Author: Torgomian Varazdat

Liberation , France
3 novembre 2006
La negation, objet legitime du droit;
Il s’agit de distinguer entre la contestation ideologique et
dangereuse et le doute ou le questionnement, propres a toute
recherche scientifique.
par GARIBIAN Sevane; Sevane GARIBIAN juriste, doctorante en droit
public, Paris-X-Nanterre.
Le texte de Jerôme de Hemptinne (Liberation du 25 octobre) pose une
question importante et necessaire, dont la reponse permettrait de
combler un trou creuse par le debat actuel sur la negation saisie par
le droit : comment cette negation est-elle definie en droit ?
Autrement dit, quel est le sens de l’interdit pose par la proposition
de loi recemment adoptee a l’Assemblee nationale visant a penaliser
la negation du genocide des Armeniens, sur le modèle de la loi
Gayssot ?
Tant le langage courant que le langage historiographique ont
longtemps defini le negationnisme comme une doctrine ou une position
ideologique consistant a nier la realite du genocide du peuple juif
et, plus particulièrement, l’existence des chambres a gaz. Depuis
plusieurs annees deja, au regard de la realite et de l’actualite d’un
phenomène qui s’etend, l’usage du mot “negation” est elargi a la
contestation d’autres genocides ; un “assassinat de la memoire”,
comme etape ultime du processus genocidaire, dont tout le monde
s’accorde a dire, a la suite de Pierre Vidal-Naquet, qu’il perpetue
le crime.
La negation devient objet du droit avec l’adoption de la loi Gayssot
en 1990. L’interpretation des juges francais et europeens en la
matière permet de degager les limites qui cadrent l’interdit et
garantissent sa conformite aux libertes fondamentales. La
jurisprudence relative aux affaires de negationnisme est fort
eclairante quant a la signification, restrictive, attribuee a ce
terme : la negation ne tombe sous le coup de la loi que dans la
mesure où elle constitue un “trouble illicite de nature a porter
atteinte a l’ordre public”, dont le droit au respect de la dignite
humaine est une composante. Et les juges ont, par ailleurs, eu
l’occasion de souligner que les interets proteges par l’interdit
comprennent notamment “les fondements d’une societe democratique”.
L’element cle dans la definition juridique de la negation est
l’intention de nuire du contestataire, dont la mauvaise foi, non
presumee, doit etre prouvee par l’accusation. Ce n’est pas l’opinion
en tant que telle qui est punie, mais la diffusion de cette opinion
en tant qu’acte ideologique, de mauvaise foi, exprimant sous couvert
de scientificite une propagande antisemite, raciste ou haineuse,
susceptible de produire des effets indesirables dans une democratie.
L’absence d’une presomption de mauvaise foi en matière de
negationnisme constitue, en outre, une difference fondamentale entre
ce delit et d’autres delits de presse pourtant proches, tels que la
diffamation ou la provocation a la discrimination raciale. Elle vise,
precisement, la preservation du principe de la libre recherche
scientifique, lequel principe, s’il permet de revisiter des faits
historiques, implique, aussi, une responsabilite.
Il s’agit de distinguer la contestation ideologique et dangereuse du
doute ou du questionnement, propres a toute recherche scientifique.
Contrairement a ce que semble craindre Jerôme de Hemptinne, il n’est
pas question de “rester muet”. Mais d’etre responsable lorsque l’on
remet en cause la realite d’un crime de genocide, dont la
specificite, tout comme celle du delit de negationnisme, est
determinee par l’intention qui motive l’acte.
–Boundary_(ID_gIpDhVj5pRpTGLHIOme9kw)–

