Credere l’incredibile

La Stampa, Italia
01/20/2005

CREDERE L’INCREDIBILE

Spinelli Barbara

Barbara Spinelli NOI non sappiamo che cosa sia realistico o non
realistico: noi qui stiamo morendo tutti! Vai a dire questo!””. Con
queste parole Leon Feiner, attivista dell’organizzazione Jewish
Socialist Bund, si accomiato’ da Jan Karski nel ’42, dopo l’invasione
nazista della Polonia. Era ormai chiuso nella trappola che Varsavia
era divenuta per gli ebrei, e Karski era la sua unica speranza.

Karski era un diplomatico polacco, cattolico, che nel ’41 era entrato
clandestinamente nel Paese occupato e aveva visto l’essenziale: il
ghetto di Varsavia, il campo di sterminio di Belzec alla frontiera
con l’Ucraina, le stelle gialle, l’uccisione per le strade di donne,
bambini. Era un testimone prezioso e fu incaricato di raccontare gli
eventi a Londra e in America, mostrando i filmati presi nella
spedizione. Non fu ascoltato, se non da pochi.

Non gli credette nessuno, tranne qualche spirito profetico. Fu cosi’
sempre, nei genocidi del XX secolo.

Dopo aver letto il rapporto di Karski e visto i suoi film, Ignacy
Schwarzbart in nome del Consiglio nazionale polacco di Londra invio’
un telegramma al Congresso Ebraico Mondiale, alla fine del ’42:
“”Ebrei in Polonia quasi completamente annientati – STOP – A Belzec
costretti scavare loro tomba suicidio di massa centinaia di bambini
gettati vivi in canali di scolo – STOP – Ebrei nudi trascinati camere
della morte – STOP – Migliaia di vittime quotidiane intera Polonia –
STOP – Credere l’incredibile – STOP””. Credere l’incredibile: ecco la
frase che spiega tanti misteri, nelle reazioni del mondo a Auschwitz.
Che spiega il silenzio, l’indifferenza delle democrazie, dei maestri
di pensiero e di religione. Furono numerosi perfino gli ebrei, a non
credere: negli Stati Uniti, Karski non riusci’ a smuovere Felix
Frankfurter, giudice della Corte Suprema, e Isaiah Berlin – nel ’42
lavorava all’ambasciata britannica di Washington – non vedeva piu’ di
un pogrom, una persecuzione abituale. Stessa reazione l’ebbero
dirigenti sionisti come Nahum Goldman, Chaim Weizmann, David
Ben-Gurion.

Scrive la studiosa Samantha Power, in un libro esemplare, che i
rappresentanti della civilta’ vivevano in “”un crepuscolo tra il
sapere e il non sapere”” (Voci dall’Inferno, Baldini Castoldi Dalai
2004). Questo era dunque il contesto, in cui i contemporanei di
Auschwitz pensavano, operavano, prima della liberazione dei campi
sessant’anni fa.

Questa la sensibilita’ ottenebrata, la mancata percezione del
carattere inedito dell’orrore: il contesto e’ qualcosa che gli
storici non possono ignorare, e che secondo molti giustifica silenzi
e omissioni non solo durante, ma dopo lo sterminio. Lo si e’ potuto
constatare nell’avvincente dibattito aperto dal Corriere della Sera
su Pio XII e l’ordine, nel ’46, di non restituire alle famiglie i
bambini ebrei salvati e battezzati durante il genocidio. La storia
non si giudica con il metro del presente, e’ stato detto. E
certamente non possiamo ignorare tutti quegli ingredienti (il
contesto appunto, o come si dice oggi il comune sentire,
l’orientamento largamente diffuso all’epoca dei fatti) che sono la
stoffa di cui da sempre e’ fatto il Zeitgeist, e cioe’ quello spirito
dei tempi teorizzato da Hegel e descritto da Goethe come
“”predominio”” di un pensiero che “”s’impossessa delle masse”” e non
tollera pareri contrari. Karski e altri non furono ascoltati, e tale
era il Zeitgeist degli Anni 30 e 40. Lo era per vari motivi. Perche’
le sovranita’ degli Stati erano intangibili, e la lotta a Hitler era
contro la sua espansione militare. Il crimine era talmente
inconcepibile da sembrare non possibile.

