Les ratés de la réconciliation turco-arménienne

Le Monde Diplomatique
26 janvier 2012

Les ratés de la réconciliation turco-arménienne

Tandis qu’en France le génocide arménien est instrumentalisé dans la
campagne électorale, la Turquie refuse de ratifier les « protocoles »
signés avec Erevan en 2009 (1) pour normaliser les relations
diplomatiques entre les deux pays et ouvrir la frontière commune,
exigeant des concessions supplémentaires.

par Vicken Cheterian, jeudi 26 janvier 2012

Pour visiter le musée du génocide à Erevan, il faut se rendre au nord
de la capitale arménienne et monter sur la colline de Tsitsernakaberd.
L’effort physique nécessaire à cette ascension rappelle la détresse de
milliers de citoyens ottomans d’origine arménienne, forcés par leur
pays à fuir dans le désert syrien, mourant de faim, d’épuisement ou
assassinés. Au sommet de la colline se trouve une stèle de 44 mètres
de haut qui s’élance vers le ciel, comme pour réclamer justice. Juste
à côté, un monument circulaire formé de douze dalles de basalte
protège la flamme éternelle du souvenir.

Le jour de l’anniversaire du génocide arménien, le 24 avril, des
milliers de personnes montent à Tsitsernakaberd et vont déposer une
fleur devant le monument avant de redescendre par l’autre versant de
la colline. Là, quand il fait beau, les visiteurs ont une vue
magnifique sur le mont Ararat, avec ses neiges éternelles comme
suspendues au ciel. Les Arméniens peuvent bien contempler Ararat, leur
symbole national : il demeure hors d’atteinte, car il est situé de
l’autre côté de la frontière avec la Turquie. Longue de trois cents
kilomètres, passant à seulement quarante kilomètres du centre
d’Erevan, elle est la dernière frontière fermée de la guerre froide.

A Tsitsernakaberd, M. Hayk Demoyan, le directeur du musée du génocide,
nous reçoit. « Ce musée ne raconte pas seulement l’histoire du peuple
arménien, mais également celle du peuple turc. J’espérais qu’avec la
normalisation des relations, les visiteurs turcs viendraient en masse.
» Je voulais en apprendre plus d’un homme qui a suivi les pourparlers
diplomatiques de ces trois dernières années en vue de normaliser les
relations entre l’Arménie et la Turquie. Pourquoi ces efforts ont-ils
échoué ? « La communauté internationale, en particulier les
Etats-Unis, n’ont pas assez fait pression sur la Turquie pour que la
frontière soit rouverte, répondit-il. A présent, le processus est dans
l’impasse. »

La source des difficultés entre les deux pays remonte à la première
guerre mondiale, quand le gouvernement ottoman déporta en masse ses
citoyens arméniens de leurs villes et de leurs villages, décimant la
population arménienne de l’empire. Pourtant, au début des années 1990,
lorsque l’Arménie obtint son indépendance de l’Union soviétique en
crise, il semblait y avoir une chance d’en finir avec l’ancien
antagonisme et de normaliser les relations. Erevan tentait alors
d’échapper à l’influence de Moscou, et le nouveau gouvernement chercha
à établir des relations normales avec Ankara, sans conditions
préalables.

Mais le conflit armé du Haut-Karabagh fut un obstacle majeur (2). Le
gouvernement turc adopta la position de l’Azerbaïdjan dans cette
guerre et exigea de la partie arménienne qu’elle accède à ses
revendications politiques. Au moment de l’accession de l’Arménie à
l’indépendance, Ankara refusa l’établissement de relations
diplomatiques et se joignit à Bakou en 1993 pour imposer un blocus
économique à une Arménie enclavée, afin de l’obliger à abandonner son
soutien aux Arméniens du Haut-Karabagh dans leur lutte pour
l’autodétermination.

La guerre de 2008 entre la Russie et la Géorgie modifia la carte
géopolitique. Ankara estima alors qu’il fallait corriger les erreurs
de sa politique dans le Caucase. Le 8 septembre 2008, le président
turc Abdullah Gül se rendit en Arménie à l’occasion d’un match de
qualification pour la coupe du monde de football, multipliant les
rencontres entre diplomates arméniens et turcs afin de discuter des
mesures à prendre pour normaliser les relations et ouvrir la frontière
commune.