Northop Grumman scientist Hagop Injeyan is at the forefront when it comes to defense-based technology.
By Muhammed El-Hasan
Today is Friday, November 03, 2006
Originally published Tuesday, October 31, 2006
Updated Tuesday, October 31, 2006
Beaming about the future of lasers
DAILY BREEZE
That’s hot.
Northrop Grumman employee Hagop Injeyan’s job is to come up with
ideas for new lasers for warfare. The laser physicist is a senior
scientist and technical fellow at Northrop’s Space Technology sector
in Redondo Beach. He specializes in solid-state lasers, which use
electricity instead of chemical reactions to power a beam.
Injeyan, 54, has worked at Northrop for 25 years.
The Glendale resident earned his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in
physics from UCLA. He earned his Ph.D. in electrical sciences and
engineering also from UCLA.
What does your job entail?
I do the conceptual design of lasers. I have enough experience to
have my arms around what it takes to build a laser. I do very
preliminary modeling, and I come up with a concept, which somebody
else does detailed analysis and engineering and detailed design for.
My colleagues say I’m the guy who gets them into trouble. I come up
with these ideas that they’re stuck trying to make work. I also do
quite a bit of proposal writing to bring in new business.
Do you have any say in your ideas once you’ve finished conceptual
work?
After the idea goes through the detailed analysis and engineering and
it gets into the lab, then I’m in there with my colleagues
troubleshooting and trying to understand if there are things that are
working differently than expected to make it into fruition.
How do you come up with your ideas?
There are things you look for. You have certain specifications that
you look for, whether it’s energy or beam quality or power. The top
thing is to make sure the eventual system hangs together. You may
have half a dozen specifications and you want to make sure your
design has them plus be as efficient as possible in terms of size,
weight, cost.
Where are you when you get your ideas?
I frequently come up with ideas in the shower. I consider my work an
essential part of who I am. I am frequently thinking about problems
at work no matter where I am, even in social contexts.
Are you afraid of fire?
Sure, I’m afraid of fire. And that’s healthy for all of us. In the
early days when I was working with relatively low-powered lasers, I
was burned a few times, but not anything serious. Now that we have
higher-powered lasers … we have developed a whole process of making
sure everybody is safe. We use lots of mirrors to bounce the beams
around. Behind every mirror, there is a burn-through sensor so that
if for some reason the mirror starts degrading, the burn-through
sensor senses it and immediately shuts down the laser. When these
high-powered lasers are on, we are never in the room. We have never
had a serious incident in our various laser-testing experiments.
What’s the best part of your job?
Interacting with the people I work with. Part of the reason I’ve
enjoyed my stay here, especially the last five to 10 years, is I
think we’re at the threshold of really transforming warfare as we
know it. The lasers we’re developing here are totally defensive in
nature. And they have the potential of making destructive weapons
like artillery and missiles obsolete. I think it’s exciting to be
part of that.
What’s the worst part?
Besides the commute, the worst part of my job is having to deal with
a lot of the paperwork that is necessitated by my job. One of the
things that I am always harassed by management about, lovingly I’m
sure, is that I’m not always filling my timecard properly. We have to
account for every hour we work. It’s paperwork necessitated by the
fact that we do government work.
Do you like the “Star Wars” movies?
I can’t watch “Star Wars.” The reason is because every five seconds,
they violate a law of physics. In “Star Trek,” on the other hand,
they take great care in that whatever they portray, it’s at least
conceptually possible in the future. I’m a big “Star Trek” fan.
How does “Star Wars” violate the laws of physics?
For example, those light sabers they use, light will not propagate a
certain distance and stop. Another example, light particles cannot
collide. They just go through each other. It is possible to have a
laser beam and cut somebody’s hand off with it. But laser beams don’t
bounce off each other. So the concept of a light saber is so
violently opposed to physics, I can’t deal with it.
How is “Star Trek” more realistic?
The concept of a Holodeck. I’ve spent nights thinking about how it
can be made possible where not only do you see images in 3-D form,
but you can experience and interact with those images. Those images
don’t have to be there for you to experience them. That’s the kind of
thing that I really enjoy about “Star Trek.” It’s not only
entertaining, but it stimulates thought. The other thing I like about
“Star Trek” is the replicator. It can make any food you want. That is
a very viable concept. You have certain atoms and molecules, and how
do you arrange them together to get what you want?
Have you ever gone to a “Star Trek” convention?
No. I’m not at that level.
At Work profiles a job in the South Bay each Tuesday.
Find this article at:
525006.html

ARMENIAN TROOPS HOLD WAR GAMES IN OCCUPIED AZERI DISTRICT – TV
ANS TV, Baku,
2 Nov 2006
The Armenian armed forces started a military exercise in the area of
Uzundara in the occupied Agdam District of Azerbaijan at 1700 today.
The Karabakh bureau of ANS TV reports that the Armenian army mainly
used heavy artillery in the military exercise. The military exercise
went on for several hours and residents of the villages of Camanli,
Sarcali and Haci Mammadli, which are close to the front line, could
observe the exercise.

