Analyse: Histoire, memoire et mondialisation

Le Monde, France
27 décembre 2007 jeudi

Analyse: Histoire, mémoire et mondialisation

Bertrand Le Gendre et Gaïdz Minassian

Plus le monde rétrécit, plus il devient anxiogène, plus les peuples
cherchent à se rassurer en revisitant leur passé. Génocide arménien,
colonisation, esclavage… Des drames vieux de plusieurs siècles
remontent à la surface, à la faveur de cette involution qui prend,
pour mieux se faire entendre, la planète à témoin.

Sans passé partagé, pas de présent commun. Tel est l’axiome de ce
retour aux sources, qui globalise l’histoire et la mémoire de chacun.
C’est ainsi que, début octobre, la commission des affaires étrangères
de la Chambre des représentants des Etats-Unis a adopté une
résolution reconnaissant le génocide des Arméniens de 1915. La
Turquie a fait pression sur Washington pour que le texte ne soit pas
débattu en séance plénière et elle a obtenu gain de cause. Mais cette
dispute confirme que chacun, aujourd’hui, se sent fondé à
s’approprier le passé de chacun.

Au nom de cette conscience universelle, qui ne connaît plus de
frontières, le Vatican a béatifié le 28 octobre sur la place
Saint-Pierre à Rome 498 religieux, " martyrs ", de la guerre civile
espagnole (1936-1939).

Début décembre, au sommet Union européenne-Afrique de Lisbonne,
c’était au tour du colonel Kadhafi d’en appeler à l’histoire, en
demandant aux pays riches de rembourser aux pays pauvres les
ressources " volées " par les colonisateurs. Depuis quelque temps
déjà – les propos du dirigeant libyen en témoignent -, le Sud ne
quémande plus l’aide du Nord. Il exige des réparations sinon un acte
de contrition, comme l’a constaté Nicolas Sarkozy en visite
officielle en Algérie.

Les pays qui regorgent de pétrole et de gaz sont davantage écoutés,
mais c’est le continent tout entier qui crie justice, à l’heure où la
libération des échanges l’entraîne dans le tourbillon de la
globalisation.

Il ne se passe guère de semaine sans que l’histoire apostrophe, avec
la même insistance, l’opinion mondiale. La Shoah justifiait-elle la
création d’Israël ? Pourquoi les Japonais honorent-ils aujourd’hui
encore la mémoire de leurs criminels de guerre ? Qui porte la
responsabilité de la mort de Che Guevara il y a quarante ans dans un
hameau de Bolivie ? Fidel Castro l’aurait-il abandonné à son sort ?
Que révèlent les archives du glacis soviétique ?

Internet, chambre d’écho planétaire, propage ces débats à l’infini.
Une nouvelle exigence se fait jour, qui prône un réexamen sans
concession du passé. Le philosophe allemand Walter Benjamin
(1892-1940) préconisait déjà un tel état des lieux. Au rebours d’une
lecture linéaire, hégélienne, de l’Histoire, il plaidait pour la
complexité. L’Histoire, faisait-il valoir, ne doit pas être écrite
par les vainqueurs. Les vaincus eux aussi ont droit au chapitre.

Cette réécriture est en cours sous nos yeux. Le XXe siècle était
celui des vérités toutes faites. Le XXIe est celui des révisions
dérangeantes.

La Turquie refusait d’admettre la réalité du génocide arménien. Ses
alliés se taisaient. Aujourd’hui ils lui demandent des comptes.

La France s’obstinait à parler de " conflit " et non de " guerre " en
Algérie (1954-1962). Elle a fini par faire sien le terme adéquat, qui
a désormais force de loi.

L’Espagne évitait de regarder en face son passé franquiste. Les
Cortes viennent de voter une " loi sur la mémoire historique " qui
réhabilite les victimes de la guerre civile et de la dictature
(1939-1975).

Les Européens minimisaient les ravages de l’esclavage. Ils
préféraient exalter son abolition, tel François Mitterrand
fleurissant la tombe de Victor Schoelcher au Panthéon, le jour de son
investiture (1981). Les descendants d’esclaves leur demandent
désormais réparation, en prétendant subir, aujourd’hui encore, les
conséquences de ces déportations.

Israël tirait sa légitimité de quelques mythes fondateurs : la Terre
promise, l’abnégation des pionniers, David contre Goliath. Sous
l’influence des " nouveaux historiens " israéliens, certains
antisionistes, d’autres " postsionistes ", cette histoire idéalisée a
perdu son pouvoir de séduction. Le sort que le " peuple juif "
réserve au " peuple palestinien " renforce chaque jour qui passe la
légitimité du second.

