La Premiere Guerre Mondiale, Racine Du Conflit Au Moyen-Orient

LA PREMIERE GUERRE MONDIALE, RACINE DU CONFLIT AU MOYEN-ORIENT

Genocide des Armeniens

Istanbul (AFP) Philippe Alfroy –

21 fevrier 2014- Un siècle plus tard, la Première Guerre Mondiale
projette une ombre obsedante, loin des tranchees de l’Europe
occidentale, ayant engendre deux crises qui tendent encore les
relations internationales : le conflit israelo-palestinien et le
Genocide armenien.

Lorsque le sultan ottoman Mehmet V declara la ” guerre sainte ”
a l’Empire Britannique, a la France et a la Russie le 24 novembre
1914, son empire vieux de cinq siècles etait deja en declin et avait
deja perdu la plupart de ces territoires europeens. Convaincus
que l’Allemagne, une alliee, etait vouee a une victoire rapide,
les gouvernants du mouvement ” Jeunes Turcs ” de l’empire virent la
guerre comme un moyen de consolider leur emprise sur le pouvoir,
bloquer le developpement economique de Londres et de Paris, et
recuperer l’Asie Centrale.

L’armee ottomane infligea une sevère defaite aux forces francaises
et britanniques au cours de la bataille des Dardanelles en 1915,
mais sa guerre se revela etre un vrai cauchemar sur le front est
contre la Russie.

Des dizaines de milliers de soldats moururent dans des combats auxquels
des combattants armeniens prirent part aux côtes des troupes russes
afin d’en finir avec le pouvoir ottoman.

Un acte inhumain

Defaits par les Russes en Armenie et dans le Caucase, les ottomans
repondirent en attaquant la minorite armenienne sur leurs terres.

‘ Il y a deux possibilites : soit les Armeniens liquideront les
Turcs, soit les Turcs les liquideront ‘, ecrivait Mehmed Resid,
un fonctionnaire ottoman, dans ses memoires. L’arrestation et le
massacre de 2 000 Armeniens a Istanbul le 24 avril 1915 fut le debut
de ce qui est qualifie comme le premier genocide du 20ème siècle –
meme si la Turquie d’aujourd’hui refute categoriquement le terme.

En moins de un an, des centaines de milliers ont ete deplaces de force,
dessaisis leurs biens biens et beaucoup d’entre eux ont ete tues.

Après un siècle, les grandes tueries alimentent encore une amère
controverse, affectant regulièrement les relations entre la Turquie
et l’Occident.

Les Armeniens et derrière eux de nombreux historiens et un nombre
croissant de parlements etrangers, disent qu’au moins un million et
demi d’entre eux ont ete systematiquement tues au cours des derniers
jours de l’empire ottoman. La Turquie admet que des massacres a grande
echelle ont eu lieu, mais qu’ils avaient ete perpetres en legitime
defense envers la menace russe. Elle dit qu’en tout 500 000 sont
morts dans les combats et morts de faim.

L’universitaire Rouben Safrastian rejette les arguments turcs. ”
Les massacres d’Armeniens ont eu lieu bien avant la Première
Guerre Mondiale “, explique-t-il. ” La guerre ne sert simplement
d’excuse pour mettre un plan criminel a execution “. ” Pour nous,
la question est tout aussi douloureuse qu’elle l’etait il y a 100 ans
“, nous a dit le vice-president de l’Assemblee Nationale Armenienne,
Eduard Sharmazarov. ” Il faut que la Turquie arrete sa politique
de negation et demande pardon au peuple armenien “. Quelques signes
graduels de changement se sont montres en Turquie, le ministre des
affaires etrangères Ahmet Davutoglu, lors d’un voyage dans la capitale
armenienne Erevan, qualifiant les evenements de 1915-1916 d'” erreur ”
et d’ ” acte inhumain “. ” Au cours des annees recentes, il y a eu en
Turquie des commemorations, des conferences universitaires. C’est une
petite revolution “, a dit l’analyste turc Burcu Gultekin Punsman.” Un
processus assez profond de revisions est en cours dans la societe
turque, meme s’il n’est encore pas evident au niveau politique “.

Conflit au Moyen Orient

La Première Guerre Mondiale a egalement retrace integralement la carte
du Moyen Orient , semant les germes du conflit israelo-palestinien.

En 1916, les forces ottomanes, sous les ordres de generaux allemands,
ont rapidement pris le dessus sur les troupes britanniques en
Palestine et en Mesopotamie, une region qui recouvre aujourd’hui
l’Irak, le Koweit et en partie la Syrie. Mais les forces britanniques
se montrèrent rapidement adeptes de la guerre de mouvement dans le
desert, l’un des seuls endroits où le combat a dos de cheval etait
encore possible.

Ils etaient dans ces operations par T.E. Lawrence, le fameux
archeologue britannique qui rallia les nationalistes arabes en revolte
contre la domination turque et les sultans. Ses attaques eclair sur
les lignes de ravitaillement turques n’etaient qu’un aspect marginal
de la campagne, mais du point de vue propagande, la legende de ”
Lawrence d’Arabie ” eut un impact de appreciable, et ses ecrits sur
la tactique insurrectionnelle ont encore un certain echo.

En 1917, les Britanniques avaient inverse le cours de la guerre,
Bagdad et Jerusalem ayant ete captures. L’annee suivante, les forces
alliees avaient occupe Damas et Beyrouth, contrôlant effectivement
la region dans sa totalite.

Les Arabes qui les avaient soutenus avaient recu de la Grande
Bretagne et de la France la promesse de leur independance après la
guerre, mais ils allaient etre amèrement decus. En coulisses, les
Britanniques et la France s’etaient deja partage la region par les
accords Sykes-Picot de mai 1916 : la Lybie et la Syrie a la France,
la Jordanie, la Palestine et l’Irak aux Britanniques.

Pour ajouter encore a la confusion, et rompant avec leurs accords
avec les Francais et les Arabes tout a la fois, la Grande Bretagne
annonca la tristement celèbre Doctrine Balfour en 1917, dans laquelle
le secretaire au Foreign Office Arthur Balfour avait promis une
patrie pour les Juifs en Palestine. La doctrine a servi de base a la
creation de l’etat d’Israël trois decennies plus tard, et a un conflit
qui continue a dechirer la region jusqu’a aujourd’hui. L’armistice
signe a Moudros en Grèce, le 30 octobre 1918 a marque la dissolution
finale te le demembrement de l’empire ottoman, mettent un terme a
cinq siècles de domination imperiale.

