“Sideways”: ‘Bathed in the solvent of exquisite sadness’

The Guardian, UK
Jan 28 2005
Sideways
*****
Cert 15
Peter Bradshaw
‘Bathed in the solvent of exquisite sadness’: Sideways

New classics of American cinema don’t come along that often, so grab
this one with both hands. It’s an occasion for the singing of
hosannas from the roof of every cinema. Director Alexander Payne has
already given us two gems with Election and About Schmidt. This
glorious, bittersweet comedy of male friendship and midlife crisis is
even better. It’s something to be compared with John Cassavetes or
Hal Ashby or Woody Allen’s Annie Hall; a particular kind of
freewheeling film-making that hasn’t surfaced for decades.
Sideways is beautifully written, terrifically acted; it is paced and
constructed with such understated mastery that it is a sort of
miracle. The observations are pitilessly exact and meshed with
impeccably executed sight gags and funny lines, and everything is
bathed in the solvent of exquisite sadness. Yet its gentleness and
humanity do not preclude a mule-kick of emotional power. Audiences at
the screenings where I have been present may have heard something
like a fusillade of gunshots from the auditorium; it was the sound of
my heart breaking into a thousand pieces.
Paul Giamatti and Thomas Haden Church give the performances of their
lives, complemented by two outstanding female leads: Sandra Oh and
Virginia Madsen. Giamatti is Miles, the divorced English teacher and
would-be novelist well into his 40s, who is staring failure full in
the face. Church plays his buddy and old college roommate Jack: a
handsome-ish actor and incorrigible “pussyhound” whose career washed
up after a couple of TV shows 10 years before.
With many a suppressed bachelor’s misgiving, he is about to get
married, and acquire some rich Armenian-American in-laws who want him
to leave showbusiness and come in with them in their fabulously
lucrative property business. Jack is still in the process of kidding
himself that he can do that and still keep the door open to getting
back into movies. For his part, Miles is kidding himself that his
ex-wife might still want to make another go of it.
The pair of them, deep in denial about the way their lives are
turning out, go on a road trip. It is Miles’s “wedding gift” to Jack:
he will take him on a tour of the Californian wine country, and teach
him about the passion for wine that has taken over his life.
Secretly, he is hoping for a little male bonding to salve his
wretched loneliness. But all Jack is hoping for is some bedroom
action with local women before he has to tie the knot – and Miles
cloaks his desolate feelings of betrayal with righteous disgust. All
he can do to manage his despair is concentrate on the new love of his
life: wine.
Jonathan Nossiter’s documentary Mondovino was recently much praised
for its insights into the globo-Californian wine business; but for
me, Sideways says more on the subject in five minutes than Nossiter
managed in two hours. Miles loves pontificating at tastings, and
comes up with the most uproarious wine-snobbisms since James
Thurber’s famous line: “It’s a naive domestic burgundy, but I think
you’ll be amused by its presumption.” Miles fastidiously sips a
Cabernet and pronounces it: “Quaffable but far from transcendent.” To
Jack’s bemusement, he rolls another vintage around his palate and
claims to detect hints of strawberry, asparagus, and Dutch Edam. “The
strawberries … yeah … ” agrees Jack, having earnestly tasted it
himself, ” … but not the cheese.” Miles identifies with Pinot grape
because it’s delicate and sensitive like him, but it’s only when he
meets beautiful, divorced Maya – an excellent performance from
Virginia Madsen – that he finds a kindred wine-loving spirit and
someone who might redeem his sorry life.
Some of the brilliance of Payne’s film is that he presents Miles’s
passion for wine with no obvious signposting as to what we should
think about it, and lets an awful thought dawn unassisted. Miles’s
oenophilia might simply be a very elaborate way of dressing up the
banal problem of alcoholism. Two banal problems, if you count
incipient depression. Miles has created a complete and complex
culture in which his drinking can be made to seem like something with
status. And now that his buddy is getting married and leaving him
alone in his wretched world of singledom, he somehow needs Jack’s
benediction and understanding of his new monkish vocation for
drinking away what remains of his life.
Yet it is a measure of the humanity and sympathy of this film that
this explanation would not be entirely fair. Poor, battered Miles –
devastated by the failure of his marriage and the rejection of his
novel – has at least found a genuine passion. There is an
extraordinary moment when, stunned by the news that his ex-wife has
in fact remarried, Miles can find comfort only in stroking grapes: a
bizarre image that Payne somehow makes sad and irresistibly funny at
once.
The sadness is balanced with wonderfully observed comedy as Jack
embarks on a crazy affair with Stephanie (Sandra Oh), a pourer from
one of the wineries, and finally has a one-night stand with a diner
waitress whose husband makes an unwelcome appearance. The upshot is a
scene of hilarious, nail-biting tension.
Alexander Payne has raised his game very satisfyingly with this film,
taking his familiar preoccupation with male menopausal angst and
giving it a new gentleness, richness and maturity. Sideways now has
five Oscar nominations: including one for best picture. It is light
years ahead of the preening, pumped-up competitors in this category
(The Aviator, Finding Neverland, Million Dollar Baby and Ray). We can
only hope.

