TURKEY: ONE YEAR AFTER THE MALATYA MURDERS, IT’S TIME TO ADDRESS THE CAUSES
by Guzide Ceyhan
ChristianToday
http://www.christiantoday.c om/article/turkey.one.year.after.the.malatya.murde rs.its.time.to.address.the.causes/18021.htm
April 15 2008
UK
Turkey’s Protestants are this week commemorating the first
anniversary of the murders of three Protestant Bible publishing
house workers. Guzide Ceyhan, a Turkish Protestant, says little
has changed to give greater protection for the religious freedom
of small religious communities and that dialogue with all religious
communities and non-believers must begin so that the state’s claim
of being "equally close to all religions" becomes a reality.
Turkish Protestants are this week commemorating the deaths one year
ago of Necati Aydin, Tillman Geske and Uður Yuksel. On 18 April 2007,
the three – two Turks and a German national – were brutally murdered
in their office in the south-eastern town of Malatya. The murders
left behind grieving families, a community in fear and a country with
mixed emotions about the incident.
The trial of the five alleged killers of Aydin, Geske and Yucel –
finally begun late last year in Malatya – drags on. But it raises
numerous questions as to who else was involved in planning or inciting
this terrible attack.
In its January 2008 report of violations of the human rights of
the Protestant community, Turkey’s Alliance of Protestant Churches
described 2007 as a "dark year" for the community. The motivation
to compile such a report was to draw attention to the community’s
problems and provide concrete information for those concerned for
the protection of human rights. Sadly, Turkish media coverage of the
report was minimal.
The report includes a long list of incidents of alleged violations
of human rights and provides a chilling insight into the hardships
and attacks this group is subjected to.
First of all, it is interesting to note that all the incidents were
committed by non-State actors, not by the State as such. This of
itself indicates enormous societal intolerance against Protestants in
Turkish society. Yet this does not relieve the State of its obligations
to protect the life, liberty and freedom of religion or belief of
its citizens.
Secondly, as well as the horrendous murders in Malatya, the list
includes many other attacks against members of this community or their
places of worship. These include seven attacks on church buildings
(ranging from attempts to burn the building to throwing stones), four
threats to kill church leaders, one plot to murder a church leader,
and two attempts to kidnap a church leader and his 11-year-old son.
The report stresses that this list contains only those incidents where
the victims were willing to come forward. It also acknowledges that
many other incidents occur, where people are not prepared to make a
public complaint for fear of being exposed.
The third striking feature of the report is that, with few exceptions,
the authorities have not been able to find the perpetrators. The report
calls on the Government and State institutions to take a proactive
attitude to the "lynching campaign" directed against the Protestant
community, whose members are mainly people who have converted to
Christianity from Islam.
But it is not only Protestants who have suffered violence. This year a
Catholic priest, Fr Adriano Franchini, was stabbed by the 20-year-old
R.B. in Izmir, though thankfully the priest survived. The statement of
R.B. at the start of his trial on 9 April is a striking testimony to
the causes of violence against Christians in Turkey. He testified that
he had observed that after the murders in 2006 of the Catholic priest
Fr Andrea Santoro and in 2007 and of the Armenian Turkish journalist
Hrant Dink, the alleged killers were received as heroes. R.B. thought
he would become a hero like them.
R.B. also said that he was inspired by the popular television series
"The Valley of Wolves", which in some episodes portrayed Christian
missionaries in Turkey as enemies of the nation. His statement confirms
that he sees his act as a commitment to nationalism (see Hurriyet 9
April 2008 hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster).
A number of church leaders had already complained about the broadcast
of this series both to the public prosecutor and to the RTUK (Radio
Television Supervisory Organ), regarding it as incitement to hatred.
However, the prosecutor did not regard it as constituting a crime,
while the RTUK took a long time to issue a warning to the producers
and the channel which broadcast it.
The current President of the Alliance of Protestant Churches, Zekai
Tanyar, warns that in the past year Protestants, particularly in
smaller cities and towns, have felt intimidated by rising intolerance
against their community. He says they are reluctant to go to the
police when they receive anonymous threats or face what can only be
described as discrimination in their dealings with public authorities:
they fear they will only draw more attention to themselves and,
in any case, will not succeed. Only in some cases where there have
been serious attacks on church buildings and serious threats to the
lives of church leaders, as referred to in the Alliance’s report,
has the State provided protection.
A number of churches have instead hired private security companies,
while others make sure they lock the doors during worship services.
While they are thankful for the cases where the State has provided
protection, they are also troubled by the constant reminder of the need
for such protection against potential attacks. Inevitably, questions
are raised. Why is police protection needed for a place of worship,
where it ought to be possible for the fundamental right to freedom of
religion or belief to be exercised without interference by anyone? Why
should a church leader need round-the-clock protection wherever they
are? How long will such protection be needed? Increased worries about
security have also frightened church members when coming to worship
services with their families and children.
According to Tanyar, the Protestant Churches’ concerns and
expectations are no different than in 2006, before the Malatya
murders, as the conditions have not changed. He acknowledges that
the necessary changes will need a long time to take effect. Securing
freedom of religion or belief for all belief communities requires
work on many different fronts; it has political, legal and societal
aspects. Creating conditions conducive for a tolerant society – where
not only Protestants, but a wide range of groups that are distinct
from the dominant or majority of the population will be tolerated –
will take a long time.
