Azerbaïdjan, Arménie, Haut Karabagh : un conflit non résolu

AgoraVox
21 déc. 2017

                 

Pour analyser les positions de l’Azerbaïdjan et de l’Arménie au regard du Haut-Karabagh il suffit d’utiliser le logiciel de l’historien en tenant compte des faits.

 

Le Haut-Karabagh jusqu’au début du 19ème est une province de l’Azerbaïdjan, à l’époque mosaïque de petits états.

Puis la Russie tsariste qui va occuper le nord de l’Azerbaïdjan installe tout au long du 19 ème siècle des milliers d’arméniens dans le Caucase.

 

En 1918 après la chute de l’empire russe sont créées une république d’Azerbaïdjan, une république d’Arménie qui annonce sa volonté d’annexer le Haut-Karabagh.

En 1919 les puissances alliées ( Royaume-Uni, France, U.S.A., Italie) approuvent la création d’un gouvernorat général provisoire sous juridiction azerbaïdjanaise.

Et l’Assemblée nationale arménienne du Haut-Karabagh reconnaît l’autorité de l’Azerbaïdjan sur le Haut-Karabagh. Les droits des Arméniens sont garantis par la république d’Azerbaïdjan.

 

En 1920 la Russie soviétique crée une république socialiste soviétique d’Azerbaïdjan. Et elle annexe des territoires azerbaïdjanais à la république d’Arménie soviétisée elle aussi dans le cadre de la république fédérative de Transcaucasie (Azerbaïdjan, Géorgie, Arménie).

Ce qui coupe au sud-ouest le Nakhitchevan de l’Azerbaïdjan.

 


Le Haut-Karabagh en 1923 dans la république socialiste soviétique de l’Azerbaïdjan devient l’oblast autonome du Haut-Karabagh avec une large population arménienne. Le Parti communiste en 1921 s’était exprimé clairement : « compte tenu de la nécessité de garantir la paix au plan national entre musulmans et arméniens et des liens permanents que le Haut-Karabagh entretient avec l’Azerbaïdjan, le Haut-Karabagh sera maintenu au sein de l’Azerbaïdjan ».

 

Le gouvernement soviétique a imposé des transferts importants de populations dans une politique de découpage administratif au gré de la volonté politique du Kremlin sans tenir naturellement compte de l’avis des populations locales. La main de fer de Moscou fossilisera la situation mais l’historien ne s’étonnera pas de la naissance d’une véritable poudrière, conséquence des déplacements de populations.

 

Le conflit militaire éclate au moment de la désintégration de l’Union Soviétique et avec les déclarations d’indépendance des 2 républiques d’Arménie et d’Azerbaïdjan.

En 1988 déjà la région autonome du Haut-Karabagh avait appelé à la sécession.

Et en 1992 c’est le début d’une véritable guerre. Avec l’aide de l’Arménie, le comité Karabagh chasse les azerbaïdjanais du territoire.

Au printemps 93 les Arméniens s’approprient des régions à l’extérieur de l’enclave Karabagh.

En 1994 une trêve est enfin signée.Le conflit arméno-azerbaïdjanais semble prendre fin, après des milliers de morts, des populations déplacées, des destructions massives d’entreprises, de fermes, d’infrastructures.

Les Arméniens contrôlent près de 20% du territoire de l’Azerbaïdjan en comptant l’enclave montagneuse du Haut Karabagh .

 

La Conférence sur la Sécurité et la Coopération en Europe a envoyé des missions d’enquête dans les territoires azerbaïdjanais gérés par l’Arménie. Ces missions pointent le changement des noms historiques et géographiques, des atteintes au patrimoine culturel, des destructions de monuments historiques.

 