Jack Lang-Philippe de Villiers : du oui-oui au non-non

Le Figaro, France
26 Janvier 2005
UNION EUROPÉENNE La campagne référendaire sur la Constitution et la
controverse sur la Turquie
Jack Lang-Philippe de Villiers : du oui-oui au non-non
Jack Lang est pour le oui-oui : oui au traité constitutionnel et oui
à l’ouverture de négociations d’adhésion de la Turquie dans l’Union
européenne. Philippe de Villiers, lui, est pour le non-non. L’ancien
ministre socialiste et le président du Mouvement pour la France ont
toujours aimé les joutes verbales. Ils débattent pour le Figaro(1).
Propos recueillis par Baudouin Bollaert, Marie-Laure Germon et Alexis
Lacroix
[26 janvier 2005]
LE FIGARO. – Jack Lang, pourquoi voterez-vous oui au référendum sur
la Constitution ?
Jack LANG. – Parce que je suis internationaliste et européen. Cette
Constitution – ou plutôt ce traité constitutionnel – est un chaînon
supplémentaire dans la construction de l’Europe. C’est un compromis –
pardon de cette tautologie – mais un bon compromis. Sans doute le
plus progressiste et le plus démocratique jamais conclu jusqu’à ce
jour. L’Union européenne, qui est synonyme de paix, de démocratie et
de respect du droit, a permis à la France et à ses partenaires de
travailler ensemble et de se transformer, pour leur bien et pour
celui du monde. L’Europe est devenue l’une des trois plus importantes
puissances économiques dans le monde et la première puissance
agricole. Elle n’est en guerre contre personne, prêche la concorde et
le multilatéralisme. Le traité constitutionnel constitue une étape
politique importante de son histoire. Ne ratons pas le coche. Avec le
non, ce serait la panne, la crise…
Philippe DE VILLIERS. – Tout de suite les grands mots ! Je pense,
moi, que le non s’impose au référendum car ce traité ne répond pas
aux trois questions essentielles : il ne définit pas le périmètre
géographique de l’Union, il renforce les pouvoirs de la bureaucratie
bruxelloise et il encourage les délocalisations. La victoire du non
provoquerait donc, à l’inverse de ce vous dites, Jack Lang, un choc
salutaire. Elle ouvrirait la voie à une nouvelle négociation pour une
Europe des nations, une Europe sans la Turquie et une Europe de la
proximité. Nous vivons en ce moment à l’heure des promesses trahies.
Et de grandes réussites industrielles – comme Airbus ou Ariane – ne
seraient plus possibles aujourd’hui tant l’Europe de Bruxelles est
devenue envahissante !
J. L. – Vous êtes talentueux et cohérent, mais toujours aussi
anti-européen !
P. V. – Non, alter-européen…
Vous divergez sur le caractère démocratique de l’Union… Le traité
constitutionnel marque-t-il un pas en avant ou une régression ?
J. L. – Si les mots ont un sens, ce traité marque une avancée, bien
sûr ! Il organise et politise le fonctionnement de l’Union d’une
part, et la débureaucratise de l’autre. Il donne à l’Union un
président stable et élu pour deux ans et demi, un ministre des
Affaires étrangères, dote le Parlement européen de vrais pouvoirs,
contient une charte sur les droits fondamentaux et développe la
démocratie participative avec le référendum d’initiative populaire.
J’ajoute que l’Eurogroupe s’affirme face à la Banque centrale
européenne et que les pouvoirs de contrôle des Parlements nationaux
sont renforcés. On peut toujours faire mieux, mais ce n’est déjà pas
si mal ! Sauf pour vous, Philippe de Villiers…
P. V. – Je récuse votre manichéisme : on se croirait revenu en 1981,
à l’époque où vous affirmiez que le mitterrandisme allait faire
passer la France de l’ombre à la lumière !
J. L. – Ne remontons pas à la préhistoire…
P. V. – Cette constitution n’est pas bonne pour la France et la
tactique qui consiste à lancer des gaz asphyxiants pour paralyser les
tenants du non est inopérante avec moi ! Je prétends, preuves à
l’appui, que le traité constitutionnel met fin aux démocraties
nationales. Le mot «souveraineté» n’y figure à aucun paragraphe et il
est remplacé par le mot «identité» qui ne signifie évidemment pas la
même chose ! En plus, le mot «loi» fait son apparition à la place de
«directive». Nous aurons des lois européennes, juridiquement
supérieures aux lois nationales…
J. L. – C’était déjà le cas avec les directives…
P. V. – Oui mais le traité consacre la supériorité du droit européen
sur les Constitutions nationales : regardez d’ailleurs cette
directive Bolkestein, du nom de l’ancien commissaire hollandais au
marché intérieur : si elle entre en vigueur, un promoteur letton qui
lance un chantier en France sera soumis au droit de son pays et non à
la loi française ! Comment peut-on accepter ça ? Cette Europe du
chômage et des délocalisations, cette Europe qui étend le vote à la
majorité qualifiée à de nouveaux domaines, cette Europe qui entérine
l’abandon de la parité entre la France et l’Allemagne ne peut pas
emporter mon adhésion.
J. L. – On est en plein Coppola, c’est Apocalypse now ! Le traité a
ouvert le champ de la majorité qualifiée, c’est vrai. Mais c’est un
gage d’efficacité plutôt que le contraire ! Beaucoup déplorent
d’ailleurs que la majorité qualifiée ne s’étende pas, par exemple, au
social ou à la fiscalité qui restent soumis à la règle d’une
unanimité souvent paralysante… Lorsque vous dénoncez le dumping
fiscal de certains nouveaux adhérents, vous devriez y songer ! Quant
à la fin de la parité entre la France et l’Allemagne, elle est due au
facteur démographique. La France a 60 millions d’habitants,
l’Allemagne 80 millions : il n’est pas indécent qu’elle compte
davantage d’élus au Parlement européen…
Cela dit, l’influence d’un pays ne se calcule pas simplement sous
forme notariale. Elle repose sur sa capacité à créer, imaginer,
proposer… La politique de la Commission européenne est souvent
contestable, mais dire que de grands projets comme Airbus ou Ariane
seraient aujourd’hui impossibles à mettre en place est faux : Galileo
le montre de façon spectaculaire. Je vous rejoins, en revanche, sur
la directive Bolkestein. Ce texte sur les services est un texte
destructeur des progrès sociaux et de la diversité culturelle. Nous
devons le repousser.
P. V. – Cette directive est le symbole de cette Europe dont nous ne
voulons pas, de cette Europe bureaucratique où la Commission – parce
qu’elle a le monopole de l’initiative en matière législative – prend
le pas sur les autres institutions. Une Commission où la France n’a
plus qu’un seul représentant sur vingt-cinq… Le traité
constitutionnel renforce le rôle de cet aréopage et empêche les États
nationaux d’agir. Résultat, nous avons la croissance économique la
plus faible des pays industrialisés et le chômage le plus élevé.
J. L. – C’est une caricature grossière : vous parlez comme un tract !
Ce qui manque, c’est la volonté politique. Je n’approuve pas toutes
les politiques menées au niveau européen. Mais ne mélangeons pas les
règles, d’une part, et le contenu des politiques, d’autre part. Le
traité n’est jamais qu’un cadre, ce n’est pas lui qui va générer de
la croissance ou créer des emplois. La marge de manoeuvre laissée aux
États membres qui composent l’Union est bien plus large que vous ne
le dites.
P. V. – Mais ce traité ne nous protège pas. Ni sur le plan de la
sécurité avec des frontières abolies ni sur le plan commercial avec
l’abandon progressif des politiques de quotas, comme dans le domaine
du textile ou celui de l’agriculture, par exemple.
J. L. – Vous croyez que l’Afrique se protège mieux ? La vérité, c’est
que l’Union européenne est un modèle politique, économique et social
reconnu dans le monde entier. Imparfait et perfectible, certes. Mais
attirant puisque tout le monde veut la rejoindre. Voyez l’Ukraine !
Vous devriez le reconnaître.
P. V. – C’est de l’incantation !
J. L. – Vous, vous faites de la défiguration…
P. V. – Non, l’Union régresse dans tous les domaines. Sur le plan
monétaire, nous souffrons aujourd’hui du culte de l’euro fort et, en
matière d’activité économique, l’année 2005 sera médiocre. La
croissance sera de 8,5% en Asie, de 3,5% aux États-Unis et de 1,5%
dans la zone euro… Les Anglais qui n’ont pas l’euro s’en sortent
beaucoup mieux ! Quant au décrochage de l’Union européenne sur le
plan de la recherche et du développement, il est de la même veine.
J. L. – Des progrès ont été accomplis dans le domaine de la
recherche. Mais pas assez. Et, si l’Union se fait damer le pion par
les États-Unis et le Japon, c’est à cause de la frilosité de nos
dirigeants. Six pays – dont la France – exigent que le budget
européen pour la période 2007-2013 n’excède pas 1% du PNB
communautaire : c’est parfaitement ridicule ! Comment voulez-vous,
dans ces conditions, sachant que la politique agricole commune et les
fonds structurels absorbent l’essentiel des dépenses, que les
Européens puissent consacrer plus d’argent à la recherche et aux
nouvelles technologies ? Je regrette que ne figure pas dans le traité
constitutionnel une ressource budgétaire nouvelle pour permettre à
l’UE d’avoir les moyens de ses ambitions !
P. V. – Comme tout bon socialiste, si vous ne vous réveillez pas le
matin avec un nouvel impôt en tête, vous êtes malheureux ! C’est une
manie ! En réalité, l’Europe coûte de plus en plus cher à la France
et lui rapporte de moins en moins. Le contribuable français a versé
en 2003 au budget européen 2 milliards d’euros de plus qu’il n’en a
