Soviet-Georgian War And Sovietization Of Georgia, II-III. 1921

SOVIET-GEORGIAN WAR AND SOVIETIZATION OF GEORGIA, II-III. 1921
By Andrew Andersen, George Partskhaladze

w/332/63/
Monday, 02 July 2007

In the year 1918, Georgia restored her independence from Russia. This
became possible as a result of World War I and disintegration of the
Russian Empire due to its failure to withstand a tremendous pressure
endorsed by the war effort. During its three years of independence,
Georgia’s moderate socialist leadership was rather successful in the
establishment of a democracy-track society. However, the development of
democratic processes in the First Republic faced a number of challenges
that included involvement in military conflicts with Turkey, Armenia,
as well as the "Reds" and the "Whites" of Southern Russia, economic
blockade by Western powers, delay of international recognition,
internal conflicts and subversive activities of local Bolsheviks
encouraged by the Bolshevik regime in Moscow.

By the end of February, 1920, an alliance was formed between the
Kemalist government of Turkey and the Soviet leadership of Russia. The
new allies required a stable land-bridge between the two countries. In
order to achieve that goal, the three independent states of the South
Caucasus – namely Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia – were to be taken
over and partitioned between Soviet Russia and Turkey. By 31.05.1920,
Azerbaijan was invaded and Sovietized by Russia’s 11th Red Army. Four
months later, Armenia was invaded by the Kemalist Army of Karabekir
Pasa and partitioned between Turkey and Russia. The last independent
country believing to be a bastion of the West squeezed between the
Kemalists and the Soviets was Georgia, and it was to fall as well in
order to finalize Soviet-Turkish project in the Caucasus.

This paper provides comprehensive coverage of the Soviet military
campaign against Georgia that was launched on February 11th, 1921, in
breach of a non-aggression treaty. It contains a detailed analysis of
the major military operations of the campaign as well as a comparison
of military might of both conflicting parties. This paper is one
of the first attempts to cover the above-mentioned historical event
which can be found especially interesting nowadays when Georgia and
Russia are once again balancing at the brink of military conflict.

The paper is accompanied by 4 full-color maps and 2 color diagrams.

http://www.abkhazia.com/content/vie

Preparatory Meeting of 3rd Ecumenical Conference Proceeds in Hrodos

PREPARATORY MEETING OF THIRD ECUMENICAL CONFERENCE PROCEEDS IN HRODOS

HRODOS, JUNE 29, NOYAN TAPAN. The preparatory meeting of the third
pan-European Ecumenical Conference to be held in the city of Sibiu in
Romania on September 4-9 took place on the Hrodos island on June 24-28
at the invitation of the Cosmic Patriarchate, and about 30
representatives from Orthodox churches took part. Bishop Yeznik
Petrosian and Archimandrite Hovakim Manukian represented the Armenian
Apostolic Church at the meeting with the blessing of the Catholicos of
All Armenians Garegin II.

According to the information provided to Noyan Tapan by the Information
Service of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, the meeting was aimed at
finding out what contribution the Orthodox churches may have in the
proceedings of the Third Ecumenical pan-European Conference of Sibiu in
a theological point of view. A number of practical issues which concern
the Orthodox churches were also discussed.

The participants will visit the sanctuaries of Hrodos and meet with
Metropolitan Kirilos.

Profiles of Gordon’s five new talents

Profiles of Gordon’s five new talents

Daily Telegraph/UK
L30/06/2007

Sir Alan West

Some recruits to Gordon Brown’s new-style, non-partisan Government
share one thing – a record of fierce criticism of the previous
administration.

Admiral Sir Alan West, the former First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval
Staff, has spent much of the last 12 months turning his guns on Labour.

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Just before he stood down as head of the Navy last year, Sir Alan, a
war hero whose ship was sunk in the Falklands conflict, warned that
cuts to the service under Labour would make it incapable of protecting
Britain’s coastline.

"I don’t think anything should ever be sacred but we do have to be
careful that we do not reduce the Navy to a level that makes recovery
difficult," he warned.