Gli ebrei erano stati perseguitati tante volte, e non si vide lo
strappo. Ma soprattutto non c’era un nome, per dirlo. Il crimine era
non solo inconcepibile ma ineffabile, dunque condannato a restare nel
crepuscolo tra dire e non dire, agire e non agire. Il richiamo allo
Spirito dei Tempi si comprende, ma non e’ in realta’ di enorme aiuto.
Quel che avvenne durante il genocidio e dopo chiarisce il perche’ di
tante rimozioni (compresa la rimozione in Israele; compresa la
rimozione favorita dai comunisti in Est Europa: nei Lager le lapidi
tacitavano il martirio degli ebrei, giudicato secondario rispetto a
quello dei comunisti), ma e’ utile piu’ per una cura di guarigione
dopo il delitto, che per una cura che lo scongiuri.

La questione davvero cruciale e’ un’altra, e la lezione di Auschwitz
non concerne tanto l’espiazione-riparazione quanto la prevenzione.
Come dice Freud criticando Dostoevskij: quel che conta nell’etica e’
evitare di fare il male, non anelare a lacerate espiazioni. E la
memoria giova se salvaguarda i due ricordi: come si pati’ l’orrore e
lo si penso’ dopo, ma anche come fu intuito e ritenuto scongiurabile
prima, se testimoni e moniti fossero stati ascoltati. Di questo gli
storici non si occupano molto, anche perche’ la figura del testimone
non ha sempre diritto di cittadinanza nei loro archivi. Eppure e’
questo che puo’ aiutare a capire, ad agire: la rievocazione degli
allarmi che furono lanciati da un certo numero di illuminati.

Lo studio del loro carattere, del loro metodo. Esaminando le opere di
chi seppe dire l’orrore, si apprende una grande lezione: non e’
necessaria una vista specialmente acuta, ne’ occorre attendere di
avere un’idea sulle idee del genocidio (questo il significato di
vocaboli improbi come concettualizzazione, contestualizzazione della
Shoah). E’ sufficiente avere una quantita’ modica di decenza, non
influenzabile dalle circostanze.

E per istituzioni come il Papa di Roma, e’ sufficiente – lo ricorda
Claudio Magris – rammentare che la Chiesa non e’ figlia del Zeitgeist
ma difende “”verita’ ritenute immutabili””. L’antigiudaismo
tradizionale che allignava nel cristianesimo aveva creato un clima
favorevole all’antisemitismo hitleriano ma non aveva a che fare con
Auschwitz. Qualcosa di nuovo era apparso in Europa, un antisemitismo
che non spingeva gli ebrei ne’ a convertirsi ne’ a fuggire ma che li
chiudeva in spazi chiusi e li annientava. E il nuovo che irrompe nel
presente, solo uno sguardo profetico puo’ intuirlo: non perche’ il
profeta anticipi l’avvenire, ma perche’ sa descrivere il presente.
Solo i profeti e i vigili hanno quel che serve: non una visione
storicizzata dell’etica ma un’immaginazione morale, e la capacita’ di
dare un nome all’Inferno. Non mancarono uomini simili, dotati di
fantasia etica.