reçu. Il subventionne ainsi le déménagement de nos usines à coups de
fonds structurels… Or, pour moi, l’Europe de l’avenir, l’Europe
puissance, ne pourra fonctionner que si elle choisit comme ressort de
son rayonnement le dynamisme des nations.
J. L. – Sur ce dernier point, je vous approuve…
P. V. – L’Europe d’hier qui avait pour principe la sauvegarde de la
paix s’était donné deux objectifs majeurs : emmailloter l’Allemagne,
contenir l’Union soviétique. La phrase n’est pas de moi, elle est de
Robert Schuman. Le but a été atteint. Aujourd’hui, quels peuvent être
les objectifs pour sauvegarder la paix ? Primo, réussir l’unification
du continent et, ici, l’approche confédérale me paraît bien
préférable à l’approche fédérale avec une seule frontière de 80 000
km, un seul pays, une seule TVA et une seule législation… Secundo, la
correction de la mondialisation. Ou bien l’Europe est un écran de
protection par rapport à la mondialisation, ou bien elle laisse les
nations le faire à sa place avec, pourquoi pas, la TVA sociale…
J. L. – Eh bien faisons-la, ce n’est pas interdit !
P. V. – Tant mieux si vous êtes de mon avis ! Je reviens à la
mondialisation : Guillaume Sarkozy, qui est industriel, disait
récemment : «Quand j’exporte des tissus que je produis vers l’Inde,
ils sont taxés à 60% à leur entrée ; quand un entrepreneur indien
exporte vers l’Europe, ses textiles ne sont taxés qu’à 7%.» L’Europe
est l’union commerciale la moins protégée du monde et elle favorise
les délocalisations.
J. L. – Dans ce domaine, c’est l’Organisation mondiale du commerce
qui est en cause et, comme vous, je ne souscris pas à tous les
accords signés sous ses auspices.
P. V. – J’en termine avec le troisième objectif : il faut dire non à
l’adhésion de la Turquie car elle sera source d’insécurité extérieure
puisque nous aurons une frontière commune avec l’Irak, et
d’insécurité intérieure avec tous les problèmes de déséquilibre
économique et d’immigration qui en découleront. Je ne peux pas
débattre de la Constitution européenne sans parler de la Turquie. Les
partisans du oui disent que c’est hors sujet, moi je prétends le
contraire. D’ailleurs, le président Valéry Giscard d’Estaing ne dit
pas autre chose.
Beaucoup estiment que le lien Constitution-Turquie vient du processus
d’élargissement lui-même sans lequel la nécessité de rédiger un
traité constitutionnel n’aurait pas été ressentie…
J. L. – Je soupçonne ceux qui font l’amalgame, en France, d’avoir des
arrière-pensées de politique intérieure. Il y aura des élections
présidentielles en 2007 : ce n’est pas le sujet du référendum de mai
ou juin prochain… Cela dit, j’aurais personnellement préféré que le
traité constitutionnel soit rédigé et signé avant le dernier
élargissement à dix nouveaux pays. Tel n’a pas été le cas, tant pis.
Mais il ne faut pas tout mélanger : l’entrée de la Turquie
n’interviendra au mieux que dans dix ou quinze ans. Ouvrir une
négociation, ce n’est pas la conclure. J’avais voté contre le traité
d’union douanière avec la Turquie en 1995. Mais, depuis, ce pays a
fourni beaucoup d’efforts. Donnons-lui sa chance.
P. V. – Lors du Conseil européen du 17 décembre dernier, à Bruxelles,
les chefs d’État et de gouvernement de l’Union ont fixé le cadre de
la négociation avec la Turquie et le but à atteindre : or, ce but,
c’est l’adhésion et pas le partenariat privilégié. Donc les dés sont
pipés dès le départ et le résultat connu d’avance. Un non dans trois,
dix ou quinze ans provoquerait une explosion. C’est une impossibilité
psychologique et géopolitique. Quant aux progrès accomplis par la
Turquie, permettez-moi d’être sceptique. L’islamisation regagne
beaucoup de terrain dans ce pays qui revendique pourtant hautement sa
laïcité. 70% des femmes y sont voilées, dont la femme du premier
ministre Erdogan… Il existe de fait une religion d’État dans le pays
et les minorités religieuses ne peuvent pas se développer. Quant aux
droits de l’homme…
J. L. – Rien n’est écrit. Je me répète : ouvrir une négociation n’est
pas la conclure. Il existe trois verrous à l’adhésion turque :
d’abord, le référendum voulu par Jacques Chirac sur tous les futurs
élargissements ; ensuite, le respect par Ankara de ce qu’on appelle
les «critères de Copenhague», notamment en matière de droits de
l’homme ; enfin, les clauses de sauvegarde qui accompagneront
l’entrée de la Turquie dans l’Union dès lors que celle-ci deviendra
effective. Mais ne dramatisons pas et cessons de caricaturer la
Turquie ! En vous écoutant, je crois réentendre les prévisions
apocalyptiques des adversaires de l’adhésion de l’Espagne et du
Portugal en 1986 ! Or, qui se plaint aujourd’hui de les avoir pour
partenaires dans l’Union européenne ? La France a-t-elle perdu au
change ? Je crois plutôt qu’elle y a beaucoup gagné.
Philippe de Villiers, vous ne retenez aucun argument en faveur de
l’adhésion de la Turquie ?
P. V. – La Turquie n’est européenne ni par sa géographie, ni par son
histoire, ni par sa culture. Et quand je lis dans les conclusions du
rapport de la Commission de Bruxelles favorable à la Turquie que la
dynamique de population de ce pays permettra de compenser le
vieillissement des sociétés de l’Europe actuelle, je tombe des nues !
Car, dans l’UE, le système de décision est indexé sur la démographie
et, selon M. Giscard d’Estaing lui-même, la Turquie serait alors en
mesure de bloquer 75% des décisions… Il pense donc que la
Constitution n’aura plus lieu d’être si la Turquie entre dans
l’Union.
J. L. – Mais que pèsent 70 millions de Turcs comparés à 1,2 milliard
de Chinois et 1 milliard d’Indiens ? Je ne suis pas l’avocat de la
candidature d’Ankara mais, s’il s’avère possible de construire une
aire de civilisation large et puissante englobant un pays qui a donné
le vote aux femmes bien avant la France et dont la laïcité est
reconnue, pourquoi pas ? Vous niez la dimension civilisationnelle du
débat pour le ramener à de la politique politicienne… L’Europe
incarne des valeurs profondes et universelles. Elle plante les
drapeaux, non plus de conquêtes territoriales, mais de conquêtes des
coeurs par nos valeurs. Plus nous réussirons à élargir l’aire de
civilisation que nous représentons, plus nous protégerons notre
sécurité. Il y a une chose qui m’a notamment choqué dans votre livre,
par ailleurs bien écrit et enlevé, Philippe de Villiers : c’est quand
vous écrivez qu’on ne peut citer aucun intellectuel ou grand homme de
culture turc digne de ce nom… Vous avez le droit d’être ignorant ou
de simuler l’ignorance, mais quand même ! Que faites-vous de Yaschir
Kemal, immense écrivain et probable prix Nobel de littérature ?
P. V. – Je n’ai pas dit ça… J’ai écrit que pour un Français, il était
plus facile de citer un écrivain russe qu’un écrivain turc, c’est
tout. Au-delà, je maintiens que les deux affaires – Constitution,
Turquie – sont liées. On n’achète pas un appartement sans connaître
sa superficie ! Je note que la Turquie était présente comme
observatrice durant les travaux de la convention sur l’avenir de
l’Europe. Elle a pesé pour obtenir la disparition de toutes
références aux valeurs chrétiennes dans le préambule. Et, lors du
Conseil européen de Bruxelles, en décembre, M. Erdogan, s’est
comporté comme si son pays était déjà membre de l’Union…
J. L. – Un peu de mesure ! Il n’est pas question d’installer
Bruxelles à Istanbul ! Je le répète : si les Turcs ne remplissent pas
les conditions voulues sur le génocide arménien, la reconnaissance de
la République de Chypre, les droits des minorités ou la liberté
religieuse, il sera hors de question de les accueillir dans l’Union.
Je suivrai de près les négociations et, si le besoin s’en faisait
sentir, j’interviendrai. Je suis un démocrate absolu. Au demeurant,
il n’y a pas si longtemps de cela, j’étais bien seul – à gauche comme
à droite – à me battre pour le respect des droits de l’homme en
Turquie ! Mais, de grce, pas de procès d’intention ! Nous jugerons
sur pièces. C’est un abus de langage, une transfiguration de la
réalité que de mélanger les deux scrutins, celui qui aura lieu au
printemps et l’autre qui ne se tiendra que dans quinze ans…
P. V. – Le mea culpa sur le génocide arménien et la reconnaissance de
Chypre étaient des conditions préalables à l’ouverture de la
négociation. Au lieu de quoi, le début des négociations d’adhésion a
été fixé au 5 octobre prochain, précisément sans conditions
préalables, sur la base d’un simple engagement verbal de M. Erdogan.
Les Vingt-Cinq ont abdiqué. Croyez-vous qu’ils obtiendront en aval ce
qu’ils n’ont pas obtenu en amont ? Le courage qu’ils n’ont pas eu
hier, ils ne l’auront pas demain. Si le oui l’emporte au référendum
sur la Constitution, ce sera une caution donnée à la Turquie ; si le
non l’emporte…
J. L. – … Je ne le crois pas. Une fois encore, halte à l’amalgame. Le
vote de juin portera sur le seul traité européen et nullement sur la
Turquie.
P. V. – … Si le non l’emporte, l’Europe sera sauvée. Cela nous
permettra de tout remettre à plat, de repartir sur de bonnes bases
dans le respect des États et des peuples.
(1) Jack Lang vient de publier Nelson Mandela, leçon de vie
pourl’avenir, chez Perrin, et Philippe de Villiers LesTurqueries du
grand Mamamouchi, adresse àJacquesChirac, chez Albin Michel.