Last December, he told The Sunday Telegraph that the Ministry of
Defence’s lack of investment could turn Britain’s Armed Forces into a
"tinpot gendarmerie" incapable of defending the nation’s interests.

"I suppose we could retire to our island and hope that no one gets to
us," he said.

And as recently as April, he condemned the decision to allow Royal Navy
hostages held by Iran to sell their stories.

"It does leave a slightly tacky taste in one’s mouth. It is not good,"
he said.

Sir Alan, 59, joined up before his 18th birthday and spent most of his
career at sea, serving in 14 different ships and commanding three of
them. In the successful retaking of the Falklands, his ship, the
frigate Ardent, was sunk. He was subsequently awarded the Distinguished
Service Cross and led the Victory Parade through the City of London.

Knighted in the Millennium New Year’s Honours List, he was First Sea
Lord from 2002 until last year.

By Brendan Carlin

—————————————– ——————————–
——-

Sir Digby Jones

A big, bluff Brummie, Sir Digby Jones has put aside past criticisms of
Labour to enter Gordon Brown’s big tent as a peer and trade promotion
minister.

In 2002, the then CBI director-general was so critical of the
Government that Margaret Thatcher bumped into him and said: "I know
you, you’re the official opposition."

In March 2000 he said: "I have to say that [reassuring business] is not
even on [Brown’s] radar and that worries me considerably."

Three years later, Sir Digby, 51, savaged Labour over pensions policy
and business taxes, and spoke of a "seam of discontent" among business
leaders which the Tories could capitalise on.

But at the CBI from 2000 to 2006 he built a good relationship with Mr
Brown.

Last December, Sir Digby was appointed "skills envoy" for the
Government but felt no need to pull his punches. In January, he said
standards of adult literacy were a "national disgrace".

He began his career at corporate law firm Edge & Ellison in 1978,
becoming a partner in 1984, and made a name for himself in corporate
finance and client development.

Labour sees him as proof of Mr Brown’s desire to reach out beyond
traditional politics.

The appointment is also designed to upset the Tories on the flimsy
basis that Labour thinks every businessman has voted Conservative since
birth.

But Sir Digby, who was of no known political affiliation, has
disappointed his new colleagues by refusing to join the Labour Party.
He will be bound by the Labour whip in the Lords in an arrangement
described by one Labour MP last night as "odd".

By Brendan Carlin

—————————————– ——————————–
——-

Shriti Vadera

If Alastair Campbell was Tony Blair’s real deputy, Shriti Vadera has
been the real number two at the Treasury.

But rather than remain the power behind the throne, the publicity-shy
former investment banker has entered the limelight by becoming an
international development minister.

The Tories said her appointment showed that Gordon Brown, like Mr
Blair, hands jobs to "cronies".

But relief agencies and charities were pleased by the arrival of Miss
Vadera, the brains behind many of the Government’s flagship policies
for Africa and debt relief.

Oxfam, where she was a trustee, lauded her "extremely strong commitment
to poverty eradication and international development".

Miss Vadera, 44, was born on the shores of Lake Victoria in Uganda to
an Indian family. She came to the UK in 1974 and read politics,
philosophy and economics at Somerville College, Oxford, where Margaret
Thatcher and Indira Gandhi studied.

She has a formidable reputation and is said to be capable of reducing
junior officials to quivering wrecks.

After 14 years at the investment bank UBS Warburg, she joined the
Treasury in 1999 and became as indispensable in advising Mr Brown as
the better-known Ed Balls.

Miss Vadera was involved in the renationalisation of Railtrack and the
part-privatisation of the London Underground.

She dismissed Railtrack shareholders as "grannies" who had "added no
value to the company", which came to light during the investors’ High
Court case against the Government.

By Brendan Carlin and Martin Beckford

—————————————- ———————————

Ara Darzi

The surgeon drafted into the Brown government to help boost the NHS is
one of Britain’s leading experts in keyhole surgery.

But Sir Ara Darzi has already crossed swords with ministers,
recommending in vain two years ago that two hospitals in Hartlepool and
Stockton should remain open.