UN DROIT D’INGÉRENCE HISTORIQUE

Ces contestations mémorielles, par leur diversité et leur ampleur,
coïncident trop dans le temps pour être le fruit du hasard. Leur
simultanéité étaye au contraire le constat que dans le village global
il n’y a plus de place pour une histoire purement nationale.

Cette relecture collective libère les consciences mais elle est
douloureuse. A tant remuer leurs souvenirs, les exclus de l’Histoire
font oeuvre salutaire bien sûr. En même temps ils éclairent des pans
du passé qu’ils préféraient jusque-là occulter.

Les Algériens le constatent à leurs dépens : chaque fois qu’ils
réclament à la France des excuses pour la colonisation et la guerre,
ils braquent les projecteurs sur les harkis, ces supplétifs de
l’armée française exécutés par milliers au lendemain de
l’indépendance. L’histoire officielle, qui a cours au pays
d’Abdelaziz Bouteflika, ne le dit pas non plus, mais la guerre
d’Algérie fut aussi une guerre civile sanglante entre Algériens.

Les Arméniens à leur tour subissent ce choc en retour. Tout comme le
Parlement français en 2001, plusieurs pays – la Russie, le Canada,
l’Argentine… – ont reconnu la réalité du génocide de 1915. Mais,
comme pour l’Algérie, la mémoire de cette catastrophe n’est pas
univoque. Elle révèle que les Arméniens eux aussi se sont livrés à
des tueries, en 1920. Une implacable purification ethnique qui a
provoqué la mort de dizaine de milliers de musulmans en Arménie
indépendante.

Tout à condamner le franquisme, la gauche espagnole n’aime pas non
plus qu’on lui rappelle que les républicains se sont rendus coupables
de massacres de religieux et de 85 000 exécutions contre 40 000 pour
le camp d’en face.

A force de dénoncer l’esclavage colonial européen, les exclus de
l’Histoire – à leur corps défendant là encore – ont attiré
l’attention sur ses précédents : l’esclavage des Africains par les
Arabes. Et des Africains par des Africains. L’un et l’autre pendant
des siècles.

Les placards de l’Histoire laissent ainsi échapper leurs secrets, à
la confusion de ceux qui les ont ouverts. Le droit d’ingérence
historique, que chacun s’octroie désormais, ressemble, après
inventaire, à une boîte à chagrin.

VimpelCom Acquires Golden Telecom For About 4.3 Billion Dollars: Uno

VIMPELCOM ACQUIRES GOLDEN TELECOM FOR ABOUT 4.3 BILLION DOLLARS: UNOFFICIAL DATA

arminfo
2007-12-21 13:01:00

ArmInfo-RBC. OJSC VimpelCom (trademark Beeline) has acquired Russian
alternative telecommunication operator Golden Telecom Inc. for about
4.3 billion dollars, Reuters reports referring to American media
who in their turn rely on a source close to the talks. Thus, the
official transaction will be announced later today. Under the contract,
VimpelCom will pay 105 dollars per share, which is a 5% bonus to the
price at the moment of closing the auction on December 20 2007. On
December 3 the companies declared about their negotiations. Afterwards,
International rating agency Standard & Poor’s revises the credit
ratings of both companies. Analysts stressed the transaction will
affect the financial flexibility of VimpelCom and will reduce its
possibilities to acquire other assets through borrowed money in CIS
and Asia. S&P revises the credit rating of VimpelCom (BB+) and makes
negative forecasts. Given the price of one share of Golden Telecom
(105 dollars), the borrowed money-EBIDTA ratio of VimpelCom will
rise to about 1.9, S&P analyst Alexander Gryaznov says. Evidently
the transaction will affect the financial flexibility of VimpelCom,
he says. Net profit of Golden Telecom on US GAAP in 2006 totaled 85.5
million dollars.

BAKU: PACE Co-Rapporteur Support Establishment Of Sub-Committee With

PACE CO-RAPPORTEUR SUPPORT ESTABLISHMENT OF SUB-COMMITTEE WITHIN COUNCIL OF EUROPE ON FROZEN CONFLICTS

Trend News Agency
Dec 21 2007
Azerbaijan

France, Paris / Trend corr. A.Maharramli / A co-rapporteur of the
PACE Monitoring Group on Azerbaijan Andrea Herkel supports the idea
to establish a permanent sub-committee on the frozen conflicts issue
within the Council of Europe.