Where Have All the Children Gone?

Tech Central Station, OH
Jan 27 2005
Where Have All the Children Gone?

By Pavel Kohout Published 01/27/2005
In the third century AD there was a prophet called Mani. He preached
a doctrine of conflict between Good and Evil. He saw the material
world as the devil’s creation. Marriage and motherhood was a grave
sin in his view, since by bearing children people multiply the works
of Satan. The Manichean ideal was to move mankind to a
superterrestrial realm of Good by way of gradual extinction.
In the course of history, Manichaeism was ruthlessly eradicated as an
heretical, ungodly doctrine. When looking at demographic statistics,
however, one might think that the populations in developed countries
have converted en masse to Manichaeism and decided to become extinct.
The birth rate in most western countries has fallen bellow
replacement level.
In the so-called “New Europe”, the situation is even gloomier.
According to UN projections, Latvia will lose 44 percent of its
population by 2050 as a result of demographic trends. In Estonia, the
population is expected to shrink by 52 percent, in Bulgaria 36
percent, in Ukraine 35 percent, and in Russia 30 percent. In
comparison with these figures, the projected population decline in
Italy (22 percent), the Czech Republic (17 percent), Poland (15
percent) or Slovakia (8 percent) looks like a small decrease. France
and Germany will lose relatively little population, and the
population of the United Kingdom will even see a slight growth —
thanks to immigrants.
Why is the birth rate falling?
The question of why fertility has been falling so dramatically in
continental Europe has been food for thought for both demographers
and economists. The answer must be looked for in several important
factors, which, to further complicate matters, do not simply add up
in their impact. Nevertheless, it can be said with a fair amount of
certainty that the existence of pay-as-you-go pension systems has had
a very negative impact on birth rate. The National Report on Family
published by the Czech Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs in August
2004 says:
“In terms of intergenerational solidarity, the importance of the
child as an investment for material support in old age has been
limited by the social security and pension insurance system, which
has eliminated people’s immediate dependence on children. The
importance of the child’s role in relation to its parents has
transferred to the emotional sphere, which reduced the direct
material indispensability of children in a family, while also
allowing for them being replaced with certain substitutes bringing
emotional satisfaction.”
To put it straightforwardly, and perhaps a little cynically, in the
past children used to be regarded as investments that provided their
parents with means of subsistence in old age. In Czech the word
“vejminek” (a place in a farmhouse reserved for the farmer’s old
parents) is actually derived from a verb meaning “to stipulate”: in
the deed of transfer, the old farmer stipulated the conditions on
which the farm was to be transferred to his son. Instead of an
“intergenerational” policy, there used to be direct dependence of
parents on their children. This meant that people had immediate
economic motivation to have a sufficiently numerous and well-bred
offspring – whereas today’s anonymous system makes all workers pay
for the pensions of all retirees in an utterly depersonalized manner.
This system enables huge numbers of “free riders” to receive more
than what would correspond to their overall contribution in their
productive life. Those with incomes way above the average, on the
contrary, are penalized, as the system gives them less money than
they contributed to it. This is referred to as the “solidarity
principle”. In terms of birth rate, this arrangement is discouraging
for both the low-income group and the high-income one. The latter
feel that they are not going to need children in the old age, while
the former believe that they can’t afford to have them.
Today, children no longer represent investments; instead, they have
become pets – objects of luxury consumption. However, the pet market
segment is very competitive. It is characteristic that the birth rate
decline in the 1980s, and especially in the 1990s, was accompanied by
soaring numbers of dog-owners in cities. While in the past dog-owners
were predominantly retirees, today there are many young couples that
have consciously decided to have a dog instead of a baby. These are
mainly young professionals who have come to a conclusion (whether
right or wrong) that they lack either time or money to have a child.
Thus, they invest their emotional surpluses into animals.

Taxes are pivotal

State pensions systems eliminated the natural economic incentive to
have children. At the same time, the welfare state is an enormously
costly luxury that has to be financed from taxes. High payroll-tax
and social security contributions reduce the earning capacity of
people in fertile age. Thus, they push down birth rates as well.