Sir Ara, 47, has pioneered techniques for making operations less
invasive, including surgery for cancer patients.

Already a government adviser on the NHS, Sir Ara, who was born in
Armenia, has taught minimal access surgery at the Royal College of
Surgeons and set national guidelines for education and training in this
area.

He pledged to stay on the "front line" and said that it was a
"privilege and honour" to be able to work in Gordon Brown’s
administration.

Sir Ara said yesterday that he would work from Monday to Thursday as a
health minister – although he is paid for just three days.

He will work for free as an NHS surgeon on Fridays. The professor is
the current holder of the Paul Hamlyn Chair of Surgery at Imperial
College London, where he is head of surgery, oncology, reproductive
biology and anaesthetics.

He is also honorary consultant surgeon at St Mary’s Hospital and The
Royal Marsden Hospital in London. Sir Ara’s team has developed the use
of surgical robots and image-guided surgery, and he has called for more
research in this area. In 2001, his team won a Queen’s Anniversary
Prize in recognition of their achievements in pioneering techniques and
in addressing training requirements.

Sir Ara said of his appointment: "My career has been dedicated to
improving the health of patients.

`It is a great honour and privilege to be asked by the Prime Minister
to continue that work for patients across the country. `

By Brendan Carlin

—————————————— ——————————-

Lord Stevens

Since retiring from the most senior police job in the country two years
ago, Lord Stevens has never been busier.

The 64-year-old peer and former commissioner of the Metropolitan Police
has headed both the Operation Paget inquiry into the circumstances
surrounding the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, and the Premier
League investigation into alleged football bungs.

Now "Captain Beaujolais", as he is nicknamed because of his love for
fine wines and vintage champagne, will bring his wealth of experience
to Gordon Brown’s government.

Born in Kent, educated at boarding school in Ramsgate, he began his
policing career in Hammersmith, west London where he received no less
than 27 commendations for his detective work. Top postings with
regional forces followed. He was appointed commissioner in 2000,
receiving a knighthood in the process.

Admired by his fellow officers he was regarded as a "copper’s copper"
and was universally popular.

With a reputation for outspokeness, he has never been afraid of
delivering unpalatable truths and has been entrusted with several of
the most sensitive and high-profile inquires. These included the
investigation, begun in 1989, of collusion by the Royal Ulster
Constabulary and loyalist terrorists in the murders of republicans in
Northern Ireland. The longest and most complex such investigation in
British history, it resulted in some 98 convictions.

His relations with Labour politicans have not always gone smoothly. He
accused David Blunkett, then Home Secretary, of being anti-police and
was furious when reports that Mr Blunkett had given him a "real
roasting" appeared in the media. He laid the blame at Home Secretary’s
door. "There were only three people in that office – myself, the Home
Secretary and his dog," he wrote in his autobiography. "And it [the
leak] didn’t come from the dog".

By Caroline Davies

Armenian FM: There Are Mutually Inadmissible Points In The Document

ARMENIAN FM: THERE ARE MUTUALLY INADMISSIBLE POINTS IN THE DOCUMENT NEGOTIATED BY THE PARTIES TO THE NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT

arminfo
2007-06-29 16:40:00

There are mutually inadmissible points in the document that is being
presently negotiated by the parties to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict,
Armenian FM Vardan Oskanyan said during a press-conference today.

He said that the OSCE MG co-chairs are working in this direction but
no progress will be possible without political will of the conflicting
parties.

Presently, the Azeri side seems to avoid taking a step towards meltdown
and progress. Today people in both countries should be informed of
the general content of the talks. Presently the statements of the
Armenian side are closer to the spirit of the document than those
made by the Azeri side.

Statements must help rather than hinder.

Concerning the possibility of a stalemate in the negotiating process,
Oskanyan said that there is such a possibility but there is also an
opportunity to attain progress. Each presidential meeting is preceded
by hopes for progress and when no progress is attained people get
disappointed and begin talking about stalemate. But Oskanyan is
sure that the co-chairs will shortly announce new FM meetings and
regional visits.

Oskanyan refused to dwell on the problem of the security belt
territories.

