of art to break down barriers – including the wall that the U.S. government has, for far too long, erected against honest remembrance of the Armenian Genocide,” said Oscar winner Terry George, director of The Promise. “With this screening – at America’s premier cultural celebration – we’re beginning to see that wall crumble. That’s a good thing. And I’m proud to have been part of it.”

“It’s a thrill to see my documentary, Intent to Destroy, and also Terry George’s The Promise screened at the Smithsonian’s Folklife Festival – particularly given the long and troubling record of the U.S. government’s lack of recognition of the Armenian Genocide, including pressuring Hollywood to block the production of movies about this human rights atrocity – dating back to the 1930s and Forty Days of Musa Dagh,” said Joe Berlinger, Oscar nominated director of Intent to Destroy. “It’s in the light of this history that I attach particular value to the Smithsonian’s principled leadership on this issue. I am hopeful that this progress will contribute to the U.S. government officially recognizing the Armenian Genocide so that all Americans can officially condemn and properly commemorate this crime against all humanity.”

“We join with human rights advocates, humanitarians, Armenians, and friends of Armenia from around the world in thanking the Smithsonian Institution for taking an unprecedented step and including The Promise and Intent to Destroy in this year’s Folklife Festival,” said Eric Esrailian, producer of both films. “We are honored to see these two films – each a powerful work of art in its own right – play such a meaningful role in our progress toward the full federalization of American remembrance of the Armenian Genocide.”

The Promise was shown on Friday, June 29th and Intent to Destroy was screened on Thursday, July 5th, both as part of the Smithsonian Folklife FestivalArmenia: Creating Home program’s Cultures of Survival series. Among the themes explored by Cultures of Survival – through narrative sessions, presentations, and film – is the central role of culture in helping people survive and thrive through and beyond genocide, war crimes, and other violence. Sessions include: “Armenians in America,” “Making Meaning: Economic and Healing Power of Craft,” “Giving Voice: Language and Cultural Survival,” “Sounding Memory: Music & Migration,” and “Tastes of Home: Food Enterprises.”

The 2018 Folklife Festival annually draws millions of on-site and on-line visitors to the National Mall.  The screenings were prominently presented in the Festival’s online and print materials.

The Promise and Intent to Destroy were made possible through the generosity of the late Kirk Kerkorian, the leadership of producer Eric Esrailian, and their talented cast, crews, and supporters around the world.

The ANCA Endowment’s #KeepThePromise initiative serves as a major sponsor of the 2018 Smithsonian Folklife Festival.