A reader of the Wall Street Journal wrote in a letter on the issue:
“I am the son of a Pittsburgh steelworks worker. I was born at the
end of the Second World War. I have three sisters. Our mother never
went to work. After the experience of the Great Depression, our
parents were reluctant to borrow; yet they could afford to own a
house, and our father used to buy a new car once every three or four
years. My parents paid for my university education and bought me my
first car when I was twenty. We were by all standards part of the
middle class, and I was proud of my parents’ achievement. (…) Today
both my parents have to go to work in order to maintain a
middle-class living standard, due to the increase in taxation that
has occurred in the past half-century. (…) This has produced a
generation of children carrying a key around their necks, city gangs,
and aggressive brats brought up by after-school child-care centers.”
The tax burden in the United Stated has indeed grown significantly
over the past 50 years. The birth rate has been falling
proportionately, although not to the critical level that is now
current in Europe. The birth rate in the US is nearing the
replacement level — about two children per woman. Even so, comparing
to Europe, the United States still appears to be a confirmed and
stable superpower.
“Even if we include immigration, the population of the original EU-12
will fall by 7.5 million over the next 45 years, according to the UN
calculations. Since the times of the ‘Black Death’ epidemic in the
fourteenth century, Europe has never seen such an extensive
population decline,” writes Niall Ferguson, a British historian. He
also predicts that in 2000-2050, the US population will grow by 44
percent. It seems that the European Union will have to forget for
good about its ambitious dreams of becoming a “counterbalance” to
America.
The demographic trends in Europe are indeed worrying. In Italy, for
instance, the birth rate has fallen to an average level of 1.2
children per woman. Why? A journalist from the Daily Telegraph
describes the life of young Italians in the following terms:
“It is virtually impossible to make a living. Just take Rome. Life
with a minimum of human dignity (a small rented apartment, occasional
dinner in a restaurant) requires a monthly pay of 3,000 euros before
taxation, which accounts for some 1,800 euros after tax. If in the
Anglo-Saxon world a majority of adults is expected to live an
independent life on their own salaries, in Italy this is often not
the case. An incredible 70 percent of unmarried Italians aged between
25 and 29 live with their parents, where they benefit from subsidized
housing and where their poor incomes amount to a handsome pocket
money.”
When a modern young European has to choose between setting up a
family of his own and a comfortable life without children, he is very
likely to pick the latter option — unless he belongs to a social
class which regards children chiefly as a source of social benefits.
A high amount of taxation combined with ill-functioning labor and
housing markets is a truly genocidal mix. That is the case of Italy,
but also Bulgaria and the Czech Republic. Its impact cannot be
corrected by all sorts of government subsidies paid out to young
families. On the contrary, under certain circumstances the benefits
for families may even lead to a drop in birth rate.
The traditional model, which exists especially in Spain and Italy,
but to a large extent also in East and Central Europe, emphasizes the
successive steps in setting up a family. First, a young man graduates
from a college or vocational school; then he secures his living,
which is followed by marriage; and only then children are born. This
succession not only conforms to social conventions but is also based
on a profound economic logic: it is simply foolish to start having
children before getting a living. The taboo of sex in Western
cultures has profound economic reasons.
The troubles start when one link of this chain breaks. In
contemporary Europe, the main problem lies in the second link: making
a living. Unemployment among young graduates tends to be much higher
than the average of the working-age population as a whole. In
countries such as France, Spain, Finland, Greece or Italy, 20 to 30
percent of young people are unemployed. What birth rate can we
expect, if a fifth or even a third of young population is unable to
make a living due to a distorted labor market?
But there is another problem. The payroll-tax and social security
contributions are up, while investments in capital equipment are made
tax-advantageous. The government support of the existing families
comes at the cost of heavier tax burden for young people who have not
yet founded a family. The so-called “support for families” thus
hinders the creation of new families, and effectively reduces birth
rate. If a young unmarried person is left with mere pocket money
after his salary has been taxed, he will hardly be able to make
sufficient savings to set up a family. The politicians of most
European countries are living in a reality gap if they cannot see
this trivial economic connection.
The pay-as-you-go system and its inevitable collapse
Some people believe that there is nothing wrong with a low birth
rate, as the planet is at any rate overpopulated. Yes, one cannot set
the “right” amount of population for a country or a continent by
“scientific” means. What we can determine, however, is which age
structure of population is favorable, and which is disastrous. In a
few decades, a large part of Europe will be dominated by a very
unfavorable age structure, typical with an enormous increase in the
number of retirement-aged people.
To be accurate, it is not yet clear at what age today’s young people
and children will retire — if they retire at all. The pay-as-you-go
pension systems will inevitably undergo a long and severe crisis, the
result of which can, to a certain extent, be reckoned today. There
are several scenarios, the most likely of which suggests that
retirement age will gradually have to be raised. The most recent
Insurance-Mathematic Report on Social Insurance produced by the
Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs in 2004 suggests that “the
gradual raising of the age limit for the eligibility for old-age
pension could substantially eliminate the impact of the expected
ageing of the Czech population. It is also clear that a freezing of
this age limit would lead to a sharp growth in the level of elderly
dependency.”
Translated into a simple and straightforward language, this means
that retirement age will have to be constantly raised: at first to 65
years, then (sometime in the early 2030s) to 67, and so on. To stop
this growth would drag the system relatively quickly into a crisis.
In other words: a pay-as-you-go system may work for another few
decades, before being gradually marginalized by the rise in
retirement age. The pay-as-you-go system was a huge political and
economic experiment; and the generation of today’s children will
witness its failure.
But perhaps people will just return to the 1880s, when in Bismarck’s
Germany the retirement age was 70 years — with an average life
expectancy of less than 50 years. If in 2050, for instance, the
official retirement age becomes 90, with an average life expectancy
around 80, then the pay-as-you-go system can be sustainable in the
long term. But a good social security at an age of around 60 will be
completely out of the question for those who are now children.
On the other hand, if the retirement age remains unchanged, the tax
burden could eventually rise up to 70-75 percent of gross wages. In
such a case, however, the younger and more educated portion of
working-age population would undoubtedly migrate to countries with
lower taxes: particularly to Britain, Ireland, or the United States.
These countries also have much less trouble with their demographic
structure. Over the next 50 years, the United States may hugely
benefit from accepting a wave of emigrants who will have been chased
out of Europe by high taxes — and maybe not only high taxes.
The end of democracy in Europe?
The prophet Mani is dead. But another prophet’s teaching is still
very much alive. In 2002 the most common first name given to newborn
babies was Mohamed. The name Osama finished at a handsome 12th
position.
In the 1960s there were only about 350,000 North-African Muslims
living in France, with some 1.25 million French living in North
Africa. Since then, the notion of “colonialism” has completely
reversed. There are almost no French living in North Africa, but the
number of Muslims of African or Middle-Eastern origin in France is
estimated at 4 to 10 million. The exact number of legal and illegal
immigrants is unknown, for the sole reason that French statisticians
are not allowed to collect information on ethnic and religious
patterns of population.
Nevertheless, some estimates suggest that one in three births in
France occurs in a Muslim family. That would explain, among other
things, why France has a much higher birth rate (about 1.7 children
per woman) than Spain or Italy. Stripped of this influence, the
French birth rate would be around 1.2 children per woman, which is a
figure similar to those in the countries of South and East Europe.
A Russian-Israeli journalist Shlomo Groman writes:
“Go to any child-care store in Vienna. Its clients will be
predominantly Arabic, Iranian, Pakistani, Turkish, Japanese, Korean,
and Black African. Viennese women never bear children — they cherish
their figures and careers instead. The Western-European pension
systems made the bringing up of children less advantageous than
social climbing and maximization of income.”
Culture seems to play an even more crucial role than taxes or pension
systems. The countries of the former Soviet Union are an interesting
“demographic laboratory” in this respect. We have already mentioned
Ukraine, Baltic States, and Russia. The situation in the Muslim
republics — Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan —
is completely different: almost all of them are living a population
explosion. The living standard in these countries is close to that of
Georgia or Armenia, i.e. poor. But Georgia and Armenia suffer from
the same demographic shock as, for instance, the Baltic States. The
difference lies in the traditionally Christian character of the
latter countries. The position of women in society is perhaps a
little different from that of the rich European countries, but
comparing to Muslim countries these differences do not count much. In
terms of birth rate, they are almost negligible. Armenia will lose a
quarter of its population by 2050, while the population of the
neighboring Azerbaijan will surge by a third.
The international demographic context will see huge changes: in 2050,
Yemen will have more population than, for example, Germany. These
people will quite understandably long for the standard of living that
currently prevails in Europe. The immigration pressure on Europe will
be immense. Given the European liberal laws on family reunification,
the exodus from Middle East and North Africa will have enormous
dimensions.
Instead of integration of immigrants from the Middle East and North
Africa into a majority European society, the opposite will occur: the
immigrants will integrate the existing European culture into their
own civilization. After some time, it will be their civilization that
will become dominant. One does not have to be a supporter of
Jean-Marie Le Pen to feel a little anxious about that. It is not a
problem of ethnics and their mingling. It is a matter of society, its
values, and democracy as such. European tolerance competes with
Islam, which is not always a religion of peace, as many Europeans
would like to believe. Radical Islamic preachers openly condemn
democracy. They interpret it not as a social system but as a pagan
cult, which prefers the voices of people to the voice of God. This
and other theories of Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi and his conservative
fellow-believers are proclaimed in many mosques throughout Europe.
If as a result of demographic trends a large part of future Europeans
will have dark skin and go to mosque, why not? But if they become a
threat to the European tradition of democracy and tolerance, it will
be a tragedy.
The author is an associate of the Center for Economics and Politics
(CEP), Prague.