"I support the idea to establish a permanent sub-committee within
PACE on frozen conflicts or a format of public hearings on conflict
problems. Naturally, the issue needs to be considered," Herkel stated
to the Trend agency.

Herkel believes that resolution of frozen conflicts is one of the
important issues for the Council of Europe. "The issue concerns
not only Azerbaijan but includes Georgia and Moldova. The issue is
necessary to be seriously discussed," Herkel noted.

Herkel stated we should not hope that "these conflicts may to be
settled tomorrow." "However, I support the position of Azerbaijan to
take up the issue seriously," he added.

Herkel considers important the role of Azerbaijani and Armenian
publics in settlement of the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh.

Comparing the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict to the North-Osetin conflict,
Herkel noted presence of contacts and dialogues in the North-Osetin
conflict. "We can expect prospect if there are contacts and dialogues
between countries," the co-rapporteur said.

Herkel expressed regret that the present generation was brought up
expecting to return back to their homeland. This is a problem both
of international organizations and people themselves, Herkel stated.

Preparatory Work Starts For Armenia’s Participation In World Exhibit

PREPARATORY WORK STARTS FOR ARMENIA’S PARTICIPATION IN WORLD EXHIBITION "SHANGHAI EXPO 2010"

Noyan Tapan
Dec 21, 2007

YEREVAN, DECEMBER 21, NOYAN TAPAN. The preparatory work has started
for Armenia’s participation in "Shanghai Expo 2010" world exhibition
to be held in Shanghai (China) on May 1 -October 31, 2010, the director
general of the Armenian Development Agency (ADA) Tigran Davtian stated
at the press conference dedicated to his 100 days in office.

According to him, ADA has been assigned the role of the national
operator of the exhibition, while the RA minister of trade and
economic development will be the chief commissioner. The schedule
of organizational measures for Armenia’s participation has been
established.

T. Davtian said that a preliminary agreement on allocation of
exhibitional area of 300-600 square meters for Armenia’s pavilion
has been reached with organizers of "Shanghai 2010".

To recap, Armenia participated in the world exhibitions in Hanover
(Germany) in 2000 and in Aichi (Japan) in 2005. At the Aichi World
Expo 2005, the 162-sq-m pavilion of Armenia was placed along with
those of Georgia and Azerbaijan at the "Caucasus" joint pavilion.

Women Rejected The Bill On Women’s Problems

WOMAN REJECTED THE BILL ON WOMEN’S PROBLEMS

Lragir
Dec 20 2007
Armenia

The Orinats Yerkir Party which has been in power for three years has
tried to change the system, solve the problems and has made several
moves toward progress, namely in education and social affairs, stated
the deputy leader of the Orinats Yerkir Party Heghine Bisharyan on
December 20 at the Friday Club, who participated in the discussion
held by the Forum of Women Leaders as the representative of the
presidential candidate Arthur Baghdasaryan. Heghine Bisharyan pointed
to the compensation of lost savings, saying that the Orinats Yerkir
Party struggled hard to persuade the president and government, showed
the possibility and mechanisms of compensation.

The Forum of Women Leaders has initiated a series of discussions
to which the representatives of the presidential candidates will
be invited, possibly also the candidates, stated the leader of the
Forum Gayane Markosyan. In the first meeting, the representatives of
Arthur Baghdasaryan and Artashes Geghamyan participated. There were
also members of the Forum of Women Leaders and reporters who asked
questions to the participants to know their stance on the problems
of Armenia. The discussion began with the discussion of the problems
of women. Gagik Tadevosyan says women are more disciplined at work,
and considering their experience and the Communist experience, he is
for involving more women in all the spheres. The deputy leader of the
Orinats Yerkir Party Heghine Bisharyan said the Orinats Yerkir Party
initiated a bill on the problems of women but the parliament majority
did not even include it in the agenda. Heghine Bisharyan says even
the chair of the National Assembly Committee of Human Rights Arevik
Petrosyan from the Bargavach Hayastan Party voted against including the
bill in the agenda. Alvard Petrosyan from the ARF Dashnaktsutyun were
against discussing the bill but during the vote Alvard Petrosyan and
the other women of the ARF Dashnaktsutyun faction voted for including
the bill in the agenda.