GROWN-UP AND MATURE BUSINESSMEN BUT STILL COMPLAINING
James Hakobyan
Lragir, Armenia
Nov 2 2006
Several Armenian businessmen showed up at the November 1 hearings
held by the Union of Producers and Entrepreneurs, and expressed
their dissatisfaction concerning the unpredictable fluctuations of
the exchange rate of the dollar and the hypertensive revaluation of
the dram. Besides, the businessmen complained of the policy, the
insifficient anti-black economy efforts. It is notable to mention
the names of those few businessmen who were present in the ceremony
of this “group complaint”. Areg Ghukasyan, the brother of the NKR
president Arkady Ghukasyan, Republican, the owner of the salt mine.
Ashot Baghdasaryan, Republican, the owner of Kilikia Beer Factory, the
government has recently promoted his business considerably by cutting
the excise tax on the local beer. Both Ghukasyan and Baghdasaryan
are members of parliament. Another complainer was Gagik Abrahamyan,
Ara Abrahamyan’s brother, who is in diamond business. The “tribune”
of protest was Arsen Ghazaryan, the chair of the Union of Producers
and Entrepreneurs. It is notable that every time on listening to
his complains a smile appeared on Tigran Sargsyan’s face, which
could not compete with that of the Cheshire cat but was equally
expressive. Either Tigran Sargsyan was daydreaming and was not even
listening to the complaints or he was listening and smiling at their
words. And their words at least arouse a smile. And the reason is
not that they are also operating in the black economy.
Everything is much more simple. Even if we suppose that these
businessmen do everything legally and hate the black economy,
as they assured, it is simply illogical that they are members of
the ruling political party, which is supposed to battle the black
economy. In other words, instead of complaining to the president of
the Central Bank Tigran Sargsyan Areg Ghukasyan and Ashot Baghdasaryan
should complain to the leader of their own political party Andranik
Margaryan, who works as the prime minister of Armenia. Tigran
Sargsyan is an appointed person, who does whatever they tell him
to do. And perhaps he smiled and wondered that these grown-up and
mature businessmen do not know yet that he does not work out policies,
he implements policies. The National Assembly works out the policy,
and the parliament majority is the Republican Party, and therefore
the leader of this political party is the prime minister.
The same businessmen who complain of the unpredictable revaluation of
the dram, the black economy and many other things, during the universal
elections they stood beside Robert Kocharyan. We have to be grateful
that they did not blow a kiss to their relatives and make clear to
them who they should vote for. The same businessmen have never tried
to establish an organization, which would sustain the legal and fair
competition they confess. And though we admit that their complaints
are fair, we nevertheless have to emphasize that their complaints
are not righteous because they are complaining of their cherished
government with whom they signed the unwritten laws of the game. And
when the government breaks the written laws, they do not have the
moral right to protest. In order to gain this right they first need
to build their relations with the government on the written laws.

SHARJAH-BASED AIR ARABIA LAUNCHES DIRECT FLIGHTS TO ARMENIAN CAPITAL
Gulf News, United Arab Emirates
Nov 2 2006
Dubai: Sharjah-based budget carrier Air Arabia is to fly direct from
Sharjah to Yerevan, Armenia, which is one of the latest additions to
the Middle East carrier’s destinations portfolio.
Yerevan is the fifth new destination announced by Air Arabia in the
last few weeks and promises to attract many travellers as it is only
three hours away from Sharjah airport and therefore a very convenient
attraction for nature-inspired weekend breaks.
Yerevan is the capital of Armenia and has 1.2 million inhabitants,
which is 40 per cent of Armenia’s total population and makes it the
most animated city in the country.
As a tourist destination, Yerevan will provide UAE travellers the
possibility to walk in a green city, visit numerous monuments from
the former Soviet Union era, shop in traditional boutiques and markets
and discover the beauty of the snow-capped Mount Ararat.
“Yerevan is a unique destination for us as it is still uncharted
territory for many residents and travellers. We are very proud to
bring our passengers the opportunity to discover historical cities
and learn more about destinations that are out of the ordinary,”
said Adel Ali, CEO of Air Arabia.