Mais le combat n’etait pas fini pour la Turquie, qui poursuivit encore
quatre ans une guerre reconquete pour s’approprier des terres perdues
en Anatolie, contre les Grecs en particulier. Ce sont ces combats
qui permirent a Mustafa Kemal, qui deviendra plus tard Kemal Ataturk,
de bâtir les fondations de la Turquie d’aujourd’hui.

lundi 24 fevrier 2014, Jean Eckian (c)armenews.com

http://www.armenews.com/article.php3?id_article=97533

Will Turkey become the new Pakistan?

Will Turkey become the new Pakistan?

Dr. Can Erimtan is an independent scholar residing in İstanbul, with a
wide interest in the politics, history and culture of the Balkans and
the Greater Middle East. He tweets at @theerimtanangle

Published time: February 21, 2014 12:47

Protesters shout slogans as they try to march towards Turkish
Parliament during a protest against Turkey’s ruling Ak Party (AKP) and
Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan in Ankara February 13, 2014
(Reuters/Umit Bektas)

Culture, History, Pakistan, Politics,Religion, Turkey

As Turkey is now slowly approaching the first centenary of the
Republic’s foundation on 29 October 1923, some critics appear to fear
that the country has assumed an outlook most incongruous with the
legacy of Atatürk.

And it is true that ever since the Justice and Development Party (AKP)
assumed the reins of power in the country, Turkey has moved into a
distinct post-Kemalist era. Following decades of Kemalist
indoctrination and a seeming hostility towards Islam, the nation is
now going through a “process of completing its normalization,” as
voiced by Taha Ã-zhan, the Director General of the Ankara-based
non-profit research institute SETA (or Foundation for Political,
Economic, and Social Research).

Kemalism” is the `ideas and principles of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the
founder and first president of the Turkish Republic.’ From The Oxford
Encyclopedia of the Islamic World

Ã-zhan sees the overtly Islamic AKP as a political power that is
forcibly taking Turkey into new waters, where a pious population is
made to feel at ease with the government machinery that had previously
appeared to be in direct opposition to the population’s deep and
heartfelt attachment to Islam and its values. As such, throughout the
1920s and 30s “the ideological position of Turkish nationalism in the
guise of the political doctrine of Kemalism was meant to replace the
religion of Islam as the binding force fashioning a unitary and
homogeneous state.”

Turkey’s Westward road

The many ethnic groups making up Anatolia’s Muslim population `
according to the Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ErdoÄ?an Turkey’s
population consists of “36 ethnic elements” ` are all united under the
banner of Turkish nationalism in the Kemalist nation state. The late
19th and early 20th century Ottoman state, the Turkish Republic’s
direct precursor, had attempted to accommodate the many Muslim
refugees fleeing persecution from the Russian Empire and the Balkans
on Anatolian soil, the Ottoman heartland. This exercise in social
engineering saw the dispersal of the Christian minorities living in
Anatolia only to be replaced by Muslim newcomers. The ideological
stance of Ottomanism provided a new identity to the newly arrived
settlers, who were united in their allegiance to the Ottoman
Sultan-Caliph, the nominal head of all (Sunni) Muslims worldwide.
Following the end of the Great War (1918) and the successful War of
Resistance (1922), Mustafa Kemal Pasha sent a delegation to Lausanne
to conduct peace negotiations. The subsequent treaty, signed on 24
July 1923, led to the formation of the state of Turkey on Anatolian
soil ` the name Turkey having been in use throughout the 19th century
to refer to the Ottoman Empire. And the earlier results of the
Ottoman-directed exercises in social engineering were all but
confirmed by the treaty and the population exchange between Greece and
Turkey, forcibly evicting and relocating Christians and Muslims and
leading to the fact that by 1927 a staggering 97.4 percent of Turkey’s
population was Muslim (the statistic today proclaims 99.9 percent of
Turks are Muslim).

As a result, the population of Anatolia emerged as an almost
completely Islamic entity. But rather than identify themselves as
Anatolian Muslims, Kemalist indoctrination and social engineering
turned these Republican inhabitants into Turks, with their allegiance
to Islam actually constituting their common bond.

The stipulations of the Treaty of Lausanne, in conjunction with the
abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate (1922) and Caliphate (1924), meant
that the Republic of Turkey developed into a modern nation state
oriented towards the West. The Kemalist reform policies cut off
modernized Turkey from its erstwhile Ottoman hinterland and Muslim
neighbors. The Kemalist experiment transformed the Anatolian
population, the Turkish citizens in other words, into a people cut off
from their Islamic past, with access only granted to academic
historians able to read the Arabic alphabet.

The new westward orientation of the country was made visible by means
of the so-called Language Reform (1928), which saw the introduction of
a new Latin-based script. The new Republic ensured that the
traditional Islamic power class no longer wielded any power ` creating
the Directorate of Religious Affairs (1924), as an aggregate to the
office of the Prime Minister, to control the religious institutions of
the country. As a nation state, deprived of its erstwhile Islamic
provinces and dependencies, the Islam practiced in Turkey became
focused on the population of the territories granted in the Treaty of
Lausanne. Whereas previously, the Ottoman sultans wielded nominal
power over all (Sunni) Muslim peoples, the Republic’s government only
held sway over Turkey and the Directorate of Religious Affairs, in
turn, only provided for the needs of the Turkish believers.

Turkey’s Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan (Reuters)

`Reapplying Islam’ in the 21st century

At the moment, the AKP-led government appears to be pursuing a policy
which all but strengthens the Anatolian population’s Muslim identity
at the expense of their “common” Turkish character. Efforts to solve
the Kurdish Issue appear to underline this development.

The fact that Tayyip Erdogan’s AKP-led government is currently
developing policies that would strengthen the Turks’ rediscovery of
their Islamic heritage is illustrated by the budget passed for the
fiscal year 2014. The money allocated to the Directorate of Religious
Affairs has increased by 18.2 percent; the Directorate of Religious
Affairs will receive around $2.5 billion, compared to the Ministry of
the Interior with $1.6 billion and the Ministry of Health with $1.1
billion.

The budget passed for the year 2014 does seem to stress that Erdogan’s
government is at pains to provide for the spiritual and physical
health of the Turkish citizenry, as befits the Muslim nanny stateI
talked about earlier.