Tanyar also notes that, for many months, the Government has been held
up by successive crises in domestic politics, such as the problems
around lifting the ban on the wearing of headscarves by female
university students and the recent lawsuit aiming to close down the
ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP). Like many other reforms,
legal steps that need to be taken for better protection of everyone’s
freedom of religion or belief are postponed, while the government
deals with what it regards as more urgent matters. However, concrete
steps must be taken in this direction, otherwise this goal can never
be achieved.
But despite the progress that has been made in the legal sphere,
even the steps that have been taken are sadly incomplete. The
long-promised new Foundations Law does not allow Muslim or non-Muslim
religious communities to legally exist as themselves, and so they
are not themselves allowed to own their own places of worship. As
Dilek Kurban of the Istanbul-based TESEV Foundation noted, the Law is
"incompatible with the principle of freedom of association, which is
guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights, the Constitution
and the Treaty of Lausanne".
Tanyar is clear that, as a community, the Protestant Churches do
not wish to become simply a tool for the political ends of various
groups. In this context he points to politicians who exaggerate the
level of missionary activities and numbers of those who have converted
to Christianity as a result of these activities. Such politicians
do this to reinforce criticism of the Government which has enacted
legislation making spreading a religion a legal activity.
Amid all these debates, it seems that the small Protestant community’s
own voice is not heard by the Turkish public and state officials. There
is no forum or tool whereby the community could effectively respond
to allegations, or take part in a meaningful discussion, involving
all Turkish citizens, that might contribute to clarification and
allow for the Protestant perspective to be heard.
In addition it lacks the resources to respond to everything that is
said in public about it. The voice of Turkey’s other smaller religious
communities also needs to be heard by our fellow Turks.
While it is difficult to remain hopeful about what the future might
hold for Turks in general and religious or belief communities in
particular, it is vitally important to continue to strive for better
protection of freedom of religion or belief. In this context I believe
four concrete steps which would have the effect of better protection
for all belief communities are essential.
The first step in the right direction would be for relevant state
officials and institutions to engage in dialogue with leaders of
believers of both religions that have existed in Turkey for centuries
and those groups that are new. This would of course also include
atheists and agnostics, as freedom of religion or belief is also a
right for non-believers. Such a dialogue would enable individuals and
communities to voice the difficulties they encounter in the exercise
of their right to freedom of religion or belief. It would also send a
strong message to Turkish society that the secular State is "equally
close to all religions", as the authorities like to proclaim. Such a
dialogue would also enhance the prestige and societal acceptance of
groups that now face intolerance.
The vital second step would be to engage in long-term educational
efforts to foster pluralism, the equality of individuals with
different religions and beliefs, and a culture of democracy that would
encourage and teach discussion of different ideas without resorting
to violence. This would also include reforms in public education
of religion which would bring it up to a standard reflecting true
freedom of religion for all non-Muslim groups, as well as various
groups within Islam such as the Alevis. Extreme nationalism is a
major obstacle to this within the educational system.
Thirdly, there is in Turkey great controversy around the term
"missionary activity." Some use it as a negative term, while others
recognise that everyone being able to share their beliefs in a
non-coercive way is inseparable from everyone’s freedom of religion
and belief.
In 2005 a parliamentary motion was brought to the Ministry of
Interior about missionary activities in Turkey. The response of
the then Minister of Interior Abdulkadir Aksu named three groups as
engaging in missionary activity: Protestants, Jehovah’s Witnesses
and Baha’is. He stated that this activity is watched closely in the
interests of national security – even though this is in international
law an unacceptable reason to limit freedom of religion and belief.
Sadly, such comments are common from both politicians and officials.
So Turkish society needs to discuss what is meant by "missionary
activity": if it is different from exercising one’s religion or belief,
and maybe examine what is proper and improper proselytism. It is my
opinion that Turkey would gain much from a genuine public debate on
this, based firmly upon respect for pluralist democracy and tolerance.
Finally, the fourth important step – and one that needs to be taken
immediately – is for the state to enact measures to remove imminent
threats of attacks against places of worship and religious leaders.
Doubtless finding and punishing the perpetrators of previous attacks
would have a deterrent effect on those who contemplate further
such attacks. The authorities must strongly condemn such threats
and attacks and do their utmost to enforce laws protecting members
of belief communities who are vulnerable to such attacks. It is
important that such attacks are condemned by the whole of society,
so that the perpetrators will not have the perception that they will
be received as heroes by a significant group in society.
If Turkey wishes to seen as a republic genuinely committed to a
secular pluralist democracy, it is necessary for our government to:
have an open public dialogue with all religious communities, as well
as non-believers; initiate long-term educational efforts to foster
pluralism and the equality of all citizens; have a public discussion
on what missionary activity actually means in a pluralist democracy;
and, most urgently, take steps to remove imminent threats of attacks
against places of worship and religious leaders, as well as punish
those who have committed attacks. For if we do not, we will not have
started to genuinely address the causes of the three murders whose
first anniversary we are marking this week.
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