En fait, des négociations secrètes avaient déjà commencé en 2007, avec
la médiation du Département fédéral des affaires étrangères (DFAE)
suisse, et une série de réunions avaient déjà eu lieu à Berne.
L’enchaînement des contacts diplomatiques aboutit à la signature à
Zurich de deux « protocoles », le 10 octobre 2009 ; le premier
consacré à l’établissement de relations diplomatiques, le second à
l’ouverture des frontières. Des membres éminents de la scène politique
internationale, tels la secrétaire d’Etat américaine Hillary Clinton
ou le ministre des affaires étrangères russe Sergueï Lavrov,
assistèrent à la cérémonie organisée par Mme Micheline Calmy-Rey, chef
du DFAE.

Tatul Hakobyan, un chercheur basé à Erevan qui termine actuellement un
livre sur les relations turco-arméniennes, remarque : « L’ironie de la
situation est que, durant la guerre froide, cette frontière n’était
pas aussi hermétique qu’aujourd’hui. Des trains réguliers circulaient
entre Kars et Leninakan [aujourd’hui Gumri]. » M. Hakobyan a une autre
interprétation des causes de l’échec : « Les attentes des uns et des
autres étaient basées sur des calculs erronés. Du côté arménien, on
pensait qu’il était possible de changer le statu quo dans les
relations turco-arméniennes sans changer celui sur le Haut-Karabagh.
La Turquie s’est pour sa part trompée en croyant que le dialogue avec
l’Arménie conduirait à des concessions concernant le Haut-Karabagh. Et
la communauté internationale n’a pas prêté attention aux détails. »

Cela apparut clairement durant la cérémonie de signature des
protocoles. Le processus n’allait pas tarder à échouer, dans la mesure
où la partie turque s’apprêtait à faire une déclaration officielle
dans laquelle elle liait les protocoles aux négociations sur le
Haut-Karabagh. La délégation arménienne refusa alors de prendre part à
la cérémonie. Finalement, il n’y eut pas de déclaration.

Conséquences imprévues
Au début du processus, les présidents arménien et turc ont pris des
risques pour la paix. Le président arménien Serge Sarkissian, déjà
éprouvé par une opposition puissante qui contestait la légitimité de
son élection, prit des risques supplémentaires en engageant un
dialogue avec la Turquie, ce qui suscita la colère du parti
Dashnaktsutyun, très populaire dans la diaspora, l’amenant à quitter
la coalition gouvernementale. La signature des protocoles créa
également une scission entre Erevan et les communautés arméniennes
vivant à l’étranger. Le président arménien en fit l’amère expérience
au cours de sa tournée dans les communautés de la diaspora, juste
avant la signature des protocoles à Zurich : à Paris, Los Angeles et
Beyrouth, il dut affronter des manifestants d’autant plus furieux que,
dans l’accord, les questions d’histoire (et donc celle du génocide)
avaient été reléguées au travail d’une sous-commission.

La politique de rapprochement avec l’Arménie de la diplomatie turque
avait également pour objectif d’alléger les tensions dans le Caucase,
en particulier le Haut-Karabagh. Ankara pensait qu’en améliorant ses
relations avec Erevan, il faciliterait le processus de négociation
entre l’Arménie et l’Azerbaïdjan. Au lieu de cela, il fut confronté à
une réaction violente de la part de l’Azerbaïdjan, qui considéra le
rapprochement avec Erevan comme une trahison. Bakou menaça de
suspendre ses relations avec Ankara et d’annuler les accords prévus
sur les hydrocarbures. En conséquence, le gouvernement turc insista
pour que l’Arménie « bouge » sur la question du Haut-Karabagh afin que
les deux protocoles puissent être ratifiés par le Parlement turc. Il
ne se contentait pas de demander des concessions supplémentaires non
prévues par les protocoles, mais revenait purement et simplement au
statu quo ante : les relations turco-arméniennes ne peuvent pas
s’améliorer tant que l’Arménie ne cède pas aux revendications de
l’Azerbaïdjan sur le conflit du Haut-Karabagh.