When the Kemalist regime abolished the Caliphate, it also ended the
office of the Chief Mufti and replaced the Shariah with the new
Turkish Civil Code (Türk Medeni Kanunu) in 1926, which was adopted
from the Swiss Civil Code of 1907. Many in Turkey now fear a creeping
return to a more Islamic approach to law and civil rights.

On a purely academic level, the current government, employing the
offices of the Committee for Higher Education, ensured in August 2013
that theology faculties will in future only teach Islam and Islamic
scholarship to their students. Whereas previously, Turkish theology
students also became well-versed in religious studies and even
philosophy, psychology and sociology; new candidates will only receive
a strict Islamic education ` one that even excludes the beliefs and
teachings of the Alevi minority in Turkey.

Recently, Hayrettin Karaman, a highly respected theology professor
known for his close ties to the Prime Minister, published a telling
article in the pro-government paper, Yeni Safak, somewhat reflecting
the government’s thinking. Karaman writes that pious believers in
Turkey do not want full”integration with the EU,” nor do they wish to
“replace” their “own pure and high civilization” with that of the
“West,” regarding this as an “issue of faith.”

These words appear as a clear challenge to the Kemalist credo, which
sees the Muslim Turk as an integral part of the civilization of Europe
and the West. As such, Karaman even takes his anti-nationalist stance
a whole lot further, declaring that these unnamed pious believers
regard the”human element [living] within the national borders [of
Turkey, in other words, Turkish citizens or Turks] as an indispensable
part of the great Islamic ummah [or community of believers].”

The Islamic thinker, Hayrettin Karaman, should not be understood as an
obscurantist advocating the return to some kind of idealized Islamic
past. Instead Karaman is a person totally at ease with today’s world
and enjoying the benefits of 21st-century science and technology. On
the internet, for instance, he has a very distinct presence. His
personal website contains over 3,500 individual webpages and provides
online access to 15 of his books. In addition, his website also
provides access to his articles published in various newspapers and
periodicals.

Riot police use tear gas and water canon to disperse protesters as
they try to march to the parliament during a protest against Turkey’s
ruling Ak Party (AKP) and Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan in Ankara
February 13, 2014. (Reuters)

Karaman does not promote a return to the past; instead he lives and
works in the here and now. As such, Karaman resembles the Pakistani
writer Mawlana Abul Ala Mawdudi (1903-79). As a Muslim who witnessed
the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the abject failure of the Indian
Khilafat Movement, in his writings, Mawdudi “provided Islamic
responses, ideological and organizational, to modern society,” as
worded by American professor of International Affairs and Islamic
Studies, John Esposito. In his analysis of the Pakistani thinker,
Esposito explains further that Mawdudi saw”the West … [as] a
political and economic but also a cultural threat to Muslim
societies,” that Abul Ala Mawdudi was a thinker who “self-consciously
reapplied Islamic sources and beliefs, reinterpreting them to address
modern realities.”

He put his thoughts into practice in 1941, founding the
Jamaat-e-Islami in Lahore, in then-British India. Following
independence and partition, Mawdudi and his Jamaat moved to West
Pakistan. As an organization, the Jamaat maintains close ties with
international Muslim activist groups, such as the Muslim Brotherhood.
Mawdudi’s organization aims at the establishment of an Islamic state,
governed by the Shariah, but maintains that democracy is understood as
an integral part of Islamic political ideals. When General Muhammad
Zia-ul-Haq organized a coup in Pakistan on 5 July 1977, Mawdudi’s
ideals arguably provided the basis for the general’s subsequent
thorough Islamization of Pakistani society. Still, the left-liberal
Pakistani journalist, Nadeem Paracha, maintains that General Zia
actually “exploited” what he calls ‘Maududi-ism’ “as a way to deflect,
deflate and denounce any other form of Islamic reformism.”

The parallels outlined above could very well lead some critics of the
Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan to assume that the future of Turkey
appears predicated upon earlier events in Pakistan. Could it be that
Turkey’s Directorate of Religious Affairs and certain trusted
faculties of theology are now in the process of formulating a Turkish
form of Maududi-ism? Thinkers like Hayrettin Karaman are able to
provide Turkey’s current government with academic and legalistic
ammunition to enact a wholesale shift in Turkish policy-making, thus
paving the way for the Republic of Turkey to look like another version
of Pakistan transported to the western edge of Asia.

The statements, views and opinions expressed in this column are solely
those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of RT.

http://rt.com/op-edge/turkey-to-become-new-pakistan-099/

Armenia and Diaspora should be ready for Turkey’s imitative policy i

Artak Shakaryan: Armenia and Diaspora should be ready for Turkey’s
imitative policy in the matter of Armenian Genocide recognition

ArmInfo’s interview with turcologist Artak Shakaryan

by Ashot Safaryan

Sunday, February 23, 01:56

Would you comment on the latest developments in Turkey regarding the
corruption scandal and resignation of high-ranking officials? Erdogan
seems to be gradually losing power, doesn’t he?

In fact, the current and the following years will be rather
complicated for Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Local elections are scheduled
for March 30, presidential elections for August 30, and parliamentary
elections will be held in May 2015. Turkey and Erdogan are preparing
for the elections. Over 10 years in the prime minister’s office
Erdogan had a key partner – Fethullah Gulen. Erdogan was strengthening
the positions of Gulen’s supporters, and most of them held key posts
in the law-enforcement structures and other important sectors.
However, Erdogan has recently started trying to weaken Gulen’s role in
the domestic political processes in the country. He realized that
Gulen’s supporters were becoming uncontrolled. Gulen’s supporters, in
turn, were displeased with the growing authority of Erdogan and his
actions during last year’s developments around Gezi Park in Istanbul.
The Prime Minister decided to close the preparatory schools training
future students. Those schools were the main income source for Gulen’s
supporters, and they decided to take retaliatory measures, which
resulted in the notorious corruption scandal.

Does Gulen enjoy foreign support?

Gulen’s supporters are first of all representatives of small and
medium-sized businesses. Gulen’s ideology is very popular at schools.
There are such schools in Central Asia, Azerbaijan. Russia also had
such schools, but most of them have already closed. Gulen lives in the
United States. Erdogan is trying to persuade everybody that it is the
U.S. that has put Gulen against him. I think one should not completely
rule out this version because the person, who has been living in the
U.S. for about 20 years and has had an immense influence on Turkey’s
policy, could not help catching the U.S. special services’ interest.