He just said that the negotiated document contains all elements of
settlement: status, security, territories, refugees, connection between
Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh and all of them must be considered.

Oskanyan said that certain progress has been made since 1997. In 1997
the sides negotiated phased settlement and the status problem was put
off for indefinite time. Today, the basis of the negotiating process
is the problem of Nagorno-Karabakh’s self-determination through a
referendum. This scenario is much more acceptable.

Asked to comment on CE Secretary General Terry Davis’ last statements
about Nagorno- Karabakh and "occupied territories," Oskanyan said that
Davis tried to present the situation as seen by the international
community but did it in a very contradictory way. His wordings are
inadmissible for the Armenian side and we have repeatedly said that,
Oskanyan said.

Chairman Of State Water Committee: State Of Water Supply In Armenia

CHAIRMAN OF STATE WATER COMMITTEE: STATE OF WATER SUPPLY IN ARMENIA IS FAR FROM BEING SATISAFACTORY

Noyan Tapan
Jun 29 2007

YEREVAN, JUNE 29, NOYAN TAPAN. Five foreign companies currently operate
Armenia’s drinking water system. They work by 100% self-financing
and are almost fully provided with funds. The chairman of the State
Committee of Water Industry of the RA Ministry of Territorial
Governance Andranik Andreasian said this at the June 29 press
conference, adding that nevertheless, the state of water supply in
the country is far from being satisfactory. According to him, Yerevan
Water company that operates Yerevan’s drinking water system will soon
receive a concessional credit of 30 million euros from the French
government. SAUR company (France), manager of the water system in a
number of Armenian regions, has begun work on improvement of water
supply network in the cities of Tsakhkadzor, Sevan and Gavar.

A. Andreasian said that negotiations on provision of a 30
million-dollar credit started recently with the Asian Development
Bank. It is envisaged to allocate this sum for restoration of the
water supply system in regions.

He said that Japanese experts are now conducting studies in 600
Armenian villages to determine the amount of investments necessary
for restoration of the water supply system.

Financial Center Transition From Capital To One Of Provincial Cities

FINANCIAL CENTER TRANSITION FROM CAPITAL TO ONE OF PROVINCIAL CITIES TO BE NEW PHENOMENON FOR ARMENIA

ARKA News Agency, Armenia
June 26 2007

YEREVAN, June 26. /ARKA/. Armenian financial center transition
from capital to one of the country’s provincial cities will be a
new phenomenon for Armenia, Chairman of the Central Bank of Armenia
Tigran Sargsyan said Monday at an annual session of Armenian Banks
Union in Yerevan.

"The prime minister has come up with quite conceptual proposal. Its
implementation will make substantial changes not only to Central
Bank’s activity, but also to Armenia’s entire banking system", he said.

Sargsyan said the financial center must be moved from Yerevan to
Armenia’s other city as soon as possible.

"We have to discuss the matter with Armenian Banks Union and decide
how quick we’ll be able to do it and what financial means will spend",
Sargsyan said.

Earlier, speaking at the Central Bank’s annual session, Armenian
Prime Minister Serge Sargsyan proposed to move the financial center
from Yerevan to Dilijan.

Baluyevskey’s Proposal To Install Radar In Turkey

BALUYEVSKY’S PROPOSAL TO INSTALL RADAR IN TURKEY

AZG Armenian Daily
26/06/2007

Russia’s concern over the US projects would grow softer if the US
anti-missile defense shields were installed in Turkey instead of
Eastern Europe, Chief of the Russian Army General Staff Yuri Baluyevsky
announced in a press conference in Moscow

"Iran can develop long-range ballistic missiles no sooner than 2015. So
why not install the anti-missile defense shields for their prevention
in Turkey?" said Baluyevsky.

"US refusal from joint use of the Gabala radar station in Azerbaijan
will show the real aims of development of anti-missile defense shield
in Europe", he added, according to RIA agency.

TBILISI: Can Georgian Territory Stand An Atomic Power Station?