Basta ricordare due nomi, a parte Karski. Il primo e’ Arnold
Schonberg: nel libro Un Programma in Quattro Punti per l’Ebraismo,
scritto fra il ’33 e il ’38, il musicista fa la lista meticolosa
degli ebrei minacciati da Hitler che vivono in Germania, Austria,
Europa centro-orientale: “”C’e’ posto nel mondo per circa 7 milioni
di persone? O questi milioni sono condannati alla finale rovina? A
divenire un popolo estinto, affamato, macellato?””. Schonberg fa
capire che non l’eroismo s’impone. Basta un po’ d’anticonformismo, ed
essere “”osservatori svegli, realistici””. Cosi’ l’immaginazione
morale si mette a servizio del realismo, solitamente evocato per
giustificare omissioni. Schonberg aveva visto montare l’antisemitismo
nuovo fin dai primi Anni 20, in Austria. Il secondo e’ Raphael
Lemkin, un giurista polacco che dopo il genocidio degli armeni nel
’15 aveva capito quale disastro puo’ nascere da crimini prima non
visti, poi impuniti.

Poco prima di invadere la Polonia, Hitler aveva rassicurato cosi’ i
comandanti del proprio esercito: “”Chi ricorda ancora, oggi, il
genocidio degli armeni?””. Nessuno lo ricordava perche’ non esisteva
ancora un nome per simile crimine, e solo il nome poteva fondare
secondo Lemkin una giurisprudenza internazionale. Il 24 agosto ’41,
mentre i nazisti avanzavano in Russia, Churchill aveva detto alla
Bbc: “”Interi distretti vengono sterminati, migliaia sono le
esecuzioni a sangue freddo.

Dall’invasione dei Mongoli non s’e’ visto un mattatoio simile. Siamo
in presenza d’un crimine senza nome””. Grazie a Lemkin, il crimine
senza nome ricevera’ invece un nome, gia’ nel ’43: genocidio. E una
volta trovato il nome si potra’ poi legiferare. Nel ’48, l’Onu
approva una Convenzione sul genocidio, e a Norimberga il reato di cui
saranno accusati i nazisti sara’ genocidio. Negli Anni Cinquanta si
trovera’ il nome di Olocausto (lo storico ebreo Poliakov nel ’51, lo
scrittore cattolico Mauriac nel ’58).

Poi, sulla scia del film di Claude Lanzmann, si parlera’ di Shoah.
Dare un nome e’ cruciale, se si vuol far fronte agli stermini prima
che succedano. Per Ruanda e Bosnia non si volle usare la parola
genocidio, perche’ la convenzione Onu comporta il dovere
d’intervento. Anche l’annientamento con armi chimiche di circa
100.000 curdi iracheni nell’87 non fu chiamato genocidio. Furono le
amministrazioni Reagan e Bush senior a opporsi, perche’ Saddam era
allora un prezioso alleato. Divenne nemico da abbattere quando stava
diventando, grazie a ispezioni e sanzioni, nella sostanza innocuo.

Il motivo per cui contano piu’ i prodromi che la successiva
elaborazione della colpa e’ che nel futuro varra’ la pena prevenire
ecatombi simili, piuttosto che trovare il modo piu’ eccelso di
piangere i morti. Per far questo, bisogna non solo dare il nome al
delitto, come ha fatto Lemkin, ma riscrivere un intero vocabolario, a
partire dall’esperienza di Auschwitz.

Bisogna ridefinire la classica politica di potenza e dunque la
sovranita’ assoluta degli Stati, stabilendo che essi non possono fare
qualsiasi cosa sul proprio territorio. Bisogna avere l’immaginazione
morale atta a dire l’indicibile, l’incredibile. Non bisogna dare
colori metafisici agli eventi: Auschwitz e’ uno sterminio di popoli
(ebrei, polacchi, zingari); non e’ ne’ un misterico sacrificio (un
Olocausto) ne’ un’esperienza che riguarda solo gli ebrei. E non sono
coinvolti solo etnie ma modi di essere, di vivere (malati mentali,
omosessuali). Bisogna rivedere il concetto di comune civilta’ umana,
liberandola dagli unanimismi: la civilta’ umana, dice Ignatieff, e’
unita nella coscienza della propria diversita’. Nessun essere sulla
terra si differenzia come gli uomini (per colore di pelle, religione,
stili di vita), ed e’ questo il tesoro da salvare.