Has Gulen’s movement got a political figure to compete with Erdogan?

The thing is that Gulen has failed to create an alternative to the
incumbent prime minister or, to be more accurate, an alternative to
the ruling Justice and Development Party. At the local elections
Gulen’s supporters are trying to cooperate with the opposition
People’s Democratic Party to make things lively for Erdogan, but in
fact, the People’s Democratic Party is Gulen’s opponent and their
interaction is impossible within the long-term outlook. Such
cooperation is out of question at both presidential and parliamentary
elections. President Abdullah Gul has quite close relations with
Gulen’s movement and Gulen may support Gul when it comes to the point.
The first discord between the President and the Prime Minister arose
during last year’s developments around Gezi Park. I think we are going
to witness interesting developments in the near future.

You have repeatedly stated that on the threshold of the Armenian
Genocide centenary the Turkish authorities will intensify their work
with various structures of Armenian Diaspora in order to avoid an
undesirable scenario for themselves. What can you say about that
process now?

Indeed, Ankara is unprecedentedly active. Since September 2013 NGOs
have actively been exchanging views through forums and workshops
covering the issues of the Armenian Genocide and the Armenian-Turkish
relations. There are a lot of experts from Armenia and Diaspora among
the participants. We have also been invited but we have refused to
take part in such events. I am convinced that in 2014 and 2015 the
exchange of cultural programs and “handshakes” will be intensifying.
The problem is that our Diaspora is not a single body and it is not
clear whether a particular organization has the right to make
statements on behalf of the whole Diaspora. It is much easier for
Ankara to work with isolated structures of Diaspora and present their
stance as the stance of the whole Diaspora. That is a real danger.
Ankara’s policy to imitate a dialogue with Armenia and Armenians
worldwide is also a threat.

What can you say about official meetings between Yerevan and Ankara?

I think there will be no contacts outside the agenda of the Zurich
protocols. Official Yerevan has repeatedly and unambiguously stated
that it is ready to normalize relations with Ankara only after
ratification of the protocols. This reduces Ankara’s opportunities to
maneuver.

How much will Armenia’s accession to the Customs Union strengthen the
country’s positions in relations with Turkey?

I don’t think Turkey will open the border with Armenia after the
latter’s accession to the Customs Union. There are no economic or
political reasons for that. I believe that the talk about opening of
the border is a disguised attempt to justify Armenia’s accession to
the Customs Union.

The Turkish Minister of Energy and Natural Resources has recently said
Iran intends to transport its gas to Europe via Turkey. May Armenia be
finally ousted from the energy projects in the region?

The strategy of Ankara and Baku pursuing Armenia’s ousting from energy
projects in the region has always worked and will always work
seriously damaging Armenia’s economy. Yerevan has faced a deadlock:
Georgia successfully cooperates with the Turkey-Azerbaijan tandem, as
that cooperation meets its economic interests and helps in
confrontation with Russia. As for Iran, this important regional actor,
despite its friendly relations with Armenia, cannot refuse the exports
of energy resources to Europe, especially after easing of
international sanctions. Despite its big desire to see Armenia as a
strong partner, Iran cannot objectively do anything to that end.

£62D890-9C14-11E3-9F550EB7C0D21663

http://www.arminfo.am/index.cfm?objectid

Missak Manouchian : << La France saura nous honorer >>

EDITORIAL
Missak Manouchian : >

Elle était belle la cérémonie du 21 février au cours de laquelle le
président de la République a rendu un hommage digne du sacrifice
qu’ils ont consenti aux résistants du groupe Manouchian, >. Oui il était émouvant, le dépôt de gerbe de François
Hollande dans la clairière du Mont Valérien, sur le lieu même où 22
membres du réseau des Francs-tireurs Partisans de la Main d’OEuvre
immigrée et trois lycéens bretons ont été fusillés par l’armée
d’occupation. Par ce geste, et avec son discours, le chef de l’Etat a
voulu exprimer la reconnaissance de la nation envers ceux qui en ont
mérité, non pas par la naissance, mais par leur dévouement à la cause
sa liberté. Une symbolique ô combien parlante, en particulier pour un
président de gauche en ces temps de débats sur l’identité. Et on était
en droit d’attendre que dans l’esprit de cette manifestation de
gratitude à l’égard de ceux qui lui ont tout donné, et a fortiori
quand ils étaient étrangers, la patrie ouvre ce lieu de mémoire dédié
à ses grands hommes : le Panthéon.

Hélas, la démonstration s’est arrêtée à mi-chemin. Dans une logique
contraire à tout ce qui venait d’être proclamé, les portes du monument
se sont refermées sur le nez de ces immigrés qui méritaient de la
France par le sang versé. Tandis que dans la foulée, on y annonçait
l’entrée de résistants exclusivement français, dont deux d’ailleurs ne
furent pas tuées par les Allemands. Comment ne pas être frappé par ce
paradoxe ? Il ne s’agit certes pas là de discuter de la valeur des
personnalités choisies, dont les itinéraires incontestables sont en
tout point à la hauteur de la distinction qui leur a été accordée. Ni,
en ces circonstances, de faire un procès d’intention de mauvais aloi
au président de la République, qui sommes toute a souhaité de son
propre chef donner un éclat républicain au 70e anniversaire de
l’exécution du groupe Manouchian. Mais de s’interroger sur la
pertinence du double message de cette cérémonie qui a voulu honorer
les résistants d’origine étrangère, es qualité, et qui s’est soldé par
l’annonce d’une panthéonisation dont ils se sont vus exclus. Telle est
la rupture logique de cette commémoration qui a revêtu une dimension
frustrante pour les premiers tout en étant désagréable pour les
seconds, tous de nationalité françaises, qui n’avaient pas demandé à
se retrouver dans cette configuration quelque peu délicate, on le
comprendra.