Kocharyan criticizes mayor for illegal construction in Yerevan

Armenian leader criticizes mayor for illegal construction in Yerevan
Public Television of Armenia, Yerevan
21 Jan 05
[Presenter] The president of our republic [Robert Kocharyan] has told
a meeting at the Yerevan mayor’s office that some problems have been
properly resolved since they were discussed last year. However, he
added, the mayor’s office has not done enough to resolve some other
problems. The president said serious efforts should be made to
eliminate the shortcomings registered last year. Summing up the work
done in 2004, the city mayor reported to Kocharyan about the work to
be done in 2005.
[Correspondent] During the traditional meeting held at the mayor’s
office, the republic’s president drew attention to the problems that
were not resolved last year.
[Kocharyan] First, I would like to talk about the quality of the work
the staff of the mayor’s office have carried out. I am talking about
the work that has been done with the people and about timely reaction
to their petitions and complaints. The mayor says that they are
working in line with the rules we have defined. However, I am sure
that today, the quality of our work is not so high as it should have
been. We have not been able to achieve good results because of last
year’s shortcomings. Perhaps, we have even taken some steps back. It
means that we should seriously focus on these issues this year.
[Correspondent] Another basic issue noted by the head of state was
related to illegal construction. The president said that the fight
against this is going on very slowly.
[Kocharyan] The construction of private buildings on the pavements is
still continuing. In fact, we are directing our citizens from the
pavements towards the carriageway. It is not difficult to see these
cases at any time. Who has given this right to our mayor’s office and
local executive authorities? I am sure that anyone who has even little
respect for the city and people should not allow this to happen. I and
the mayor have repeatedly driven through the streets of the city in
another car without bodyguards. This has already become a
tradition. They mayor was feeling very bad when we drove through some
streets of the city. He was simply feeling ashamed. Is that right, Mr
Zakaryan? This applies especially to the points of entry and suburbs
of the city. In the city centre, this issue is more or less in
order. My supervisory service will take care of these issues.
[Correspondent] One of the ways to prevent illegal construction work,
the president said, is citizens’ attitude. The best way of protesting
against tasteless and dirty petrol stations and kiosks on the
pavements is not to use them. The head of state thinks that it is
necessary to use various solutions in order to prevent illegal
construction work.
[Kocharyan] It is necessary to bulldoze these buildings in the city
centre regardless of who they belong to. I should say that they are
not building them on their own, they start building them after getting
someone’s verbal consent. Some of the illegal buildings appear
because if they act according to the law, they will take 1.5-2 years
to put all papers in order.
[Correspondent] The head of state also said that it is important to
ensure the transparent work of the mayor’s office. He noted that he is
receiving complaints about the mayor’s office refusing to present
copies of its decisions.
[Kocharyan] The mayor’s office should not engage in secret
activities. What is the problem that our citizens and public
organizations cannot get a copy of a decision? It does not matter if
this decision applies to them or not. I have familiarized myself with
your programmes for 2005 and these programmes contain no such
point. That’s why bear in mind that you’ll have to work on the basis
of this mechanism in 2005.
[Correspondent] The president demanded transparency during land
auctions. He noted that there is distrust among the public in this
sphere.
[Passage omitted: The meeting also discussed other issues]

90th Anniversary of Genocide Commemorations to Start Mid-February

EVENTS DEDICATED TO 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF ARMENIAN GENOCIDE TO START
FROM SECOND HALF OF FEBRUARY
YEREVAN, January 19 (Noyan Tapan). The process of fulfilment of
assignments of the previous sitting of the State Commission on
Organization of Events Dedicated to the 90th Anniversary of Armenian
Genocide was represented during the January 19 sitting of the
Commission. In particular, taking into consideration the proposals,
the program of events was revised, issues connected with organization
of an international forum dedicated to the Armenian Genocide and
protection of human rights, as well as archives materials, creation of
photovideofilms were specified, the list of literature dedicated to
the 90th anniversary of Armenian Genocide, which will be published by
state order in 2005 was compiled, the issues of organization of the
April 24 requiems were coordinated with the Catholicos of All
Armenians. According to the Information and Public Relations
Department of RA government, it was decided to hold the Memorial
Evening dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Armenian Genocide on
April 23 in the State Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet after
A.Spendiarian. The events will start from the second half of
February. They will be held in scientific and educational
institutions, different places of capital and regions of the republic,
the respective materials will be published in mass media. Andranik
Margarian, RA Prime Minister, Chairman of the Commission, said that
the ideas of Armenian spirit, revival, restoration of statehood should
be the basis of all the events, as well as the necessity of
recognition, condemnation and prevention of genocides as crimes
against humanity should be accentuated. An inter-department working
group was established for the purpose of provision of the
above-mentioned issues. Andranik Margarian gave instructions to
complete the program of events, the exact schedule of their
implementation taking into consideration the proposals and to submit
them for the discussion of the next sitting of the commission till
February 15.
From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress

BAKU: OSCE rapporteur rules out change in format of Karabakh talks

OSCE rapporteur rules out change in format of Karabakh talks, pledges support
Trend news agency
21 Jan 05
BAKU
“There cannot be any talk about the change in the format of the
negotiations for Nagornyy Karabakh. Just auxiliary forces from the
conflicting parties should be involved in the negotiation process. It
may be done at the level of both special experts and parliamentarians,”
a report prepared by the special envoy of the OSCE Parliamentary
Assembly on the Nagornyy Karabakh conflict, Goran Lennmarker,
said. Trend obtained the document from the OSCE headquarters in
Vienna.
Lennmarker regretted the fact that the continuation of the conflict
had a negative impact on the communities, especially on the living
standards of refugees and IDPs. The envoy hopes that the renewal of
the peace process will accelerate achievement of stability in the
region. The document also says that the OSCE is interested in
“increasing the spirit of negotiations” between Azerbaijan and
Armenia: “We are ready to provide every support for the continuation
of the dialogue.”
At the same time it says that the intervention of international
mediators, including the OSCE, only is “an impact from outside” and
not of a great significance for the peace talks.
“The resolution of the conflict depends solely on the attitude of
Azerbaijan and Armenia to the issue,” Lennmarker said, highly
appreciating the dialogue at the level of foreign ministers and
presidents.
Lennmarker has many times proposed to hold meetings between
Azerbaijani and Armenian parliamentarians, but it [this idea] failed.
The report will be discussed at the session of the OSCE Parliamentary
Assembly in the middle of this year.