L’Arménie et la Turquie se sont engagées dans la négociation sans en
évaluer les risques et les conséquences. Le pire est la déception. «
L’échec des négociations arméno-turques va durcir la position
arménienne dans les négociations sur le Haut-Karabagh », prédit M. Ara
Tadevosyan, directeur de l’agence de presse Media Max à Erevan. De
plus, ce qui a commencé par des initiatives personnelles et dans la
confiance s’achève dans la méfiance. Le gouvernement arménien est déçu
par son homologue turc : il a déjà payé le prix fort au plan politique
en signant les deux protocoles, et il lui est demandé de faire encore
des concessions sur le Haut-Karabagh. Cette déception va radicaliser
la position d’Erevan par rapport à la Turquie, trois ans seulement
avant le centenaire du génocide arménien, en 2015.

(1) « Vers une normalisation des relations turco-arméniennes ? »,
La valise diplomatique, 9 octobre 2009.

(2) Lire Jean Gueyras, « Impossible troc entre Arménie et Azerbaïdjan
», Le Monde diplomatique, mars 2001.

http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/carnet/2012-01-26-turquie-armenie

BAKU: U.S. will never recognize `genocide’ of Armenians

Azerbaijan Business Center
Jan 27 2012

U.S. will never recognize `genocide’ of Armenians and not to impose
criminal prosecution for its denial

Baku, Fineko/abc.az. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated
the U.S. Administration’s position on the issue of “genocide” of
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in 1915-17 and criminalizing its
denial.

“One of the strengths of the U.S. is we do not punish people for their
statements. People can say almost anything they want. In the U.S.,
they do so. Other countries may have different standards and rules.
But I hope that we will never punish anyone for their utterances,” she
said.

In her view, the question of recognition of “genocide” of Armenians
must be decided not by politicians but by historians.

“Involvement of a state for solving such issues is very dangerous
practice. It is needed to allow to both sides to speak, and we urge to
do that. Gather the evidence, tell about your arguments and be
prepared to participate in the discussion,” Mrs. Clinton said.

ISTANBUL: Bosnia urges Paris on `Bosnian genocide bill’

Hurriyet Daily News, Turkey
Jan 27 2012

Bosnia urges Paris on `Bosnian genocide bill’
SARAJEVO / PARIS – Anatolia News Agency

Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Parliament will suggest to the French Senate
that it approve a bill criminalizing anyone who denies the mass
killings of Bosnians during the 1990s war amounted to genocide, said a
deputy.

`This genocide is approved by the international courts and it would be
meaningful for France to approve it rather than dealing with issues
that are not proved by historians or experts,’ Party of Democratic
Action (SDA) deputy Safet KeÅ?o told Anatolia news agency, referring to
the French bill recently approved by the French Senate penalizing the
denial of Armenian genocide allegations. KeÅ?o has prepared a bill to
be sent to the French Senate demanding the penalization of the denial
of the `Bosnian genocide in Srebrenica during the 1990s.’ The draft
bill was approved Jan. 25 by the House of Representatives of Bosnia,
one of the two chambers of Bosnia’s Parliament.

KeÅ?o said their bill request would be an opportunity to test the
principles of the French Senate. After approving the genocide bill on
the Armenian issue, the French Senate should approve their bill, too,
as they had all been a witness to the killings in Bosnia, KeÅ?o said.
January/27/2012

ISTANBUL: Positive fallout from French law

Hurriyet Daily News, Turkey
Jan 27 2012

Positive fallout from French law

by Semih Idiz

Much has been said about the law enacted in France criminalizing
denial of the Armenian genocide. The best comment, however, came from
the Armenian side. Harry Hagopian, `an international lawyer, ecumenist
and EU political consultant,’ can hardly be called a `denialist.’ This
is an abbreviated version of what he said in an article for the
`Ekklesia’ think-tank ():

`In France, President Sarkozy is anxiously courting the Armenian
French votes in order to outdo François Hollande’s Socialist Party in
the presidential elections (…) In Israel, the resurgent enthusiasm
toward the Armenian genocide is meant more as a potential threat (…)
to Turkey ever since bilateral relations chilled following the Mavi
Marmara flotilla incident (…) Should Armenian nationalism and
faithfulness to their identity accept their `cause’ to be crassly
marketed with such animated toadying in a political bazaar that
debases the memory of their murdered ancestors?’