Autre maladresse, les > prêtées à Missak Manouchian
dans le discours de François Hollande. Cette erreur de sa “plume” n’a
bien évidemment en soi rien de dramatique. Mais tout de même :
n’est-ce pas la moindre des choses, quand on veut rendre hommage à un
héros, que de respecter son histoire ? Manouchian n’avait pas d’>, aussi honorables et magnifiques fussent-elles. Il
était, comme cela a été également rappelé, d’origine arménienne,
rescapé du génocide de 1915 perpétré par la Turquie contre ses propres
ressortissants, du fait de leur appartenance ethnique et religieuse.
Et c’est aussi en raison de cette mémoire qu’il s’est identifié à ce
point au sort des victimes de l’entreprise d’extermination antisémite
organisée par les nazis et qu’il a pris part – de quelle façon ! – à
la Résistance. Il s’agit là d’une nuance importante dans la mesure où
elle participe du message politique propre au combat du groupe
Manouchian, composite en terme de nationalités et de religions. On > par ce que l’on fait. Et à ce titre ces étrangers ont été aussi
Français que les Français, voire plus. Et il aurait été beau et juste
d’aller au bout de l’hommage du 21 février et de proclamer, devant une
France en questionnement sur ses valeurs, que les immigrés qui sont
morts pour elle méritaient bien, eux aussi, de figurer au Panthéon. Du
moins l’initiative de François Hollande aura-t-elle peut-être permis
un premier pas dans cette direction, riche en symboles. Qu’il en soit
tout de même remercié.

Ara Toranian

dimanche 23 février 2014,
Ara (c)armenews.com
– 520

http://www.armenews.com/article.php3?id_article

Affiche rouge: Arsène Tchakarian : « Notre première action »

l’Humanité, France
22 fev 2014

Affiche rouge: Arsène Tchakarian : « Notre première action »

Arsène Tchakarian est le dernier membre encore en vie du groupe
Manouchian. Après la Libération, il a passé sa vie à chercher et Ã
écrire sur la période la plus marquante de son existence. Extrait de
son témoignage à lire en intégralité dans le hors-série de l’Humanité,
où il se remémore une action opérée avec Missak Manouchian et Marcel
Rayman?:

«¯C’est Manouchian qui m’a amené avenue Mathurin-Moreau. Dans cette
rue débouchant sur la place du Colonel-Fabien, Ã l’endroit où se
dresse aujourd’hui le siège du PCF, se tenaient à l’époque des
baraques en bois. Celles des MOI¨` la Main-d’Å’uvre immigrée `, des
organisations communistes par nationalité (arménienne, juive
polonaise, juive roumaine, italienne¦)

(…) Ensemble, les trois s’en vont pour leur premier coup d’éclat Ã
Levallois-Perret. (¦) Michel (Marcel Rayman) nous montre un petit
hôtel, ordinaire, duquel sortent une vingtaine de feldgendarmes. Nous
étions en fait en repérage. Marcel Rayman me dit?: `Toi, Charles
(Arsène ` NDLR), tu seras à environ quinze mètres. Au moment où ils
partiront, tu jetteras la grenade bien au milieu.’ Je réfléchis un
peu. Sur le front, on tue des Allemands, mais comme artilleur, je ne
vois que l’obus partir. LÃ, ils seront bien face à moi. Marcel
explique que Georges (Missak ` NDLR) aura un pistolet, qu’il sera Ã
environ vingt mètres de moi. Le mercredi 17¯mars, nous arrivons sur
place. Alors que je suis en train de me préparer, Manouchian court
vers moi. Il me dit?: `File la grenade?!’ Je lui demande pourquoi. Il
me dit que l’on n’a qu’un pistolet au lieu de deux, que ce sera Marcel
qui l’aura. Il voulait absolument jeter la grenade lui-même. Je vois
Manouchian se mettre à courir. Avec son imperméable qui vole derrière
lui, on dirait un oiseau. Il jette la grenade pile au milieu. Cinq ou
six secondes après, c’est l’explosion. Je vois un adjudant qui
commence à se lever. Il avait un pistolet assez long. Il repère
Manouchian, qui s’enfuit. Il commence à le poursuivre. Il fait à peine
dix pas que Marcel Rayman, coincé dans un coin de rue, l’abat. (¦) »

http://www.humanite.fr/politique/affiche-rouge-arsene-tchakarian-notre-premiere-act-559690

Armenian artist keeps medieval drawings alive

Glendale News-Press (California)
Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Business News
February 21, 2014 Friday

Armenian artist keeps medieval drawings alive

Brittany Levine, Glendale News-Press, Calif.

Feb. 21–The front desk at Roslin Art Gallery used to be where Seeron
Yeretzian would sketch fantastical drawings of peacocks, serpents and
colorful flora that, with a mix of oils and gold foil, took on an
illuminated, glow-in-the-dark quality.

But now, the Glendale artist sits at that same desk, mostly
motionless, unable to draw. Her muscles have been frozen by a
degenerative disease.

“It’s terrible. My hands are gone,” Yeretzian said, using her eyes to
select each letter of her sentence on a computer screen that repeats
her selections verbally, giving her a digital voice.

About two years ago, Yeretzian was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, known as ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease. Before the disease
made her muscles decline, though, she became obsessed with drawing
ornate Armenian initials, illustrated letters that have their roots in
medieval Armenia.

She became famous for an intricate poster of the Armenian alphabet
that was printed in 1991. Her drawing can now be found in Armenian
households throughout the world, on greeting cards and mouse pads.
Several people have had her intricate letters tattooed on their
bodies, her son, Arno Yeretzian, said.

Even after the alphabet poster launched her to stardom within the
worldwide Armenian community, she continued painting her illunimated
letters. She drew so many over the years that she decided to compile
her life’s work into a 245-page book that was released to the public
this month.

The book, “Seeroon Darer,” which translated into English means “Pretty
Letters,” features hundreds of her drawings as well as historical
background and symbolism of the ancient Armenian art form that she
repurposed for the 20th and 21st centuries.

Yeretzian’s interest in the initials, which were first drawn by
so-called “illuminators” as a way to spread the word of God, began
when a man, who would later become a lifelong friend, walked into her
latehusband’s Armenian bookstore 25 years ago looking for a complete
Armenian alphabet done in the illuminated style. His search inspired
Yeretzian to make one of her own.

At the time, she was mostly drawing paintings of screaming heads,
homeless people and crucified women. Her paintings had dark themes
related to the Armenian Genocide and her experiences growing up in a
refugee camp in Lebanon and later immigrating to Los Angeles in the
1970s, a foreign land with few friends.

But drawing the brightly-colored Armenian letters, and becoming
obsessed with incorporating peacocks into the initials, became an
escape for the 63-year-old. The detailed nature of the work made her
happy.