E’ perche’ non c’e’ ancora questo vocabolario che tanti tabu’, legati
a Auschwitz, rischiano oggi di cadere. Tra questi: l’eugenetica; o la
tortura dei prigionieri di guerra, costretti a denudarsi e a vedersi
umiliati nella propria religione (Abu Ghraib). Torna infine il
bisogno di capro espiatorio: il bisogno di individuare categorie
nemiche, per appartenenza religiosa o modi di vita.

Come dice Ignatieff, il genocidio comincia con la promessa di creare
un mondo senza diversi, senza nemici, fatto di gente tutta eguale.

Comincia con un’utopia, e quest’utopia mortifera e’ dentro ciascuno
di noi. E siccome l’utopia e’ dentro di noi, e l’orientamento diffuso
tra la gente e i politici tende negli ultimi tempi a assecondarla,
Auschwitz e’ sempre di nuovo possibile.

Vneshtorgbank buys controlling bloc of UBG shares

RIA Novosti, Russia
Jan 18 2005

VNESHTORGBANK BUYS CONTROLLING BLOC OF UBG SHARES

TBILISI/MOSCOW, January 18 (RIA Novosti) – The act of Russia’s
Vneshtorgbank (VTB) buying the controlling bloc (51%) of shares from
the United Bank of Georgia (UBG) was ceremoniously signed today by
VTB President Andrey Kostin in the UBG head office. Under an
agreement, the UBG is to retain its name and the location of the head
office.

While on a two-day visit to Tbilisi, Andrey Kostin met with Georgia’s
President Mikhail Saakashvili, Prime Minister Zurab Zhvaniya and
Catholicos-Patriarch of all Georgia Ilya the Second.

“The Georgian president and VTB boss shared the view that there are
wide prospects for expanding Russian-Georgian partnership, in the
field of Russian investment in the Georgian economy as well,” reports
the VTB press-service..

The republic’s leading United Bank of Georgia ranks third in
reference to the value of its assets making $87.8 million and
accounts for a ramified regional network with about 40 branch
offices. The bank’s shareholders are the EBRD owning 17.8 percent of
the authorized capital, Germany’s Martin Bauer GmbH with 18.1 percent
and the residents with 64.1 percent.

“The purchase of the UBG boasting a developed clientage, in the small
and medium business as well, is to serve for the VTB’s further
expansion into the market of Georgia’s banking services,” says the
VTB press-service.

Andrey Kostin believes that the recent purchase will enable the
Vneshtorgbank to consolidate its positions as a vehicle of foreign
trade relations within the CIS environment, in particular, to promote
Russian-Georgian trade turnover.

In 2005, the Vneshtorgank Group will be represented in the
post-Soviet space by a subsidiary in Armenia, an office to open in
Ukraine and a mission in Belorussia. Further VTB plans include wider
activities on the banking markets of Belorussia, Kazakhstan and other
CIS nations.

Nairit – Most Dangerous Among Plants of Armenia

NAIRIT – MOST DANGEROUS AMONG PLANTS OF ARMENIA

Azg/arm
18 Jan 05

Chemical industrial enterprises and refrigerating engineering that is
utilizing such toxic stuff as ammonium are a great danger for
Armenia. According to the government’s decree, all such industries
have to elaborate measures to minimize the risk for human life at the
enterprises. The measures are tested by the Ministry of Emergency. An
enterprise should define the circle of a possible disaster, the
influence of meteoric factors, the quantity of toxic leakage etc.

There are 27 enterprises of that kind. “Nairit most be considered the
most dangerous one, as it deals with chlorine, ammonium and
hydrochloric acid”, Ludwig Nazarian of the Emergency Ministry said.

There were only cases of ammonium and chlorine leakage that were of
local character and were no danger for population.

The only industry that really pollutes the atmosphere by toxic
emissions is the Manes-Valex metallurgical plant of Alaverdi. The
Soviet government tookthe responsibility of solving the issue 15 years
ago.

There is no technology of filtration at the plant, and one can feel
how toxic the air here is. The only measure against the pollution is
the examination of presence of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere every 3
days.