That one is for Armenians to answer and not for a Turk. As Turks we
can look instead at what might be the positive fallout from this whole
episode for the country, especially when combined with the outrage
over the verdict in the case of the murdered Armenian-Turkish
journalist Hrant Dink.
Before that, however, it is important to note that the denial law in
France also exposed the large number of Western academics,
intellectuals, politicians and commentators opposed to it. Even
Amnesty International (AI) has criticized France now.

`The real issue at stake with this bill is not whether the large-scale
killings and forced displacement of Armenians in 1915 constituted a
genocide, but the French authorities’ attempt to curtail freedom of
expression in response to that debate,’ Nicola Duckworth, AI’s Europe
and Central Asia director, said in a statement.

To be chastised like this by AI must be particularly hard to swallow
for the grandchildren of Voltaire. None of this means, however, that
those criticizing France are scurrying to support the official Turkish
narrative on 1915.

Everyone from Timothy Garton Ash to Robert Fisk have made it amply
clear, in so many words, that the problem here is with the freedom of
expression this law denies. So, to return to our basic point, France’s
loss could be Turkey’s gain. Let me explain.

It is extremely contradictory for the Turkish government to constantly
accuse France of violating freedom of expression with this law. Turkey
is the last country that can say this given its own track record. But
this glaring inconsistency is constantly highlighted in Turkey now by
academics, intellectuals and commentators.

So much so that one can say, with some confidence, that it is unlikely
anyone in Turkey will be tried under these circumstances if they say
that it was genocide in 1915.

Together with the public outrage in Turkey over the verdict in the
case of Hrant Dink, who was also convicted for his view on the events
of 1915, this much appears certain.

So, no government expecting to be credible can accuse France anymore
of violating freedom of expression on this topic if there is such an
investigation in Turkey in the background. This then is the corner
into which Turkish nationalists have painted themselves.

Given this situation it is hard to disagree with Hagopian when he
asks, `Should recognition not pass directly and unfailingly through
Turkey, rather than meander hither and thither?’

The tragedy in question, with all its political and social dimensions,
occurred in Turkey, and that is where the problems emanating from it
have to be ultimately resolved, with positive input from Ankara and
Erivan. Where these will not be resolved is France or any other
country. That much should be apparent by now.
January/27/2012

www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/15961

ISTANBUL: Armenian private killed intentionally, new testimony shows

Today’s Zaman, Turkey
Jan 27 2012

Armenian private killed intentionally, new testimony shows

A young man of Armenian descent who was killed while serving in the
Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) as a conscripted private, which was
initially believed to be an accident, is likely a hate crime committed
because of the victim’s ethnic background, new testimony from another
private indicates.

Pvt. Sevag Å?ahin Balıkçı was shot dead on April 24, 2011 — the date
the Armenian Diaspora has chosen to commemorate the incidents of 1915
when hundreds of Armenians were killed in the Ottoman Empire. The
other privates in his unit, stationed in Batman province, and other
officers testified that Balıkçı was shot accidentally when he was
`joking around’ with a close friend, Kıvanç AÄ?aoÄ?lu. However,
according to a report published in the Sabah daily on Friday, one of
the privates who witnessed the incident changed his testimony, which
will likely change the course of the trial of AÄ?aoÄ?lu, the shooter.

The revised testimony was given in late December, according to Sabah’s
report. It wasn’t clear why there were no reports on it earlier.

Halil EkÅ?i, who served in the military during the same period as Sevag
Balıkçı, in his revised testimony said, `Kıvanç pointed his rifle at
Sevag and pulled the trigger. His family had asked me to testify in
his favor,’ indicating that AÄ?aoÄ?lu’s family pressured him into not
describing what really happened.

They were serving at the Kozluk GümüÅ?görü Gendarmerie Station at the
time of the murder.