CAN GEORGIAN TERRITORY STAND AN ATOMIC POWER STATION?
Fridon Dochia

Daily Georgian Times, Georgia
June 25 2007

You have a problem with the place" – Evgeni Reshitnikov

Georgian Times has already offered you various opinions of Georgian
scientists and dedicated some articles to the issues concerning the
possible building of atomic electicity generating power station in
Georgia, with all its perceived threats and benefits. While visiting
France Georgian President Michael Saakashvili’s was offered the
opportunity to build an atomic power station in Georgia. Obviously,
this proposal has many supporters and opponents.

Evgeni Reshitnikov is well known amongst Georgian scientists in
the sphere of atomic energy and he has dedicated his career to this
sphere. Since 1987, when the Ministry of Energy was created during the
time of Soviet Union, he served as its deputy minister and afterwards,
1990-1992 was served in the postion as Deputy Minister of Atomic Energy
and Industry. More recently, 1992 to 2005, and prior to retiring,
he had the post of deputy minister of atomic energy ministry for the
Russian Federation. However, he didn’t receive his pension for long
and was soon invited to serve as the vice president of the company
Atomstroiexport(Nuclear Construction Export).

Currently Evgeni coordinates the construction of atomic power station
and Atomstroiexport" has constructed atomic power stations in China,
India and Iran.

Georgian Times talked with vice president of Russian company
Atomstroiexport. Mr. Evgeni Reshetnikov discussed the expecting
threats and benefits from construction of atomic power station, why
was construction of atomic power station blocked in Georgia during
Soviet Union? These are the issues:

Georgian Times: French offered us the opportunity to build a nuclear
power station in Georgia. What positive and negative aspects may
it have?

Evgeni Reshetnikov: You have a problem with the place ("Ploshadka")
of the construction site. Even in 1986-87 when we intended to start
construction of atomic power station in Georgia, the only place where
we could build it was Gali region, as we couldn’t find any other
location that would be an appropriate place for it, and eventually
we stopped talking about this issue. The most important issue this
regard is to find an appropriate place. By the way, an atomic power
station is something that Georgia desperately needs.

GT: I cannot say it definitely but as far as I’ve heard it was
Vladislav Ardzinba, former leader of breakaway Abkhazia, who played
a vital role laying out the plans to build an atomic power station
in Gali. Is it right?

ER: Frankly speaking he was not the only reason involved Even there the
location is very expensive for construction as there are underground
waters. It would be necessary to strengthen the soil structure and and
that would involve expensive engineering. That time it took us three
days to discuss this issue with Ministers’ Council of Georgian SSR We
came to the conclusion that it would be better to build a high-voltage
line that would provide Georgia with power from Azerbaijan and
Russia. However, we still agreed to continue our discussions about
construction of atomic power station for a later date.

GT: That time Ardzinba was not in Abkhazia at all, and under such
circumstances how could he oppose the building of an atomic power
station in Gali? What kind of leverage t did he have to prevent this?

ER: As I remember he worked in "Sakhmsheni" ("Gosstroi").

GT: As the government states if French build atomic power station
Georgian would become an energy independent country. Do you agree
with such assessment?

ER: Evidently, in such cases every country acquires energy independence
as it is always possible to import fuel.

GT: We still remember Chernobyl tragedy in the Ukraine, and that’s
why there are opponents who take exception to this possibility. How
safe are atomic power station today?

ER: Do you know what’s the point? You should know the history of the
Chernobyl Unit 4 catastrophe. There were some experiments forbidden
by safety instructions and regulation and they were launched there,
and that is why the accident occured.

GT: By the way, Georgian Times had already written about that based
on Georgian Scientists, but let’s explain the reasons anyway.

ER: Let’s say it in simply terms; we have traffic rules saying that
driving on red light is forbidden. They violated this rule and drove
on red light. Atomic power station represents different technology
excluding incidents like Chernobyl. Modern technologies imply double
degree of protection coverage and special containment beneath.

GT: Georgia is located in a seismological active region. That is why
we are all interested in how much safer modern atomic power stations
are in terms of seismology.