The reservoirs are another source of danger for such a seismic country
as Armenia. In case of powerful earthquake, the waters of the
reservoir can wash away entire settlements.

By Karine Danielian

Georgia Dep Min of Economic Dev Sceptical re Turkey/Georgia Railway

GEORGIA’S DEPUTY MINISTER OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMEMT SCEPTICALLY TREATS
OPPORTUNITY OF CONSTRUCTION OF TURKEY-GEORGIA RAILWAY

AKHALKALAK, January 17 (Noyan Tapan). Henrik Muradian, Deputy Minister
of Economic Development of Georgia, scpetically treats the opportunity
of realization of the agreement on construction of the
Kars-Akhalkalak-Tbilisi railway. The document was signed in late
December 2004 in Tbilisi by Alexi Alexishvili, Georgia’s Minister of
Economic Development, Binali Yildirim, Turkey’s Minister of Transport,
Musa Panahov, Azerbaijan’s Deputy Minister of Transport. According to
preliminary calculations, about $350m will be spent on the
construction of the railway, 200m out of which will be spent on the
construction of the Kars-Akhalkalak line, 150m on the reconstruction
of the Akhalkalak-Tbilisi line. According to Muradian, the agreement
is only on paper and there are no resources necessary for
implementation of the project yet. There is no investor who will
assume the construction of the railway. It’s not excluded that the
project won’t be implemented during the coming 20-30 years. At the
same time Henrik Muradian attached importance to the construction of
the Akhalkalak-Kartsakh-Kars motor highway. The construction of the
Turkish sector of the road has been already finished long ago and the
construction of the Georgian sector will begin this year. The Kartsakh
customs house will open, which, according to H.Muradian, will be
economically more profitable for Armenia, too. According to the A-Info
agency, the first agreement on construction of the
Kars-Akhalkalak-Tbilisi railway was signed between Georgia and Turkey
in 1997 January 28. According to the Anatolu Turkish news agency, on
the occasion of signing of the new agreement in 2004 December in
Tbilisi Turkish Minister Yildirim declared that Turkey, Georgia and
Azerbaijan will make a final decision on the program in 2005 April and
the program will be financed by the 3 countries.

1st Of Two-Volume Book “Modern Armenian Writers Of Istanbul” Publ.

FIRST VOLUME OF TWO-VOLUME BOOK “MODERN ARMENIAN WRITERS OF ISTANBUL”
PUBLISHED IN BEIRUT

ISTANBUL, January 15 (Noyan Tapan). The first volume of the the
two-volume book “Modern Armenian Writers of Istanbul” was published in
Beirut. The book was prepared for publication by Karo Abrahamian, a
former resident of Istanbul who, despite the fact of having settled in
Beirut and setting up business there, has maintained links with the
literary and cultural life of Istanbul. The well-known poet from
Labanon Pepo Simonian also has an important contribution in the
publication of the book as the editor in charge of the volume.

According to the daily “Marmara” (Istanbul), the first volume is
dedicated only to creative literature – poetry, prose and drama, while
the second one will deal with publicism. In the part dedicated to
poetry, the introduction is followed by Pepo Simonian’s essay
“Armenian Poets of Istanbul”. The biographies of 28 poets, as well as
their photos and selected works are presented. The second part devoted
to the Armenian prose-writers of Istanbul begins with Rober Hattechian’s
article “Literary Review of Armenian Prose of Istanbul”. This part
contains works of 23 prose-writers. The third part about drama is
constructed according to the same principle: first a leading article,
Varuzhan Atchemian’s “Essay on Armenian Theatre of Istanbul”, followed
by some information about the works of two dramatists, Rober Hattechian
and Arman Vardanian. Works of 7 authors have been included in this
part. The 550-page volume has an annex with brief information on 33
other writers.