Young Philanthropist Contributes to ARS Sponsor-A-Child Program

Wednesday, January 12, 2005
t-boston-byline.html
Young Philanthropist Contributes to ARS Sponsor-A-Child Program
by Jenny Kiljian
WATERTOWN, Mass. – For sixteen-year-old Sarah Varadian, humanitarian work has
become something of an extra-curricular activity. In her ongoing efforts to
help children in developing countries, Varadian recently donated $300 to the
Armenian Relief Society (ARS) Sponsor-A-Child Program. The money will be used
to provide Christmas gifts and a party for the children living in the orphanage
in Gyumri, Armenia.
Her commitment to service began when President Bush asked the children in the
United States to help the children in Afghanistan by each contributing one
dollar to the America’s Fund for Afghan Children, supervised by the American
Red Cross. Varadian, then 13, organized a children’s fair in the front yard of
her family’s home in Norwood, Mass., and raised over $800 for the fund.
The experience fostered a continued interest in the Afghan children, especially
the girls who, at that time, were not permitted to attend school. In her
freshman year at the Ursuline Academy, a Catholic girls’ school in Dedham,
Mass., Varadian started an independent project called `Wee Care’ Bears.
It was no easy task. She enlisted her mother in teaching her how to sew and
gathered the necessary materials to make the tiny, bear-sized pleated skirts
that mirror the school’s uniform. The two dressed more than 100 stuffed bears
and sold them for $10 each at the school’s Mission Day Fair.
Varadian made her first contribution to CARE, an international organization that
fights global poverty. She learned that one could help open a girl’s school in
Afghanistan for $450. Her efforts raised enough money to open not one, but two
girls’ schools in the war-torn country. Varadian was invited to meet CARE
president Peter Bell and she personally presented him with one of her bears and
a check for the schools’ opening.
In 2004, sales from `Wee Care’ Bears totaled more than $1000, which was divided
among several organizations, including the ARS Sponsor-A-Child Program. `As I
was helping the Afghan children, I realized the people of my own culture were
suffering, too, and it brings me joy to know that I’m helping them,’ said
Varadian, now in her junior year at the Ursuline Academy. `This is the first
time I’ve helped the Armenian Relief Society, and I’m definitely going to
continue these efforts.’
The ARS was impressed and touched by Varadian’s commitment to the community.
`Beyond the monetary value of her donation, we appreciate Sarah’s youthful
exuberance in giving of her time to the needs of those who may be overcome by
misfortune,’ said ARS Central Executive Board Chairperson Maro Minassian. `With
youngsters like this, the future of humanitarian endeavor is bright, indeed.’
Although CARE is no longer opening new schools in Afghanistan, Varadian donated
$250 that will be used to support the schools she opened in 2003. She also gave
$500 to Science With a Mission, Inc., a non-profit organization that gives
developing countries the tools to properly diagnose diseases. Thousands of
people die each year in these countries from treatable diseases such as malaria
and typhus because doctors are unable to diagnose patients. The donation will
enable an entire village to be screened and diagnosed, likely saving many
lives.
Armenie Varadian credits her daughter’s inspiration to the principles taught by
her school, whose motto is `Serviam,’ Latin for `I will serve.’
`They are encouraged to learn and to become all that God has created them to
be,’ says Armenie Varadian. `This moved her to more action.’
Thus far, the school has allowed Sarah Varadian to research and choose the
causes for which she raises funds. Varadian intends to work on the project
during her senior year. Her work has motivated many of her classmates, and she
will be training younger students to continue `Wee Care’ Bears even after she
graduates.
For more information about `Wee Care’ Bears, or to contribute to the project,
contact Sarah Varadian at 781-762-0029.

Turn The Page But Read It First: Why EU/Turkey Must address Genocide

TURN THE PAGE, BUT READ IT FIRST: WHY EUROPE AND TURKEY MUST NOW
ADDRESS THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE
By Administrator
`It’s not the land that we lost, nor the dead. No, the worst is the
hatred.’
-Saroyan, the main character impersonated by Charles Aznavour, in Atom
Egoyan’ s film on the Armenian Holocaust `Ararat’.
By Nicolas Tavitian, Worldpress.org, Brussels, 04/01/2005
On Dec. 13, the ghost of the 1915 Armenian genocide suddenly burst on
the E.U. scene as French Foreign Minister Michel Barnier announced
that Turkey would be expected to recognize the event during
E.U. accession negotiations.
Why should the recognition of an event 90 years old be an issue today?
Why connect it to Turkey’s E.U. bid? Indeed, why rack up the past, as
Jack Straw put it?
This is not about Turkey recognizing the Armenian genocide: it is
about the country ending its denial, and the low-level, state
orchestrated hate campaign that goes with it.
The Armenians were eradicated from the Ottoman Empire in 1915-16
because they had been used as a pretext for interference on the part
of the great powers of the day. In a gruesome and purposeful affair
carried out over less than a year, an estimated 1.5 million people
were killed. Many more fled to Russiaand Syria. The remainder were
swept up in cleansing campaigns over the following decades. As a
result, Turkey’s Armenian population dropped from 10-15 percent to 0.1
percent of Turkey’s overall population, and all in Istanbul.
How does a country return to normal after such an enormous – indeed,
unprecedented – atrocity? By blaming the victim: Turkey has
accusedArmenians of rebelling during the war, of helping the Russians
and of killing as many Turks as Turks killed Armenians. With this
inescapable corollary, the Armenians were, and remain, a threat to
Turkey.
This narrative has been anchored in the minds of Turks by 90 years of
official historiography and nationalistic campaigning. Its natural
conclusion is that Armenians, wherever they live, are the enemy and
their claim to genocide recognition is nothing less than a covert
attempt to seize territory from the Turkish Republic. It is a message
that has been driven by government policyfor decades, and it has
fuelled widespread hostility in the Turkish population towards a group
they no longer have direct contact with.
According to Turkish historian Taner Akcam, this narrative played an
important role in the reconstruction of Turkey by Kemal Ataturk as a
newborn, anti-imperialist and thus necessarily innocent nation. It has
bred a natural hostility to Armenians that can easily turn to fear and
hatred. Europeans will recognize here parallels with fears of the
Jewish conspiracy propagated by anti-Semites.
In the eyes of many Turks, Armenians in Europe and America who
continue to commemorate the catastrophe are a threat, and this threat
is being pursued around the world.
Turkey’s hostility to Armenians manifests itself on the most
irrelevant occasions. When permission is requested to build an
Armenian church in a European city, a Turkish Ambassador is likely to
be working against it. When Armenians hold an event – say a conference
or an exhibition – in a public building, the odds are Turkey will work
to have it cancelled.
More dramatically, the prevailing state of mind in Turkey has played a
major role in shaping the country’s policy towards the state of
Armenia. The civil conflict between the ethnic Armenians of Karabagh
and the state of Azerbaijan in the early 1990’s actually fed the
narrative of Armenian expansionist threat (Azeris are considered Turks
in Turkey). In defiance of its own interests, Turkey refused to
establish diplomatic relations with Armenia and closed its border with
that country.
In Turkey, the few remaining Armenians are still considered a security
threat. They are supervised directly by the National Security Council,
an honor they would happily do without.
The narrative of denial and its consequences are noxious, and it is
not compatible with joining a community of nations such as the
European Union- Copenhagen criteria or not.
Noxious, too, is the vigour that the Turkish state displays in
obliterating the memory of the genocide abroad. Any event relating to
the genocide =80` film, conference, memorial, publication – literally
anything will be fought against tooth and nail by Turkish Embassies,
mobilizing Turkish immigrant communities if need be. Violence may be
involved, as in the French town of Valence on Nov. 28.
Most people are not heroes; they yield. The British government itself
has yielded. So has the European Commission as it sidelined the issue
in the context of Turkey’s relations with the E.U. Many press agencies
and media yield by presenting the genocide as an Armenian `claim,’ as
if 90 years had not been sufficient to establish the facts as more
than a claim. Countless authors, filmmakers, and others who considered
telling the story of the annihilationof an ancient nation also
yielded.
That is why the Armenian genocide, a crime of unprecedented magnitude,
is so little known and has barely been mentioned in more than a
passing fashion in the context of Turkey’s membership bid. And that is
why the twin evils of denial and the group hostility it has bred –
call it nationalism, racism, xenophobia – must not be allowed into our
community of nations.
Michel Barnier’s declaration teaches us at least one lesson: the
legacy of genocide is too big to be brushed under the carpet. Turkey’s
true friends in the E.U. must have the wisdom to confront genocide
denial.
Nicolas Tavitian is Director of European Programmes for the Armenian
General Benevolent Union (AGBU, online at ), a founding
member of the Turkish Armenian association TABDC-EU, and author of
several reports on relations between Turkey and Armenia, including
`Les relations arméno-turques: la porte close de l’Orient'(2003),
available on