ER: We are well aware of this and consideringmodern atomic power
station construction technology, all these aspects are being
considered. Plants are designed to withstand an earthquake up to 9
on the Richter scale. If you remember during the Spitak earthquake
at the Armenian atomic power station that it did not cease to operate.

GT: Evgeni Alexandovich, France offered to help with the construction
of an atomic power station. Does the Russian Federation have the
desire to have such stations as well?

ER: Sure, if government applies we can negotiate with them as soon
as possible.

GT: How do you think, what is the reason our government didn’t address
Russia, is the reason lack of confidence?

ER: There is something about it, I suppose. But this conflict is very
unpleasant for those, who know Georgia well.

GT: What is your personal attitude towards Georgians and Georgia?

ER: I have wonderful relations with both Georgians and Georgia. I
have many friends, we have worked together for a long time, and
we know each other very well. Now I remember how we built Georgia
together. There was such a unit "Sakhidroenergomsheni" (Georgian
Hydro Energy Builder) with the head Dadiani, he was a noble man; I
still have friendly relations with him. We had many Georgians at the
Kurtsk atomic power station. A Georgian was chief engineer but he has
unfortunately passed away. The conflicts that people have today are
not between ordinary people and what conflicts exists are actually
between those who are on a high level.

Ancient Manuscripts Of St. Petersbourg To Be Digitalized

ANCIENT MANUSCRIPTS OF ST. PETERSBOURG TO BE DIGITALIZED
By Aghavni Haroutiunian

AZG Armenian Daily
20/06/2007

The ancient manuscripts and unique books kept at the St. Petersbourg
University are being digitalized.

ITAR-TASS informed that Milana Azarkina, Librarian-in-chief of the
ST. Petersbourg University, stated about this.

She said that the University had already purchased special equipments
for digitalization. The equipment costs about $20 thousand in
total. The list of the books prepared for digitalization includes
Arabic and Ottoman manuscripts, books in Old Japanese, as well as
other unique pieces. Yet, it isn’t specified which company will carry
out the digitalization.

Retrospective Show Of Armenian Films In Germany

RETROSPECTIVE SHOW OF ARMENIAN FILMS IN GERMANY

Noyan Tapan
Armenians Today
Jun 19 2007

BERLIN, JUNE 19, NOYAN TAPAN – ARMENIANS TODAY. The first retrospective
show of Armenian films under the title ‘Nostalgia’ was held on
May 5-31, 2007 in Germany under the initiative of the ART COMBAT
Transnational (ACT) German organization, with the sponsorship of the
European Cultural Parliament, and with the assistance of the steering
committee of the Golden Apricot (Voske Tsiran) film festival.

Film directors Haroutiun Khachatrian, Vigen Chaldranian,
cinematographer Garegin Zakoyan and RA Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary to Germany Karine Ghazinian represented Armenia at
the event. 20-30 Armenian films (most of them from state archives),
with the commentaries by a responsible person from the Armenian cinema
archives, cinematographer Garegin Zakoyan, presented the present and
the past of Armenian cinema.

As Noyan Tapan was informed by the Armenian National Cinema Center,
besides film shows, historic, political, scientific discussions,
and disputes dedicated to the subject of Genocide in cinema were
also held within the framework of the project. As film director and
cameraman Fred Clemen, Director of ART COMBAT Transnational, evaluated,
the project’s goal is to present a type of national cinema which has
given wonderful film directors and has a unique voice in world cinema.

The subjects of public discussions that followed the screening were:

The history of Armenian cinema and the traces of the Armenian
Genocide in it (with the participation of Haroutiun Khachatrian,
Garegin Zakoyan, and Vigen Chaldranian),

Germany’s participation in the Genocide (the participants were
professor Herman Goltz and Hilmar Kaiser),

Cinematographic art and deportation: the loss of homeland and Diasporan
cinematographic art (participants Atom Egoyan, Arsine Khanjian,
Karine Torosian, and Garegin Zakoyan).

The month of Armenian films, which was also accompanied by interesting
discussions, gave a unique resonance to the issue of presentation
of the subject of the Armenian Genocide in cinema and in particular,
Armenian cinema.