Moscow hails progress toward NK settlement

RIA Novosti, Russia
Jan 14 2005

MOSCOW HAILS PROGRESS TOWARD KARABAKH SETTLEMENT

MOSCOW, January 14 (RIA Novosti) – The Russian foreign ministry has
circulated a report noting certain positive shifts in Yerevan’s and
Baku’s conceptual approaches to Karabakh settlement.

On January 10-11, Prague was the venue of a routine meeting between
Armenian Foreign Minister Vardan Oskanyan and his Azeri counterpart
Elmar Mamedyarov with the participation of the co-chairmen of the
Minsk OSCE group on Karabakh settlement (Russia, the USA and France).

“Moscow is delighted to note that meetings between the Armenian and
Azeri sides on various levels, including summits and Prague dialogue,
have assumed a regular nature,” says the report.

Azeri-Armenian consultations under the international aegis have
proved to consider virtually all aspects of the Nagorny Karabakh
conflict.

“These include such disputes as the withdrawal of the Armenian
troops, demilitarization of this territory, international guarantees
and the future status of Nagorny Karabakh [Armenian enclave on
Azerbaijan territory, a self-proclaimed republic],” says the report.

“Both sides confirm their readiness to continue joint work with a
view to abating tensions around the Karabakh problem and consequently
improving the situation in all the South Caucasian region.”

“The sides can be only praised for their agreement on advancing in
the implementation of the earlier-made decision to send a
fact-finding Minsk OSCE Group mission to occupied territories in the
Karabakh zone as well as on seeking to stage an Azeri-Armenian summit
in Warsaw this summer.”

“As before, Moscow is ready to assist together with other
participants in the Minsk OSCE Group in an ever deeper mutual
understanding between Armenia and Azerbaijan so as to attain Karabakh
settlement through peaceful talks,” concludes the Russian foreign
ministry’s report.

BAKU: Japan hopes for speedy Karabakh solution

Japan hopes for speedy Karabakh solution, visiting minister tells Azeri radio

ANS Radio, Baku
14 Jan 05

The Tokyo government hopes that the Nagornyy Karabakh problem will be
settled soon, visiting Japanese Deputy Foreign Minister Ichiro Aisawa
has told ANS.

We hope that the conflict will be solved through talks. The Japanese
government might render humanitarian aid to the refugees, end of
quote.

The visit by the Japanese deputy foreign minister is aimed at
expanding ties between the two countries, especially developing
cooperation in the economic sphere.

Mr Aisawa spoke highly of the fact that the former Japanese ambassador
to Azerbaijan, Toshiyuki Fujiwara, was chosen Man of the Year.

This is very nice. Japan and Azerbaijan have done a lot to deepen
mutual respect and trust in a few years. At the same time, I am proud
of the fact that the honorary title was conferred on our ambassador
and his work was appreciated, end of quote.

Russia Willing To Work With New Ukrainian Leaders – Russian DM

RUSSIA WILLING TO WORK WITH NEW UKRAINIAN LEADERS – DEFENCE MINISTER

Interfax-AVN military news agency web site, Moscow
13 Jan 05

Washington, 13 January: Russian Defence Minister Sergey Ivanov has
said Russia was willing to work with the new Ukrainian leadership.

“There were many statements made in the course of the election
campaign and the three rounds of the election, but the election is now
over. Ukraine remains in the same place geographically as before the
election, and it is time for normal work for Ukraine and Russia,”
Ivanov told a news conference in Washington.

“We are well aware of Mr (President-elect Viktor) Yushchenko’s
statement to the effect that he would like to pay his first official
visit in his new capacity to Moscow,” the minister said.

Answering a question on prospects in Russian-Armenian relations,
Ivanov said: “We will not push Armenia in any direction. It is a
sovereign state, and Armenia will decide itself in what direction it
should develop.”

The defence minister also noted the dynamic development of
Russian-Turkish relations.

“I cannot see any major problems in relations with that country except
for double standards in the fight against terrorism,” he
said. According to the minister, Turkey is top of the league in terms
of numbers of its nationals killed in Chechnya as members of rebel
gangs. There have been several dozen of these, Ivanov added.