“They were so beautiful and they were composed with every creative
creature alive,” said Yeretzian, who jokes that she’s drawn so many
peacocks and other colorful creatures that she could win a Guinness
World Record.

Her son remembers her being obsessed with drawing the letters. She’d
wake up in the morning and head straight to the gallery to work and
then at home, she’d continue, long into the night and early morning
hours. She’d call her daytime art her sunshine painting and her
nighttime art her moonshine painting.

“She’d work like crazy, that’s why it’s hard to see her like this,”
Arno Yeretzian said.

Harry Mesrobian, her longtime friend who originally sparked her
interest in the decorated letters, remembers a man three years ago
walking into the art gallery and starting to cry. He was
IranianArmenian and a recent immigrant to Glendale. When he asked the
man why he was crying, the immigrant pointed to Yeretzian’s painting
that would later become the famous poster.

The man had received the poster as a gift and, for two years, he
labored over a gold-plated copy of Yeretzian’s work. He was so elated
to meet the mastermind behind the ornate initials, he couldn’t stop
crying.

Yeretzian has always intended to inspire others to love the ornate
letters, whose colors and design each hold a special symbolism, as she
does. The book is a way to do that, despite her disease.

“It’s her intention that this art form never dies,” Mesrobian said.
“She was able to keep the art form alive for her generation. She’s a
time traveler. She goes into the past and brings it into the future.”

In addition to drawing decorated Armenian letters, Yeretzian has also
used illumination techniques to create artwork of Hebrew, Arabic,
English and Cyrillic alphabets.

Although she can no longer physically draw, Yeretzian continues to
express herself artistically by writing poetry with the machine that
has replaced her voice.

“I’m telling you, she can’t stop,” Arno Yeretzian said.

“Seeroon Darer” can be purchased for $120 at Roslin Art Gallery, 111
W. California Ave., and Abril Armenian Bookstore, 415 E. Broadway.

Propaganda efforts of Azerbaijan in Italy do not prove their value

Propaganda efforts of Azerbaijan in Italy do not prove their value

17:48 22/02/2014 >> REGION

Armenian Embassy in Italy actively opposes the anti-Armenian policy of
Azerbaijan in the Italian press and the civil society of Italy.
In particular, the Armenian Embassy in Italy has addressed to the
editorial-office of “Agenzia Radicale” and “Notizie Geopolitiche”
publications demanding explanations about published materials
concerning the Aghdam events of 1992.

In response the two editorial-offices published the comment received
from the Armenian Embassy which can be found here and here.

Through the Italian media the Armenian diplomats, in their comment,
have expressed their solidarity with 35 thousand Armenians and
Azerbaijanis, who have become victims of the conflict “because of the
silence of the international community.”

Noting that the articles of the Italian authors, that reflect a
distorted view about the Karabakh conflict, may be the result of
delusion or lack of knowledge, the Armenian side provided series of
necessary explanations.

It is noted in particular that some media have spread information
provided by the ruling regime of Azerbaijan, which according to the
rating of “Reporters without Borders” organization is ranked the 160th
in media freedom among 180 countries, and 139th in political and
economic freedoms’ index.

As for the factual inconsistencies, the Armenian Embassy focused on
the following: “First of all, the definition of the conflict as
“clashes between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh’s
sovereignty issue” is misleading. In fact, the main reason for the
conflict was the deviation of self-determination of the Armenians of
Nagorno-Karabakh by the authorities of the Soviet Socialist Republics
Union,” the comment reads.

As for the victims among the civilian population of Khojalu, the
comment reads, “we should admit that the phrase “Azerbaijani civilians
were killed by Armenian troops” is irrelevant, which is proved by the
evidences found in numerous Azerbaijani sources and with some Western
journalists working in the Caucasus in early 90s.”

“The experts involved in the study of this conflict, know quite well
that for the Azerbaijani Armed Forces Khojalu served a firing-post in
direction of Armenian civilians by rockets GRAD. A few days before the
25th February 1992 the headquarters of the Armenian self-defense
forces of Nagorno Karabakh informed the Azerbaijani authorities and
the civilian population by radio about the inevitability of military
operations needed for the neutralization of the missile base, and
about the humanitarian corridor left for the evacuation of the
civilian population,” the comment reads.

Referring to Azerbaijani sources, the authors of the address noted
that Khojalu resident Salman Abbasov confirms the fact of
dissemination of the warning-information by the radio about the coming
attack, and that the local authorities had banned to evacuate the
residents.

The address also notes that the civilian population served for the
Azerbaijani authorities a human shield protecting the missile base.

In this regard an excerpt from an interview with former Azerbaijani
President Ayaz Mutalibov is presented, where he, in fact, confirms the
fact that the incident was organized by the Azerbaijani opposition in
order to overthrow Mutalibov.

It should be noted that during the last years in the Italian media
articles containing one-sided information about the Nagorno-Karabakh
conflict have increased. Experts attribute this fact to the presence
of close cooperation of Azerbaijan and Italy in the energy area. In
particular, Italy is one of the main importers of Azerbaijani oil, and
soon it will become the main consumer of Azerbaijani gas that is being
exported to Europe.

http://www.panorama.am/en/politics/2014/02/22/embassy-italy/
http://agenziaradicale.com/index.php/rubriche/riceviamo-e-pubblichiamo/2446-nagorno-karabakh-l-ambasciata-della-repubblica-d-armenia-in-italia-interviene
http://www.panorama.am/am/analytics/2014/02/22/embassy-italy/notiziegeopolitiche.net/?p=38510

L’Iran a l’intention de coopérer avec l’Arménie dans la production p

ARMENIE
L’Iran a l’intention de coopérer avec l’Arménie dans la production piscicole

L’Iran a l’intention de coopérer avec l’Arménie dans les affaires de
la pêche a rapporté l’agence de presse iranienne l’ISNA après la
visite d’une délégation iranienne en Arménie.

Mohammad Shirvalilu, chef de l’organisation de la pêche de la province
iranienne de l’Azerbaïdjan occidental accompagné d’une délégation a
rencontré l’ambassadeur d’Iran en Arménie et le vice-ministre arménien
de l’Agriculture et a discuté avec eux des perspectives de
coopération, en particulier de l’exportation et de l’importation de
poissons.