En 1993 le Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies réaffirmait « son appui sans réserve au processus de paix poursuivi dans le cadre de la CSCE et aux efforts du groupe de Minsk » ( USA, France, Russie, Allemagne, Biélorussie, Finlande, Italie, Pays-Bas, Portugal, Suède, Turquie, Arménie, Azerbaïdjan). Il exprimait « sa grave préoccupation face à la poursuite du conflit dans la région du Haut-Karabagh de la république azerbaïdjanaise ainsi que des tensions entre la république d’Arménie et la république azerbaïdjanaise qui pourrait mettre en danger la paix et la sécurité dans la région ». Il notait « avec inquiétude l’escalade des hostilités armées, réaffirmait la souveraineté et l’intégrité territoriale de la république azerbaïdjanaise et de tous les autres états de la région ». Il réaffirmait « l’inviolabilité des frontières internationales et l’inadmissibilité de l’emploi de la force pour l’acquisition de territoire ». Il se déclarait « vivement préoccupé par le déplacement d’un grand nombre de civils dans le district de Zanguelan et la ville de Goradiz dans la république azerbaïdjanaise ainsi qu’à la frontière méridionale de l’Azerbaïdjan ». Il « condamnait les bombardements du territoire de la république azerbaïdjanaise ». Il demandait « au gouvernement arménien d’user de son influence pour amener les Arméniens de la région du Haut-Karabagh de la république azerbaïdjanaise à appliquer les résolutions du Conseil de Sécurité et de veiller à ce que les forces impliquées ne reçoivent pas les moyens d’étendre leur campagne militaire ». Il exigeait que « les forces d’ occupation soient retirées du district de Zanguelan et de la ville de Goradiz et que les forces d’occupation soient retirées des autres zones récemment occupées de la république azerbaïdjanaise ».

 

En 2005 le Conseil de l’Europe « rappelle que l’occupation d’un territoire étranger par un état membre constitue une grave violation des obligations qui incombent à cet état en sa qualité de membre du Conseil de l’Europe et réaffirme le droit des personnes déplacées de la zone du conflit de retourner dans leur foyer dans la sécurité et la dignité ».

 

En 2008 l’Assemblée Générale de l’ONU,en 2012 la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme,en 2015 le Parlement européen vont dans le même sens.

 

On notera pour finir que la république du Haut-Karabagh soutenue par l’Arménie n’est reconnue par aucun état.

 

En 2016 nouveaux heurts entre l’Arménie et l’Azerbaïdjan le long de la ligne de contact. C’est la guerre de 4 jours qui aboutit le 5 avril 2016 à un cessez-le-feu, signé entre les chefs d’état-major des armées des 2 républiques en présence du chef d’état-major russe.

 

En 2017 cela fait 25 ans que la médiation mis en place patine et aucun règlement définitif du conflit n’apparait à l’horizon.

 

Armenian Church commemorates memory of Prophet St. David and Apostle St. James, brother of Jesus

Panorama, Armenia
Dec 23 2017
Society 12:42 23/12/2017 Armenia

The Armenian Apostolic Church marks today the Commemoration of the Prophet St. David and Apostle St. James, brother of Jesus.

Prophet St. David was the great-grandson of Boaz and Ruth. The Holy Bible depicts him as a psalmist, gifted, wise, handsome man and orator. He was a shepherd, Qahana.am reports. 

During the battle against Philistines, he killed the giant Goliath. After the death of Saul, he became the king of Israel and founded the city Jerusalem. He is the author of the book of Psalms and one of the greatest and influential figures of the Old Testament. Special importance is accorded to the fact that he is the offspring of Our Lord Jesus Christ.

St. James, brother of Jesus, is the combining link between the Evangelical saints and the saints mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. He is one of the important figures of the Initial Church and the first Bishop of Jerusalem. Jewish historian Hovsepius characterizes him as “righteous”.

According to hagiographical sources, some people forced him to get on the tower and slander against Jesus. However, getting on the tower, he started to speak about Jesus the Messiah who sat on the right side of God and would come to judge the world fairly. Many people were converted, but others threw the saint down from the tower. According to the tradition St. James is buried in the Cathedral of St. James of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem. One letter from James has been preserved.

The memories of the Prophet St. David and Apostle St. James, brother of Jesus are commemorated together in order to symbolize the merging the Old and New Testaments in Christianity.  

The Armenian Apostolic Church commemorates the memory of the Prophet St. David and Apostle St. James, brother of Jesus, during the main feasts preceding the Feast of the Holy Nativity and Theophany of Our Lord Jesus Christ. 

How an Armenian man manually dug an underground temple: BBC

Pan Armenian, Armenia
Dec 23 2017
– 13:38 AMT
How an Armenian man manually dug an underground temple: BBC

An underground temple as tall as a seven-storey building is located in the Armenian village of Arinj, BBC Russia says in an article about Levon Arakelyan who created passages, spiral staircases and rooms all by himself.

Everything began in 1985 when Levon’s wife Tosya Gharibyan asked him to dig a basement. Levon went on to dig for 23 years and created a real work of art, local residents say.

Levon did everything by hand, using only a hammer and a chisel. He even quit his job for the project, the newspaper says.

Levon died of a heart attack at age 68. Now a popular tourist site in Armenia, the venue is known as the underground temple of grandfather Levon, the publication concludes.