The investigators in the initial stage of the probe were trying to
understand whether Balıkçı was really the victim of a hapless accident
or a murder committed with full intent. According to the soldiers’
account, Balıkçı was shot by AÄ?aoÄ?lu when they were installing a
chain-link fence around the gendarmerie station.

The family, mainly based on suspicions arising from the date of the
murder, had earlier filed criminal charges against AÄ?aoÄ?lu claiming he
had wanted to kill their son and knew what he was doing when he fired
his rifle. AÄ?aoÄ?lu’s lawyers asserted that their client was a very
close friend of Balıkçı, and his rifle fired by accident. Earlier
testimony from EkÅ?i supported this statement. However, EkÅ?i, who
testified once again on Dec. 27, 2011, said he wanted to change his
initial testimony. He said he did not see the suspect playing around
with the rifle and noted that AÄ?aoÄ?lu’s uncle, Bülent Kaya, had
visited him in his hometown and in fact wrote his initial testimony
with him. He gave his first testimony on Sept. 9, 2011, in an Aydın
court after he was summoned. It wasn’t clear why he changed his
testimony, but the Balıkçı family lawyers had requested to hear him
again on the grounds that they weren’t present during the first
testimony. This is why EkÅ?i was summoned once again by the Aydın 1st
Criminal Court.

In his latest account, EkÅ?i told the judge hearing his testimony: `I
was told by suspect Kıvanç and his family, especially his uncle, to
testify in his favor. On the day of the incident, we were installing
chain-link fencing around the station under orders from our
commanders. As we did our work, at some point, Kıvanç AÄ?aoÄ?lu unlocked
his rifle’s safety and directed it at our other friend Sevag Å?ahin.
And he fired the rifle. This way, Sevag Å?ahin was wounded. I do not
know why Kıvanç fired at Sevag.’

http://www.todayszaman.com/news-269806-armenian-private-killed-intentionally-new-testimony-shows.html

History And Meaning Of The Word `Holocaust’

Huffington Post
Jan 27 2012

History And Meaning Of The Word `Holocaust’: Are We Still Comfortable
With This Term?

Posted: 01/27/2012 7:22 am

What’s in a name?

When it comes to remembering the millions of victims of the Nazi quest
to “purify” Germany during World War II, names are often all that
remain.

So why do we call the Nazi genocide of 6 million Jews and millions of
others “The Holocaust”?

This usage came about gradually. The lower-case “holocaust” has
described the violent deaths of large groups of people probably since
the 18th century, according the Oxford English Dictionary. Before
World War II, the word was used by Winston Churchill and others to
refer to the genocide of Armenians during World War I. In 1933,
“holocaust” was first associated with the Nazis after a major book
burning. And after Word War II, the “Final Solution” was often called
a holocaust. By the 1960s, according to the Jewish Magazine, it became
common to refer to the Nazi genocide of Jews as “The Holocaust.” The
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum notes three events that led to
this shift: the English translation of Israel’s Declaration of
Independence in 1948, which mentions the “Nazi holocaust”; the
translated publications of Yad Vashem, the “world center for Holocaust
research, education, documentation and commemoration” in Jerusalem;
and English newspaper coverage of the trial of Nazi war criminal Adolf
Eichmann.

But what does “holocaust” mean?

`The word is not clearly defined,’ said Marshall J. Breger, a
professor of law at the Catholic University of America and Vice
Chairman of the Jewish Policy Center, who has organized educational
interfaith trips to Auschwitz. Does it refer only to the Jewish
victims of the Nazis? Are other victims of the Nazis included? What
about the Ukrainians starved by Stalin? Or the Armenians murdered by
the Ottomans? Does the Holocaust not include them, too? In other
words, who owns the word and the memory it contains?

`The only problem I have with the word,” Breger said, “is that it’s a
cause for fighting, not a cause for clarifying.’

“Holocaust” comes from the the Greek word holokauston, itself a
translation of the Hebrew olah, meaning “completely burnt offering to
God,” implying that Jews and other “undesirables” murdered during
World War II were a sacrifice to God.