BAKU: "Echo": United Kingdom To Recommend Its Citizens Not To Go To

"ECHO": UNITED KINGDOM TO RECOMMEND ITS CITIZENS NOT TO GO TO GARABAGH
R. Kerimov

DemAz.org, Azerbaijan
Dec 18 2007

And UK recognizes territorial integrity of Azerbaijan UK authorities
support territorial integrity of Azerbaijan and recommend UK citizens
not to visit occupied Upper Garabagh. UK Minister on European issues,
Jim Murphy, declared it in the course of meeting with Ambassador of
the Republic of Azerbaijan to UK, Fahraddin Gurbanov. As head of press
service of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan,
Khazar Ibrahim, informed "Echo" meeting of diplomats was held within
the frames of discussion of the issue on activities of British tour
operator Sunvil Discovery, which organized tours to the Upper Garabagh
contrary to recommendations not to visit occupied territories. We
should point out that official Baku has already expressed its protest
to London.

London tour operator proposes 10-day tours to Nagorni Garabagh
occupied by Armenia, web site of the operator reads. Cost of tour is
1627 pound sterling, including flight, half board, tickets and small
expenses. Sunvil Discovery also organizes individual tours following
this itinerary.

"To date we haven’t been informed about Upper Garabagh conflict", head
of public relation section of tour agency, Sarah Belcher, declared
for "Trend". British Association of tour agencies the member of which
is Sunvil Discovery, informed that company should inform its clients
where they are going, but Association can’t cancel this program. "We
can’t interfere in this case. It is individual choice of tour operator
and its clients", said representatives of Association.

Organization of tours to the Upper Garabagh is illegal as it
contradicts to principles of international law. Territories are
occupied by Armenia. It is possible to go there only through Azerbaijan
as it is Azerbaijani territory. Moreover it is dangerous zone and
such tours may lead to different, unwanted consequences. We have a
lot of reason for indignation, stressed in turn Kh. Ibrahim.

"We hope official London will take steps to prevent further
activities of such kind, but laws vary from state to state and
activities of companies are regulated by different standards of
legislation. Nevertheless, we hope decision will be substantial and
such kinds of actions will be prevented. We hope this issue will be
solved at the level of our partnership relations, on the other hand,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs is endeavoring to use all diplomatic
resources but if the matter is not solved we will take steps to solve
the matter", said representative of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Azerbaijan. Diplomat preferred to be silent about steps.

"Influence on this company is complicated issue, tour firms are
not subordinated to British state structures, they are free to
choose place of tourism", – member of permanent MM commission on
international and inter-parliamentary issues, Nasib Nasibli, commented
possible steps. Following to him, the fact that UK warns tourists,
that the Upper Garabagh is dangerous place to visit "can be taken as
friendly step towards Azerbaijan". But how Sunvil Discovery can be
influenced? "It si complicated question as UK is democratic state where
laws say that tour firms are free to choose itinerary", declared deputy

"If Rpa Carries Out Moderate And Clever Election Campaign, Presiden

"IF RPA CARRIES OUT MODERATE AND CLEVER ELECTION CAMPAIGN, PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS WILL END IN ONE TOUR," AHARON ADIBEKIAN CONSIDERS

Noyan Tapan
Dec 19 2007

YEREVAN, DECEMBER 18, NOYAN TAPAN. If the Republican Party of Armenia
carries out a moderate and clever election campaign, the presidential
elections will end in one tour. Aharon Adibekian, the Director of
the Sociometer sociological center, stated at the December 18 press
conference.

He said that the rating of RA Prime Minister Serge Sargsian nominated
as a candidate for presidency by RPA has abruptly risen from the
beginning of the year, therefore, the latter has a psychological
advantage to the other candidates. In A. Adibekian’s words, according
to the results of a survey held in January, 7.7% voters would vote
for S. Sargsian in the presidential elections, 25% would not vote for
him, and 33% expressed confidence that he will be elected without
fail. According to the results of a survey held in October, these
indices made 27.2%, 9.4%, and 48%, respectively.

A. Adibekian said that in these months Raffi Hovannisian was in the
second place with his rating as a probable candidate for presidency:
according to the results of a survey held in January, 10.5% voters
would vote for him and according to a survey held in October, 5.4%
would vote for him. With regard to Artur Baghdasarian these indices
made 9.4% and 4.8%, Levon Ter-Petrosian 1.3% and 2.7%, Artashes
Geghamian 8.2% and 2%, Vahan Hovhannisian 0% and 1.4%, Vazgen Manukian
3.5% and 1.1%, Tigran Karapetian 5.1% and 0.3%, respectively.