During independence years our media landscape passed through revolutionary transformations – President Sargsyan receives media representatives

Armenpress News Agency , Armenia
 Friday
During independence years our media landscape passed through
revolutionary transformations – President Sargsyan receives media
representatives
YEREVAN, DECEMBER 22, ARMENPRESS. On the occasion of the New Year and
Christmas Christmas holidays, a gala reception was held at the
Presidential Palace for media representatives on December 22.
As ARMENPRESS was informed from the press service of the Armenian
President’s Office, Serzh Sargsyan congratulated on the upcoming
holidays and addressed warm wishes to the media representatives, their
families, colleagues and relatives. In his congratulatory speech
President Sargsyan referred to the key political, economic and
cultural events of the passing year and their covering by the mass
media. The President of the Republic also talked about the role of the
“4th power” under the light of the parliamentary republic with an
improved Constitution, presented his expectations from mass media
during the illustration of a number of upcoming key events of
republican importance.
The speech of the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan during the
reception for mass media representatives on the occasion of New Year
and Christmas
Dear friends,
I am glad to greet all of you at Baghramyan 26 at this festive
reception that has already become a tradition. I heartily congratulate
you on the coming New Year and Christmas holidays.
During independence years our media landscape passed through
revolutionary transformations. During the last 2.5 decades we were
able to shape a dynamic society, public institutions and a unique free
journalism. I have no doubts that on the path of establishing a mature
and full democratic system an independent and unbending journalist
should be the all-seeing eye of our public.
The passing year was full of important domestic and external
political, economic and cultural events, that were in you focus. You
covered them from all the aspects and reached the necessary
information to the attention of the public, political parties and the
authorities.
The key republican event of 2017 was the parliamentary elections of
April 2. Now, with a retrospective look, we can confidently document
that the elections were held in a constructive and harmonious
atmosphere. Both our public and the specialized international observer
organizations gave a positive assessment to the elections, by which we
outlined our political path for the next 5 years in a fair struggle.
The contribution of the media landscape of Armenia was also
significant for achieving that result. It was recognized by the
international observer organizations and I am thankful to you for your
job.
Of course, there were also difficulties and misunderstandings. There
is no electoral process in the world that passes entirely
imperturbably, as during the competition passions sometimes give
place, strain the nerves. Undoubtedly, defeat is the most difficult
thing and not everyone can live with that.
Dear journalists,
I am deeply convinced that there are no insurmountable problems. I
highlight the readiness of all the sides and players to openly discuss
existing problems and to find a solution to them. It’s a unique
examination of being mature, and I am sure our public passes that exam
with honor. I am convinced that your power in the parliamentary
republic with the improved Constitution will have a much larger role
in our lives and you are ready to assume that.
During the passing year you actively covered the works of the
Armenia-Diaspora Sixth Pan-Armenian Forum, making the virtual
participation of 10 million Armenians in that forum possible.
Discussing the role and importance of the mass media one should always
remember that 7 million Armenians live out of the borders of Armenia.
I call on you to activate your links with the news outlets operating
in the Diaspora communities during the coming years. We expect more
active involvement by you in the implementation of my vision of having
Armenia with 4 million population and other future programs.
I would also like you to draw more attention on and give deeper
evaluation to topics like Armenia’s participation in integration
processes, the works of local self-government bodies, community
enlargement process or the economic activation. This is not the full
list and I will really be happy if you enrich it with topics I missed.
Dear friends,
We say good bye to 2017 year. I once again congratulate you, all your
colleagues, relatives and friends. I want you to fully relax during
the New Year and Christmas holidays, making your friends and relatives
enjoy those moments. I want success, happiness and peace to accompany
you and your families in the coming 2018 year. The more we are honest
with ourselves, believe me, the higher will be the coefficientof
theuseful actionof our work.
I am thankful”.

Busy Bolis

Garen Yegparian

BY GAREN YEGPARIAN

It’s almost as if our compatriots in Bolis are working mightily to restore their home city to it status of a century-plus ago when, along with Tiflis (Tbilisi), Georgia, the two cities served as Armenia’s “capitals” – and really, from the point of activism, education, intellectual ferment, reform, religion, revolution— they were! Unfortunately, in the political-governmental sphere, the Armenian Highland was bereft of an “on-site” focus given the (then) five-centuries-plus non-existence of Armenian statehood. Never forget, Bolis is more of an Armenian city than Turkish. One third of Byzantine emperors were Armenians. After the Turks captured the city, we were still among the main artisans, builders, financiers, and merchants that made the city great.