www.agbu.org
www.grip.org.

DHAKA: Potential Land Grab against Armenian Church in Dhaka

A certain quarter is trying to grab the land of the Dhaka Armenian
Church by showing fake documents in the court
New Age (Bangladesh)
Friday, January 07, 2005
A certain quarter is trying to grab the land of the Dhaka Armenian
Church by showing fake documents in the court, Michael Joseph Martin, in
charge of the church, told New Age on Thursday.
Martin is the only Armenian in Bangladesh who looks after the church,
one of the famous landmarks in Old Dhaka.
Martin alleged Billal Shah, along with a few goons, had entered the
church premises on December 6 when he went to attend the court.
Billal and his thugs broke the church’s gate and tried to build some new
pillars, to strengthen his case, with the church’s own brick and cement,
which it had bought for a new construction.
Earlier, Billal had filed a case in the 3rd court, under senior
assistant judge, KM Mostakinur Rahman, demanding allocation of one of
the plots of the church.
On the day Martin went to attend the court, Billal took advantage of his
absence and entered the church’s premises.
The warden said with the approval of Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha, they
began the construction of a market on the plot in October 2004 in order
to develop a source of earning for the maintenance of the church.
Billal Shah, being refused tenancy of one of the front shops, said the
plot had been bought by him from someone called Biswajit Datta Bhulu.
After he lodged the case against church authorities, the court stayed
the construction of the market.
The Armenian Church in Armanitola was established in 1600. Armenian
traders had come to the Indian subcontinent in the 12th century.
After the ample success of Armenians in trade, Mughal Emperor Akbar
permitted them to preach.
Many Armenians settled in the subcontinent and the Armenian Church in
old Dhaka was one of the meeting places for the orthodox Armenian
Christians, who observe Christmas on January 7. The church has 350 graves.
Armanitola and the Armenian Street were named after the Armenian
community in Dhaka. The Armenians gradually migrated to other countries.
It was reported in a newspaper in 2003 that the only Armenian left in
Bangladesh is fifty-year-old Martin, the guardian of the Church.
The 400-year-old church has about two acres of land with four holding
numbers.
As the ancient church is situated at a busy corner of the city, the
land-grabbers often feel tempted to take over the land.
Another plot of the church has also been occupied by tenants for about
20 years with a monthly rent of only Tk 1,800, in a location where the
rent should be about Tk 20,000.
Martin told New Age that the church’s property is the property of God,
and as it is a sacred place the government should look after and guard
the land.
He said Billal could not show any proper documents in the court. `I have
documents of the land taxes’ receipts and other government billing
documents, but it is painful to have the court conspiring with people
like Billal Shah to grab the land of a church.’
Billal told New Age that he had bought the plot of land from Bhulu and
the church was occupying the plot illegally.
He refused to speak further on the issue and asked New Age to wait for
the court’s decision.
;hidType=NAT&hidRecord=0000000000000000031787

BAKU: Azeri Society Reacts Negatively to NKO’s Karabakh war idea

Azeri society reacts negatively to pressure group’s Karabakh war idea
ANS TV, Baku
5 Jan 05

[Presenter Natavan Babayeva] The Karabakh Liberation Organization’s
[KLO] united proposal for liberating the occupied Azerbaijani lands
militarily today was submitted for consideration by the Presidential
Executive Staff, the Milli Maclis, the Defence Ministry, the Baku City
Executive Authorities and a number of political organizations.
[Correspondent, over archive footage of news conference at KLO
premises] The KLO has managed to bring the authorities and opposition
closer. It became known that none of them wants war. Neither
government structures nor political parties supported the KLO’s
position that the peace option in the Nagornyy Karabakh settlement has
exhausted itself and there is a need for war. In its united proposal
for liberating the occupied lands militarily, the KLO calls on the
Azerbaijani government, first, to reject the idea of talks with
Armenia and, second, to put an end to either official or unofficial
ties with that country at all levels.
It is clear that the [Azerbaijani] Foreign Ministry is the addressee
of this demand. The ministry does not believe that the talks have
exhausted themselves. On the contrary, the ministry regards some
agreements reached at the recent meetings in Prague, Sofia and
Brussels [between the Azerbaijani and Armenian foreign ministers] as
an incentive to hold more meetings. By opting for a military solution,
one could turn into the subject of condemnation from the international
community, the ministry believes.
Let us now look at the paragraph in the proposal submitted for
consideration by the political parties. All political forces should
recognize the need for the military option. This unconditional
position has absolutely nothing to do with the views of the political
forces. For example, like pro-government parties, the [opposition]
Musavat Party believes that the talks have not exhausted themselves
and that during these years one should strengthen the army and develop
the economy.
The authorities know better whether the talks are necessary because it
is government officials precisely who are taking part in the
talks. This is the position of the [opposition] Azarbaycan Milli
Istiqlal Party. The party also believes that the military option is
becoming less topical as the conflict has become internationalized.
The leadership of the [opposition] Democratic Party of Azerbaijan
believes that it is impossible to prepare the parties for war by
sending messages of this kind, despite the fact that the party is
dissatisfied with the peace talks. The party officials, however,
think that the way out not to resume hostilities, but to have a normal
foreign policy.
The state and society should pay more attention to strengthening the
army and to ensuring public control over the army. The [Azerbaijani]
Defence Ministry has indirectly rejected the aforesaid paragraph of
the KLO’s document. In fact the public oversees the army, our doors
are open to the KLO as well and detailed answers are being given to
the questions they put, but this does not mean that the army should
open its doors to anyone who will just knock on them, end of quote.
The KLO believes that every move, which may have a negative impact on
patriotism and fighting spirit in the country, should be decisively
thwarted. But the head of the public and political department of the
[Azerbaijani] Presidential Executive Staff, Ali Hasanov, does not
support the idea of creating a war-like atmosphere in the country. He
believes that the war could be started at any moment, but there is no
need for making the international community hostile to Azerbaijan by
doing so.
This was our presentation of society’s preliminary reaction to the
KLO’s proposal. It took them a long time to prepare the proposal,
which as they say, appears not to be so united after all.
Eldaniz Valiyev for ANS.