While Shoah, the Hebrew word for “catastrophe,” is the preferred name
— Yad Vashem now advocates using Shoah to refer to the near
destruction of European Jewry and the word is used throughout Israel
— Jews have not entirely avoided the sacrificial moniker. Itzik
Gottesman, Associate Editor of Forverts, the Yiddish version of the
Jewish Daily Forward, said in an e-mail that the Yiddish word for the
Holocaust is Khurbn, coming from a Hebrew word that refers to the
destruction of the ancient Temples in Jerusalem. This was the word
used by survivors of the Nazi project, who often referred to their
ordeal as der letster khurbn, the “most recent destruction.” The Nazi
genocide, in this context, is but the latest in a string of epic
catastrophes.

There was a definite religious connotation for survivors, said Michael
Berenbaum, director of the Sigi Ziering Center for the Study of the
Holocaust and Ethics at the American Jewish University. As they knew,
Jewish sages taught that the underlying spiritual reason for this
destruction was the baseless hatred of one Jew for another. In this
context, the word “holocaust” implies some measure of guilt.

At this point, the word is too entrenched in popular vocabulary to
change, he said. Now, “Holocaust” is used to refer generally to Nazi
atrocities during World War II. In 2006, the United Nations instituted
an International Day of Commemoration, declaring, “the Holocaust,
which resulted in the murder of one-third of the Jewish people along
with countless members of other minorities, will forever be a warning
to all people of the dangers of hatred, bigotry, racism and
prejudice.”

Still, the magnitude and uniqueness of this catastrophic event in
Jewish history transcends the meaning of words and defies
understanding. Yes, many of Nazi’s victims were consumed wholly by
flame. But was this some sort of divine retribution for the sins of a
nation?

“I wouldn’t want to know the God who sacrificed these people,” Berenbaum said.

The International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the
Holocaust, observed on Friday (Jan. 27), the anniversary of the
liberation of the Nazi death camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, is dedicated
this year to remembering the children who perished at the hands of the
Nazis.

What’s in a name?

When it comes to remembering the millions of victims of the Nazi quest
to “purify” Germany during World War II, names are often all that
remain.

So why do we call the Nazi genocide of 6 million Jews and millions of
others “The Holocaust”?

This usage came about gradually. The lower-case “holocaust” has
described the violent deaths of large groups of people probably since
the 18th century, according the Oxford English Dictionary. Before
World War II, the word was used by Winston Churchill and others to
refer to the genocide of Armenians during World War I. In 1933,
“holocaust” was first associated with the Nazis after a major book
burning. And after Word War II, the “Final Solution” was often called
a holocaust. By the 1960s, according to the Jewish Magazine, it became
common to refer to the Nazi genocide of Jews as “The Holocaust.” The
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum notes three events that led to
this shift: the English translation of Israel’s Declaration of
Independence in 1948, which mentions the “Nazi holocaust”; the
translated publications of Yad Vashem, the “world center for Holocaust
research, education, documentation and commemoration” in Jerusalem;
and English newspaper coverage of the trial of Nazi war criminal Adolf
Eichmann.

But what does “holocaust” mean?

`The word is not clearly defined,’ said Marshall J. Breger, a
professor of law at the Catholic University of America and Vice
Chairman of the Jewish Policy Center, who has organized educational
interfaith trips to Auschwitz. Does it refer only to the Jewish
victims of the Nazis? Are other victims of the Nazis included? What
about the Ukrainians starved by Stalin? Or the Armenians murdered by
the Ottomans? Does the Holocaust not include them, too? In other
words, who owns the word and the memory it contains?

`The only problem I have with the word,” Breger said, “is that it’s a
cause for fighting, not a cause for clarifying.’

“Holocaust” comes from the the Greek word holokauston, itself a
translation of the Hebrew olah, meaning “completely burnt offering to
God,” implying that Jews and other “undesirables” murdered during
World War II were a sacrifice to God.

While Shoah, the Hebrew word for “catastrophe,” is the preferred name
— Yad Vashem now advocates using Shoah to refer to the near
destruction of European Jewry and the word is used throughout Israel
— Jews have not entirely avoided the sacrificial moniker. Itzik
Gottesman, Associate Editor of Forverts, the Yiddish version of the
Jewish Daily Forward, said in an e-mail that the Yiddish word for the
Holocaust is Khurbn, coming from a Hebrew word that refers to the
destruction of the ancient Temples in Jerusalem. This was the word
used by survivors of the Nazi project, who often referred to their
ordeal as der letster khurbn, the “most recent destruction.” The Nazi
genocide, in this context, is but the latest in a string of epic
catastrophes.