You might wonder how I could possibly even think such a thing with so few Armenians left in Bolis, along with the Turkish occupied portion of the Armenian Highlands, Cilicia, and Asia Minor. But that may be exactly why there’s so much happening there, the repression and “oblivion” forced upon Armenians through successive Turkish regimes’ policy. There may be an unspoken, understated, “we’re not gonna take it any more” attitude permeating our persecuted compatriots.

Here are the examples, both specific and general, very recent and somewhat less so, that have led to this thought and the article attempting to elucidate it.

On October 27, Robert Haddejian completed 50 years of service as the editor of “Marmara” (named after the sea separating “European” from “Asiatic” Turkey, of course) which has been published in Bolis since August 31, 1940. The very next day, Zhamanag (“Time”), the longest continuously running Armenian language daily newspaper (a distinction held by Boston’s “Hairenik” until economics forced it to go weekly several years ago), published in the same city, celebrated its 110th anniversary.

The 36th Annual International Istanbul (sic) Book Fair, held in early November featured numerous books about Armenians, the Genocide, and Armenian issues.

There’s the ongoing saga, perhaps better referred to as a farce, of the Patriarchal elections, which have been stalled for months on end because of the Turkish authorities’ shenanigans, enabled through the power-hunger of certain individuals within our community. Then there is Garo Paylan’s involvement in in Osman Kavala’s (prominent businessman and civil society activist) unjust detention by the Turkish authorities.

Of course this brings us to one of the medium term examples of Bolis’ intensity – producing three Armenian members of parliament, IN TURKEY, in the June 2015 Turkish election. Also on the political front, Elmas Kirakos and Taylan Yildiz are founding members of a new Turkish political party, Iyi Parti (Good Party), led by Meral Aksener. Aksener is touted as a serious challenger to Erdogan in the next Turkish presidential elections. But, most recently, she was in the Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (Nationalist Movement Party), a chauvinist party usually associated with the Grey Wolves, a paramilitary youth group which has conducted many attacks. This seems like a strange place for Armenians to be. But then, Selina Dogan, one of the three Armenian members of Turkey’s Büyük Millet Meclisi (parliament) is in the CHP, the party of Ataturk and Markar Esyayan is in the AKP, Erdoðan’s party. Politics does indeed make for strange bedfellows.

Add to the above medium term trends embodied in open commemorations of the Genocide, Crypto-Armenians coming out of hiding, Kurdish recognition of the Genocide and active embrace of Armenians, the progressive (primarily Kurdish) HDP and its positions on matters Armenian, the difficulty which Islamicized Armenians face when trying to re-adopt Christianity. All these ultimately lead back to Bolis.

In these more trying times of Erdogan’s ascendency, let’s not forget our compatriots who are holding down the fort for us in old Bolis (Byzantium/Constantinople/Istanbul). If you have remote or close relatives there, keep up, strengthen, or reestablish your connections. Let’s make sure they do not feel alone. Let’s make sure they are well integrated with and attuned to the web of Armenian life that spans the globe.

Armenia ranked 22 in Freedom Barometer

News.am, Armenia
Dec 21 2017
Armenia ranked 22 in Freedom Barometer Armenia ranked 22 in Freedom Barometer

17:08, 21.12.2017
                  

Armenia is ranked 22rd out of 30 European countries in the Freedom Barometer list released by the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom.

According to the report, Armenia has improved its positions, and the total score of the country has increased.  The report measures economic, political freedom and the rule of law from a liberal perspective.

The report says that Armenia has low score on the fight against corruption. There are high corruption risks with judiciary, police, customs and taxing administration, as well as in public procurement.

Among Armenia’s neighbors, Georgia showed better performance being ranked 13th. Turkey and Azerbaijan are in 26th and 28th place respectively. Russia is the last.

The Armenian-Russian humanitarian response center was replenished with another batch of property

  • 19.12.2017
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  • Armenia:
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The Armenian-Russian humanitarian response center was replenished with another batch of Russian rescue property.


This batch includes 11 units of Gazelle first aid rescue vehicle. 5 of them, АПП 035 (автомобиль перевой помущий), have a water and foam yard with a capacity of about 500 liters, equipped with rescue equipment and equipment for responding to traffic accidents and domestic calls. The other 6 unit, АПП 02, has a water and foam tank with a capacity of about 250 liters and is designed to perform rescue operations in various situations.


The Ministry of Emergency Situations reports that these vehicles, like the previous ones, are equipped with special rescue techniques and equipment: a rescue saw, hydraulic pliers and scissors, power generators, pumps, etc., to respond to traffic accidents and domestic calls in urban conditions. Cars can carry a crew of 6-7 people.