Les réserves de poissons dans le lac Sevan en Arménie ont diminué de
3,5 fois au cours des deux décennies – il y avait 28 à 30 tonnes au
début des années 1990, alors que fin 2011 il ne restait que 8,5
tonnes.

Les réserves de poissons dans le lac continuent de diminuer en raison
de la pêche illimitée.

samedi 22 février 2014,
Stéphane (c)armenews.com

La France rend hommage au Groupe Manouchian- Video/Photos

FRANCE
La France rend hommage au Groupe Manouchian- Video/Photos

Vendredi 21 février, un parterre impressionnant pour le discours
attendu de François Hollande, au Mont-Valérien, lors de la cérémonie
d’hommage à la Résistance. Mais une cérémonie scindée en deux parties
distinctes. L’une rendant hommage au Groupe de Missak Manouchian,
fusillé le 21 février 1944, sous le même soleil qui a brillé en cette
matinée du souvenir. Et l’autre consacrée à deux femmes et deux hommes
choisis par la présidence de la République dont les cendres seront
transférées au Panthéon au mois de mai 2015. Il s’agit de Germaine
Tillion, ethnologue et résistante et Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz,
ancienne présidente de ATD Quart Monde et nièce du général de Gaulle,
toutes deux déportées à Ravensbruck. Ainsi que Pierre Brossolette,
journaliste et résistant, et Jean Zay, ministre de l’Education du
Front populaire assassiné en juin 1944 par des miliciens.

Les FTP-MOI, membres des Francs-Tireurs et de la Main-d’Oeuvre
Immigrée, seront condamnés à mort le 21 février 1944 à l’issue d’un
procès expéditif prononcé par le tribunal militaire allemand du
Grand-Paris, réuni à l’hôtel Continental. La sentence est exécutée le
jour même. Espagnols, italiens et juifs dirigés par Missak Manouchian
seront fusillés dans la clairière de la forteresse du Mont Valérien
(Suresnes), refusant que leurs yeux soient bandés. Seule, Olga Bancic,
transférée en Allemagne, est décapitée le 10 mai 1944 à la prison de
Stuttgart.

Avant son allocution, François Hollande s’est rendu à la clairière où
ont été fusillés les 22 Résistants du Groupe Manouchian, en présence
de plusieurs membres du gouvernement, de nombreuses personnalités, et
des communautés juives et arméniennes, dont le ministre des Affaires
étrangères Edouard Nalbandian, Patrick Devedjian et Charles Aznavour,
entre autres.

Après s’être recueilli, le président a cédé la place à la lecture des
lettres laissées par Manouchian, et Pierre Le Cornec, fusillé le même
jour avec son camarade du lycée Anatole-Le-Braz de Saint-Brieuc, Yves
Salaün. Les enfants de ce lycée ont ensuite entamé le Chant des
Partisans, avant la Prière pour la France dite par l’aumônier général
Haïm Korsia.

François Hollande a ensuite rejoint les centaines d’invités réunis
sous une vaste tente aménagée pour la circonstance pour y prononcer un
vibrant discours à la mémoire des victimes du nazisme.

Jean Eckian + photos sauf 2-3-4-7

Discours du Président de la République : “Le 21 février 1944, il y a
exactement soixante-dix ans, vingt-cinq résistants étaient fusillés
ici, au Mont Valérien. Vingt-deux membres du réseau de Missak
MANOUCHIAN et trois lycéens bretons rassemblés là, dans la
circonstance, pour être suppliciés à quelques minutes d’intervalle.
Tous sortis ce jour-là de prison, menés jusqu’ici devant un peloton
d’exécution. Ils le savaient.

J’ai lu et entendu avec vous leurs derniers mots, ces billets qu’ils
ont écrits à Fresnes au petit matin d’une ultime nuit. J’ai vu la
clairière où ils sont tombés, les yeux ouverts fixés sur leurs
bourreaux. J’ai vu la chapelle où ils s’étaient recueillis puis,
ensuite, où leurs corps ont été déposés. J’ai vu le monument où chacun
de leurs noms est désormais gravé dans le bronze, au milieu de mille
autres noms.

Des noms de femmes et d’hommes. Des noms difficiles à prononcer, des
noms qui expriment la diversité des origines, des parcours, des
histoires personnelles. Des noms qui évoquent la solidarité
internationale, des noms qui parlent de l’exil et qui évoquent des
pays lointains. Les noms des 1.010 fusillés du Mont-Valérien sans que
l’on soit sûr qu’il n’en existe point d’autres.

Ces noms, tous ces noms, sont l’honneur de la France. Missak
MANOUCHIAN est mort pour la France. Ce fils d’Arménie que le génocide
de 1915 avait laissé orphelin, Missak MANOUCHIAN avait à l’époque 9
ans. Dix ans plus tard, il choisit la France, non par hasard, mais
parce que c’était la patrie qui correspondait à ses rêves
d’émancipation et de paix.

Missak MANOUCHIAN n’était pas le seul Arménien à avoir voulu vivre en
France. Il ne fut pas non plus le seul Arménien à vouloir combattre
pour la France.

En 1939, il demande à être mobilisé dans l’armée française. Lorsque la
défaite, hélas, surgit, alors ses origines arméniennes, juives, ses
idées communistes faisaient de lui un suspect. Mais ce n’est pas pour
cela qu’il choisit la Résistance. Il la choisit parce qu’il veut
libérer la France. Il est arrêté le 16 novembre 1943, il était alors
le chef militaire du groupe parisien des Francs-Tireurs et Partisans –
Main d’oeuvre immigrée.

Devant un tribunal -mais faut-il employer le mot de tribunal pour ce
qui n’était qu’une pantomime ?- vingt-trois sont condamnés à mort. >, comme le dit
Aragon. Vingt-deux d’entre eux ont été fusillés au Mont-Valérien ce 21
février 1944.

Le 23ème était une femme. Elle sera décapitée à Stuttgart le 10 mai
1944, le jour anniversaire de ses 32 ans. Elle s’appelait Olga BANCIC,
elle venait de Roumanie.

Leurs noms avaient été placardés sur nos murs tout au long de la
semaine du 10 au 17 février 1944 comme des accusations. La propagande
nazie voulait faire de MANOUCHIAN et de ses camarades des bandits, des
criminels et des comploteurs. Ce fut l’Affiche rouge. Cette affiche
rouge devait faire peur. Elle en fit des héros.