VOLS CHEZ DES RESPONSABLES DE LA COMMUNAUTE ARMENIENNE EN FRANCE
Agence France Presse
31 octobre 2006 mardi 1:31 PM GMT
Des responsables de la communaute armenienne en France ont ete la
cible de vols les jours suivant l’adoption par l’Assemblee nationale
d’un projet de loi penalisant la negation du genocide armenien,
a-t-on appris mardi auprès du CCAF a Lyon.
“Des disques durs d’ordinateurs appartenant a des responsables de la
communaute armenienne de Lyon, Villeurbanne (Rhône) et Paris, ont
ete voles dans les 24 ou 48 heures suivant le vote de la loi le 12
octobre dernier”, a affirme Jules Mardirossian, president regional
du Conseil de coordination des organisations armeniennes de France
(CCAF), lors d’une conference de presse a Lyon.
Selon M. Mardirossian, ces vols, survenus dans les locaux
d’associations armeniennes mais egalement aux domiciles de
responsables, sont “l’oeuvre de professionnels bien organises et non
de voyous”.
“Ce sont les services de l’Etat turc qui ont organise tout ca”, a-t-il
declare, ajoutant que l’objectif de ces operations etait d’intimider
les responsables de la communaute armenienne en France et d’obtenir
des informations sur leur action.
Des plaintes ont ete deposees et une enquete policière est en cours,
a-t-il precise.
Par ailleurs, plusieurs responsables de la communaute armenienne,
a Lyon et a Marseille, font toujours l’objet de coups de fil anonymes
d’intimidation et de menaces de mort, selon le CCAF.
“Nous avons demande une audience au president de la Republique car
cette situation est grave et nous inquiète”, a encore affirme le
president regional du CCAF.
Le 12 octobre, les deputes ont adopte en première lecture la
proposition de loi socialiste rendant passible de prison la negation
du genocide armenien, suscitant immediatement la colère d’Ankara.
–Boundary_(ID_JSK4jHqANtQsbQxl8QXgIg)- –

GAS SUPPLIER TO MAKE LITTLE LESS THAN $4 MILLION IN PROFIT
Panorama.am
15:53 31/10/06
Karen Karapetyan, general director of Hayrusgazard closed joint stock
company, supplier of gas in Armenia, said 84 % of area is supplied
with gas as against 22.2% in 2001. Karapetyan said the population
saves $160-180 million by using gas instead of electricity whereas
the users of gas instead of petroleum save $100 million.
Karapetyan said the company owns $283 million capital and has
made $83 million investment in the course of last 5 years. By the
end of this year, the company will have $ 3 million 750,000 in
profit.

SOYA EAST CONTRIBUTES TO WIDER USE OF SOYA IN FOOD INDUSTRY
Noyan Tapan
Oct 30 2006
YEREVAN, OCTOBER 30, NOYAN TAPAN. Soya East Ltd, a company set up
in Yerevan a year ago, produces milk, condensed milk and cheese,
as well as meat and cheese surrogates from soya, with all these
products being certified and corresponding to state standards of
Armenia and Russia. The company produces 80 kg of condenced milk and
20-30 kg of meat surrogates daily. The company’s director Doctor
of Technical Sciences Anahit Beglarian told NT correspondent that
over ten foodstuffs produced by Soya East have both preventive and
curative properties. For example, soya milk is a rare foodstuff of
plant origin and does not contain lactose and cholesterol. According
to her, the use of 25 grams of soya protein each day reduces the risk
of cardiovascular and renal diseases and helps prevent such diseases as
diabetes, diathesis and cancer. A. Beglarian said that Soya East is the
only Armenian company that tries to use soya in food industry. The
company provides part of the raw materials imported from Russia
to the local meat half-finished product manufacturing plants and
confectionery factories. “Soya is in great demand in many foreign
countries, whereas in Armenia only first steps in this direction are
being taken. Our purpose is to contribute to the spread of products
made from soya in the domestic market,” A. Beglarian noted.

MUST ARMENIA FEEL ASHAMED?
A1+
[08:27 pm] 30 October, 2006
Vladimir Putin considered it a shame that Russia is not the first
in making investments to the economy of their strategic ally
Armenia. During the meeting of RA President Robert Kocharyan and
RF President Vladimir Putin in Kremlin Putin said that he expects
increase in investments of Russian companies in the economy of Armenia.
“Russia is still in the third place with making investments in the
economy of Armenia which is shame for us”, the Russian President
announced.
Robert Kocharyan reassured him saying that the agreements of Yerevan
with “Gasprom” are being put into execution. “All the serious
agreements with “Gasprom” in connection with energy projects are
entering the final stage of execution”.
The meeting of the President was closed for journalists; they had
the chance to follow only the first five minutes.

RIA OREANDA
Economic News
October 27, 2006 Friday
Board of Directors Approves Acquisition of Additional Shares in
Armrosgazprom
Moscow. OREANDA-NEWS. The Board of Directors of Gazprom approved
Gazproms acquisition of additional shares in ArmRosgazprom.
As a result, the share of Gazprom in ArmRosgazprom will grow from 45
to 58 per cent.
ArmRosgazproms major business line is natural gas supply to Armenias
internal market. In addition, ArmRosgazprom is engaged in natural gas
transmission, storage, processing, distribution and marketing, gas
transmission system and UGS facility upgrading and expansion in the
Republic of Armenia.
The Board of Directors also agreed on Gazprom (UK) Ltds acquisition
of shares in UrdanetaGazprom-1 S.A. and UrdanetaGazprom-2 S.A.
(Venezuela).