The property of this batch, 11 units of rescue vehicles, will be allocated to different city departments of the RA EMS rescue service, particularly to the big cities of the republic, contributing to the increase in the efficiency of response in emergency situations.


It should be noted that according to the agreement reached between RA and RF, in 2017 Support equivalent to about 16 million US dollars was provided to the Armenian-Russian Humanitarian Response Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of the Republic of Armenia.

Danny Tarkanian to run for Senate seat in 2018

News.am, Armenia
Dec 9 2017
Danny Tarkanian to run for Senate seat in 2018 Danny Tarkanian to run for Senate seat in 2018

22:32, 09.12.2017
                  

The Armenian National Committee of America-Western Region announced Friday its endorsement of Danny Tarkanian, Republican candidate for the United States Senate from Nevada. Tarkanian will be facing incumbent Senator Dean Heller in the 2018 primary, Asbarez reported.

“As the grandson of Armenian Genocide survivors, Danny Tarkanian is committed to the cause for justice not just for his own family, but for all Armenians. Having him in the United States Senate will surely empower our community, and we look forward to working closely with him to achieve our common goals,” said ANCA-WR Chairperson Nora Hovsepian.

“I am honored and grateful to receive ANCA-WR’s endorsement and look forward to working with them during my campaign and after elected as the first American Armenian US Senator on issues of importance to our country and the Armenian-American community. As someone whose grandparents lived through the Genocide, I will be a strong voice for improving the bilateral relations between Armenia and the United States, and I will work tirelessly alongside ANCA-WR towards the recognition of the Armenian Genocide by the United States government,” said Tarkanian.

A prominent businessman and son of renowned college basketball coach, the late Jerry Tarkanian who was honored at the ANCA-WR Gala Banquet in 2013 as the “People’s Champion” and Las Vegas City Council member Lois Tarkanian, Danny has proven to be a passionate advocate of Armenian American issues.

ANCA-WR Endorses Luis Lopez for California State Assembly

State Assembly candidate Luis Lopez

LOS ANGELES—The Armenian National Committee of America-Western Region announced Wednesday its endorsement of Luis Lopez for California’s State Assembly. The endorsement comes in the course of California’s 51st district special election, which is set to take place December 5.

“Luis Lopez has proven to be knowledgeable and compassionate about issues of importance to the Armenian-American community, and the ANCA-Western Region is proud to issue its endorsement of his candidacy. We are confident that he will continue to be a strong voice for our concerns once he is elected to the California State Assembly, and we look forward to continuing our positive relationship with him,” stated ANCA-WR Chairperson Nora Hovsepian.

“Honoring the diversity of our communities and recognizing the struggles and contributions of immigrant families is a requirement of public service, especially at this moment in America. I am pleased to be judged worthy of endorsement by the ANCA-Western Region. And I am committed to working with all of my Armenian American sisters and brothers to build bridges of understanding and opportunity here in California through education, solidarity, just and humane public policy, and civic participation,” said Democrat for Assembly Luis Lopez.

Through the years, Lopez has developed a dependable relationship with members of the Armenian-American community including LA City Councilmember Paul Krekorian and Assemblymember Adrin Nazarian. He also was a reliant advocate for Glendale City Councilmember Zareh Sinanyan and School Boardmember Shant Sahakian during their respective races. Lopez also helped rally support for Ardashes “Ardy” Kassakhian’s bid for the State Assembly in 2016.

Lopez has affirmed his support for some of the most pressing Armenian-American issues including genocide recognition and recognition and support for the Republic of Artsakh.

Lopez, a Democrat with a track record of more than 15 years of service and leadership for the communities of Northeast Los Angeles, has devoted his career to ensuring all people have access to quality and affordable healthcare. He has been a leader for affordable housing, parks, and transportation in Los Angeles for over a decade.

Lopez has also worked to bring more immigrants into the electorate and elected office. Among other matters, environmental protection has always been a priority for Lopez as he’s been an advocate for smarter waste policies.

Born in East Los Angeles and raised in El Monte, Lopez graduated from public schools and went on to earn degrees from Pomona College and Harvard UniversitHe currently works as the Director of Government Affairs at City of Hope in Duarte, California.

The 51st Assembly District includes Eagle Rock, Highland Park, Echo Park, Silver Lake, El Sereno, and Chinatown.

The Armenian National Committee of America-Western Region is the largest and most influential Armenian-American grassroots advocacy organization in the Western United States. Working in coordination with a network of offices, chapters, and supporters throughout the Western United States and affiliated organizations around the country, the ANCA-WR advances the concerns of the Armenian American community on a broad range of issues.