There was a definite religious connotation for survivors, said Michael
Berenbaum, director of the Sigi Ziering Center for the Study of the
Holocaust and Ethics at the American Jewish University. As they knew,
Jewish sages taught that the underlying spiritual reason for this
destruction was the baseless hatred of one Jew for another. In this
context, the word “holocaust” implies some measure of guilt.

At this point, the word is too entrenched in popular vocabulary to
change, he said. Now, “Holocaust” is used to refer generally to Nazi
atrocities during World War II. In 2006, the United Nations instituted
an International Day of Commemoration, declaring, “the Holocaust,
which resulted in the murder of one-third of the Jewish people along
with countless members of other minorities, will forever be a warning
to all people of the dangers of hatred, bigotry, racism and
prejudice.”

Still, the magnitude and uniqueness of this catastrophic event in
Jewish history transcends the meaning of words and defies
understanding. Yes, many of Nazi’s victims were consumed wholly by
flame. But was this some sort of divine retribution for the sins of a
nation?

“I wouldn’t want to know the God who sacrificed these people,” Berenbaum said.

The International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the
Holocaust, observed on Friday (Jan. 27), the anniversary of the
liberation of the Nazi death camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, is dedicated
this year to remembering the children who perished at the hands of the
Nazis.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/27/2012-01-24%2015:46:27_n_1229043.html

Georgia Drops In Press Freedom Ranking

GEORGIA DROPS IN PRESS FREEDOM RANKING

The Messenger
Jan 27 2012
Georgia

Georgia has lost its position as the press freedom leader of the
Caucasus, according Reporters Without Borders’ 2011 report. Out of
a total 179 evaluated states, Georgia fell to 104th place, behind
Armenia’s 77th place. Russia appeared at 142nd, and Azerbaijan
trails the Caucasian nations at 162nd. The document cites the abuse
of journalists during the opposition rally on May 26, 2011. Video
and still cameras were confiscated or broken, with some journalists
beaten and detained. Later, four photographers were arrested on a
charge of espionage.

European Court To Discuss Azerbaijani Refugees’ Case

EUROPEAN COURT TO DISCUSS AZERBAIJANI REFUGEES’ CASE

Vestnik Kavkaza
Jan 27 2012
Russia

The European Court for Human Rights is going to discuss the legal
action against Armenia started by Azerbaijani refugees, Trend reports.

The European Court is qualified enough to make a decision concerning
such a dispute, the head of the court says.

The law suit has already been registered. It’s not reported when the
court will make its final decision.

Armenian President Meets US Deputy Assistant Secretary

ARMENIAN PRESIDENT MEETS US DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY

Vestnik Kavkaza
Jan 27 2012
Russia

Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan on Friday received the U.S. Deputy
Assistant Secretary in the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
Erik Rubin and discussed Armenian-American relations and regional
issues, News.am reports.

The sides stressed the importance of economic relations, especially
in the IT sphere, the presidential press-service informs.

“We wish to continue to expand Armenian-American relations in all
spheres,” the President said.

“Currently when we celebrate the 20th anniversary of the establishment
of diplomatic relations between Armenia and the U.S., I assure
that the U.S. and its people’s commitment to Armenia’s independence,
well-being and success are on the same high level as they used to be,”
Rubin stressed

NPR: For Turkish Journalists, Arrest Is A Real Danger

FOR TURKISH JOURNALISTS, ARREST IS A REAL DANGER
ANCHORS: Peter Kenyon

National Public Radio
SHOW: Morning Edition 11:00 AM EST
January 26, 2012 Thursday

GUESTS: Yonca Sik, Yasemine Akbas, Joel Simon

RENEE MONTAGNE: In the wake of the Arab Spring, many of the emerging
democracies in North Africa are looking across the Mediterranean to
Turkey, in search of a model. Still, that model may be flawed. Some
analysts in the region question Turkey’s human rights record, and
its dealings with the media.