According to the analysis of the Sociometer’s Director, the half of
the voters will vote for S. Sargsian, 30% for one of the opposition
candidates, and 20% has not decided yet for whom to vote. In his
words, in the preelection period the candidates for presidency will
fight to receive these 20% votes.

According to A. Adibekian, L. Ter-Petrosian has small resources for
receiving votes and "he does not know from whom he should take votes."

According to the sociologist, the first RA President has no firm
support in the regions: the majority of people to vote for hom, 60%,
are from Yerevan.

A. Adibekian also mentioned that state officials, whom something
hampers now to take high posts, people, who have taken high posts in
the years of his tenure, as well as some businessmen are among the
people supporting L. Ter-Petrosian. The presence of the latters in
the team of the candidate for presidency, according to A. Adibekian,
is explained by the fact that "tax discipline has made stricter under
Prime Minister Serge Sargsian."

Minasian Relies On Press

MINASIAN RELIES ON PRESS

A1+
[07:39 pm] 17 December, 2007

Gagik Minassian, the Chairman of the NA Standing Committee on
Financial-Credit and Budgetary Affairs, learnt about arrests and tax
audits conducted at enterprises belonging to Armenian MP Khachatur
Sukiassian from the press.

Reminder: audits began after Khachatur Sukiassian voiced support for
Armenia’s former President Levon Ter-Petrossian.

Mr. Minassian notes that the audits are carried out in compliance
with the tax legislation.

"No other demand has been presented to the Sukiassians. Audits
cover all economic entities. They are obligatory and aim to check
the activities and tax commitments of economic entities. Otherwise no
entrepreneur would have 25-percent growth. Obviously, small enterprises
can hardly bring such great incomes," Minassian says.

Gagik Minassian rules out that the audits have political grounds.

Next year Armenia’s gross domestic product (GDP) will rise by 10 %
and tax rights by 28, 2%. The remaining 18, 2 % will be accumulated
from the shadow field. We have no other way out.

Most Accomodated Community To Be Known In One Year

MOST ACCOMODATED COMMUNITY TO BE KNOWN IN ONE YEAR

Panorama.am
18:08 17/12/2007

"The one month program on the protection of the disabled announced a
month ago has served it aim. The public awareness has risen." public
relations department head at the ministry of employment and social
affairs Hasmik Khachatryan told a news conference today. She said the
attitudes of people have changed due to the events in the one month
program, Susanna Tadevosyan co-chair of the association of public
organizations on protection of the rights, also present at the press
conference summed up the results of the events that took place during
the one month program.

She said 65 round tables and discussion with the participation of 1500
people took place. She also said 40 films were shown and 40 facilities
for the disabled were built in Victory Park and other parks. "The one
month is over but works continue since the problems of the disabled
may be solved with joint efforts," Tadevosyan said.

Armenia’s Deputy Chair Of Parliament: Russia’s Suspension Of CFE Tre

ARMENIA’S DEPUTY CHAIR OF PARLIAMENT: RUSSIA’S SUSPENSION OF CFE TREATY MUST NOT CAUSE CONCERN

Regnum, Russia
Dec 13 2007

Russia’s suspension of the Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty
is a rude attempt to correct the mistakes of the Russian leadership
made in 1990s, believes Deputy Speaker of the Armenian National
Assembly, member of ARFD Dashnaktsutiun Vahan Hovhannisyan. He made
the statement at a news conference today, on December 13.

A REGNUM correspondent quotes him as saying that permanent NATO
expansion, boisterous wish of some post-Soviet republics to enter the
alliance must make Russia concerned. However, according to the deputy
speaker, such motion of the Russian leadership will not help increasing
trust of its Western partners. At the same time, the suspension of
the treaty by Russia must not stir concern, as, for instance, Russia’s
military strategy has no aggressive programs, Hovhannisyan believes.

Commenting on the question whether it is possible that Armenia would
follow Russia’s example in the CFE Treaty, the politician noted that
such action would be possible only if Armenia’s closest neighbors in he
region revise their participation in the treaty. At the same time, the
deputy speaker said hat one Armenia’s neighbor – Azerbaijan – has never
limited itself in buying arms and violating thus the CFE principles.

Russia suspended its participation in the CFE Treaty on December 12.

For the time of the moratorium, Russia will in no way be bound
by limitations, including flank restrictions for the number of
conventional weapons. Further, true numbers of weapons and its
deployment will depend on a certain military and political situation.