Loin de susciter l’effroi, l’affiche rouge fut une promesse, un
espoir, parce que ces femmes, parce que ces hommes n’étaient pas
l’armée du crime comme le prétendaient les bourreaux, mais tout
simplement la possibilité désormais acquise de la libération. Ce
jour-là, ce 21 février 1944, c’est dans la poitrine de ces étrangers
que battait le coeur de la patrie.

Le destin a voulu que les vingt-deux membres du groupe MANOUCHIAN
soient suppliciés avec trois lycéens de Bretagne. Ils prononcèrent,
les uns et les autres, ces hommes venus parfois de loin, ces jeunes
venus de tout près, les mêmes mots au moment de mourir : >. Un même appel à l’unité, ce même mouvement pour la
liberté.

Georges GEFFROY, Pierre Le CORNEC, Yves SALAÜN étaient des élèves du
lycée Le-Braz de Saint-Brieuc, ils étaient membres des jeunesses
patriotiques. Ils sont morts en soldats alors qu’ils venaient à peine
de quitter l’enfance et qu’ils n’avaient jamais revêtu quelque
uniforme que ce soit.

A la prison de Fresnes, Georges GEFFROY laissa derrière lui tout ce
qu’il possédait : un portefeuille, des stylos, une couverture blanche
et un sac de scout. Mais il a laissé bien davantage : une lettre et
surtout une volonté. Celle de permettre à ceux que nous sommes
aujourd’hui d’être libres et d’aspirer, de pouvoir aspirer au bonheur.

Le lycée Le-Braz est un établissement qui a marqué l’histoire de la
Résistance par l’ampleur du sacrifice qu’il a consenti à ce combat. La
meilleure preuve est, qu’au lendemain de la guerre, la croix de guerre
a justement été attribuée à l’établissement en 1948. Un groupe de
lycéens représente aujourd’hui cet établissement. Je veux m’adresser à
eux parce que les suppliciés avaient leur ge. Ils auraient pu être
leurs amis. Ils n’étaient pas différents d’eux. 18 ans comme Thomas
ELEK, Roger ROUXEL et Wolf WAJSBROT, les camarades de MANOUCHIAN qui
tombèrent ici dans le même moment, dans le même mouvement. Ils sont
morts il y a 70 ans, ils se sont tus à jamais, mais ils nous parlent
encore.

Ecoutons-les. Ecoutons leur message. Ecoutons leurs mots, ceux qu’ils
nous ont laissés avant de quitter la prison. Que nous disaient-ils ?
Ils consolaient leurs proches, leur demandaient pardon de les quitter
si vite, exigeaient d’eux qu’ils n’aient pas de peine. Ils les
plaignaient, ils disaient qu’ils avaient été fiers de servir leur
pays, même pendant une vie si courte, et qu’ils avaient jusqu’au bout,
jusqu’à leur dernier souffle transmis ce qu’ils pouvaient faire de
mieux, c’est-à-dire que les vivants soient libres.

Ils disaient aussi ces mots simples : > disait Pierre Le CORNEC, >. Yves SALAÜN ajoutait : >

Et dans cet hommage à la résistance des apatrides, n’oublions, ni
Arsène Tchakarian, ni Henry Karayan, décédé le 2 novembre 2011. Il
nous a laissé ce témoignage poignant enregistré quelques mois
auparavant.

J.E

Était également présent Jean-Marc Germain, député des Hauts-de-Seine,
qui a lancé un appel au transfert des cendres du Groupe Manouchian au
Panthéon. Sur radio Ayp FM, le Président Hollande s’est contenté de
dire que “Le Panthéon n’est pas un Mausolée, mais un lieu
d’éducation’. Il se rendra en Arménie au mois de mai prochain.

samedi 22 février 2014,
Stéphane (c)armenews.com
– 499

http://www.armenews.com/article.php3?id_article
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cS9m02XieAs

PM: Russian companies play core role in many sectors of Armenia’s ec

Armenian PM: Russian companies play core role in many sectors of
Armenia’s economy

14:33 22.02.2014

Russian and Armenian Prime Ministers Dmitry Medvedev and Tigran
Sargsyan will meet in Sochi after the closing ceremony of the Olympic
Games.

Russia ranks first among investors in the Armenian economy, with
Russian companies play core role in many economic sectors, Armenian
Prime Minister Tigran Sarkisyan said.

“First and foremost, Russia is our number one investor: in terms of
investments [in Armenia], Russia ranks first, leaving behind the
European Union and the United States,” Sargsyan said in an interview
with Itar-Tass. “Secondly, Russian companies are playing a core role
in many economic sectors.”

According to the Armenian Prime Minister, agreements that were reached
by Russia and his country in December 2014 were being implemented.
These agreements were ratified by the parliament and came into effect.

“First of all, they concern the energy sector and our relations with
Gazprom on pricing formulas on Russian natural gas for the next five
years, which guarantee stable and predictable in terms of price gas
supplies to Armenia,” Sargsyan said. “It is of principal importance
for us that this regime is already being used for our country,
although it was initially planned that it would be used after
Armenia’s joining the Customs Union [of Russia, Belarus and
Kazakhstan]. The Russian side made a concession to us and this pricing
regime, which provides for reduced gas prices for member countries of
the Customs Union, is already pallicable to Armenia.”

“Apart from that, we have already received first fuel supplies from
Rosneft, which will also help Armenia not to increase fuel prices.
Moreover, there might be downwards tendency, instead,” he stressed.

Talks are underway with Russia’s Gokhran [State Precious Metals and
Gems Repository] on supplies of diamonds to Armenia, he noted.

As concerns the investment sphere, it is cooperation in the free trade
zone on the basis of Yerevan’s Mars works of master controllers. All
necessary normative documents and contracts with the managing company
were signed and implemented last year, he said.

Two business projects have already been endorsed by the Armenia
government, Sargsyan said, adding that he was “glad that Armenia’s
first tablet computers and telephones will be manufactured in this
free trade zone.”

Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev and Tigran Sargsyan will meet
in Sochi on February 24, a day after the closing ceremony of the XXII
Olympic Winter Games, which the Armenian premier is going to attend at
the Russian side’s invitation.

http://www.armradio.am/en/2014/02/22/armenian-pm-russian-companies-play-core-role-in-many-sectors-of-armenias-economy/