Critics say the government is using Turkey’s slow-moving and sometimes
opaque justice system to stifle dissent. Media advocates in Turkey are
frustrated both with the government and international media groups,
which in their view, understate the number of imprisoned journalists.

NPR’s Peter Kenyon filed this report from Istanbul.

YONCA SIK: OK, now you will have original Istanbul breakfast.

PETER KENYON: Yonca Sik welcomes a visitor to her Istanbul apartment
on a recent morning, setting the breakfast table with cheese, homemade
jam, tomatoes and the ubiquitous Turkish simit – a sesame-crusted
cross between a bagel and a pretzel.

Also bustling around are Yonca’s young daughter; an attention-seeking
Golden Retriever; and John, a lawyer trying to get her husband,
journalist Ahmet Sik, out of prison.

The arrest of Sik and longtime investigative journalist Nedim Sener
nearly a year ago provoked a large, public outcry. But since then,
detentions of journalists have continued apace.

Yonca Sik says her husband’s spirits seemed to lift when he was finally
able to have his say in open court. That hearing also featured the
first public reading of the indictment against the journalists.

YONCA SIK: (Through translator) When you read the indictment, you
can’t decide whether you should laugh or cry. It’s just really, really
embarrassing. And when it was read aloud in court, it was revelatory –
it was a sort of epiphany because the whole world could see what the
allegations were, and how they were just sort of silly and ridiculous.

PETER KENYON: Prosecutors are taking the indictment quite seriously.

The state charges the journalist with aiding and abetting a terrorist
organization – an alleged behind-the-scenes power structure known
as Ergenekon.

Hundreds of people – military officers, academics and journalists –
have been arrested in various cases involving alleged conspiracies to
overthrow the government. In the case of these journalists, however,
most of the actual evidence of their collaboration consists of news
stories or books they worked on.

Many Turks believe the government was not prepared for the strong
public reaction to what critics call its campaign against unfriendly
journalists. Last week, there was another reminder of just how
unpopular this self-described reformist government’s treatment of
the media has become.

(SOUNDBITE OF CROWD CHANTING AT PROTEST)

PETER KENYON: Five years after the murder of the last journalist to
be killed for doing his job, tens of thousands of Turks took to the
streets to remember the Turkish-Armenian writer Hrant Dink, gunned
down by an ultranationalist teenager.

Many in the crowd condemned a recent court ruling that found no
official involvement in the murder. In the wake of that ruling,
virtually everyone – including one of the judges – expressed discontent
with the verdict.

Protester Yasemine Akbas scornfully dismissed the government’s
assertion that the appeals court may yet get to the truth in the case.

YASEMINE AKBAS: I don’t give a damn to what they say, actually. Their
purpose is not democracy, their purpose is not equilibrium; it’s
not brotherhood, it’s not freedom, it’s not this or that. All their
concern is how to save their own (bleep) that’s all.

PETER KENYON: The chorus of criticism includes the European Court of
Human Rights, which last year said Turkey has violated the Convention
on Human Rights.

The New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists also weighed in
though here, there’s a twist in the tale. CPJ itself came under fire
from local groups after listing eight jailed Turkish journalists in
its latest global survey. The count by Turkish groups reaches almost
to three figures.

CPJ executive director Joel Simon says he was very disturbed to hear
that the government was using the CPJ tally to rebut criticism at
home. He says the sometimes-murky Turkish justice system makes it
hard to meet the clear evidence standards they use for their global
surveys but in any case, the government has nothing to be proud of.

JOEL SIMON: The reality is, eight journalists in jail puts you in
the company of countries like Syria, Ethiopia and Burma, before this
most recent round of releases. Now, Burma has far fewer journalists
in jail than Turkey. So Turkey is one of the world’s worst jailers of
journalists. It’s not, according to our research, on par with China
or Iran, but it’s still one of the world’s worst.

PETER KENYON: The government says it’s encouraging reforms in the
drafting of a new constitution that will improve both the media climate
and the judicial system. But as one Turkish columnist wrote recently,
Turkey’s bid to be recognized as a modern emocratic power inevitably
will be tainted as long as it arrests journalists for doing their job,
and then tries to portray them as terrorists.