OSCE new Chairman to visit South Caucasus in Mid-January

ArmenPress
Jan 4 2005

OSCE NEW CHAIRMAN TO VISIT SOUTH CAUCASUS IN MID-JANUARY

YEREVAN, JANUARY 4, ARMENPRESS: Azeri mass media reported that
Slovenian Foreign Minister Dimitrij Rupel, who officially took over
the Chairmanship of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in
Europe (OSCE) from Bulgaria on 1 January 2005 will pay a visit to the
Southern Caucasus in 2005 mid-January.
Dimitrij Rupel will formally present the priorities of the new
Chairmanship to the OSCE’s 55 participating States at the Permanent
Council in Vienna on 13 January.
“The OSCE has always responded well to challenge and adversity,”
Minister Rupel said at the OSCE Ministerial Council in Sofia in 2004
December. “Its ability to adapt has, over the years, become one of
its greatest virtues and advantages.”
“The responsibility to make it stronger and more visible in the
global arena rests upon us. Slovenia is resolute that the OSCE should
have a strong role in sowing the seeds of security and co-operation
throughout its area and beyond,” he said.

F18News: Turkmenistan – 2004, the year of demolished mosques

FORUM 18 NEWS SERVICE, Oslo, Norway

The right to believe, to worship and witness
The right to change one’s belief or religion
The right to join together and express one’s belief

================================================
Tuesday 4 January 2005
TURKMENISTAN: 2004, THE YEAR OF DEMOLISHED MOSQUES

Like the Seventh-day Adventist Church and the Hare Krishna community,
Muslims in Turkmenistan have also suffered from having their places of
worship demolished by the government, Forum 18 News Service has learnt. In
2004 President Niyazov inaugurated “the largest mosque in Central
Asia,” but at least seven mosques were demolished by the authorities,
Muslim and non-Muslim sources inside Turkmenistan have told Forum 18. The
Baptist and Pentecostal churches in the capital Ashgabad were confiscated
in 2001, leaving both communities with nowhere to worship. The Adventist
church in Ashgabad and two Hare Krishna temples were bulldozed in 1999.
Although both communities gained official registration in 2004, neither
community has been allowed to meet publicly for worship. Also, the
authorities have neither paid compensation for bulldozing their places of
worship, nor allowed them to be rebuilt.

TURKMENISTAN: 2004, THE YEAR OF DEMOLISHED MOSQUES

By Felix Corley, Forum 18 News Service

In 2004, the same year that Turkmenistan’s autocratic president Saparmurat
Niyazov inaugurated what officials describe as “the largest mosque in
Central Asia” in his home village of Kipchak in central Turkmenistan,
the authorities demolished at least seven other mosques, apparently to
prevent unapproved Muslim worship from taking place. Several Muslim and
non-Muslim sources inside Turkmenistan, who preferred not to be identified,
have told Forum 18 News Service of seven specific mosque demolitions. The
sources said they believe that other unapproved mosques might also have
fallen victim to the government’s desire to stifle unauthorised Muslim
worship. Christians and members of other faiths are still battling to be
allowed to open places of worship, or regain those confiscated or rebuild
those demolished in the past six years.

The Kipchak mosque – built by the French company Bouygues and
inaugurated with great pomp on 22 October 2004 – angered some Muslims
by incorporating on its walls not only quotations from the Koran, but from
the Ruhnama (Book of the Soul), a pseudo-spiritual work claimed to have
been written by President Niyazov. Muslims regard the use of such
quotations – and the requirement that copies of the Ruhnama be placed
in mosques on a par with the Koran as well as instructions to imams to
quote lavishly from the president’s work in sermons – as blasphemous.
Few Muslims reportedly attend the Kipchak mosque for regular prayers,
though it can house up to 10,000 worshippers. Apparently as part of a
policy of isolating Turkmen religious believers of all faiths, no foreign
Muslim religious dignatories were permitted to attend the inaugauration
(see F18News 26 October 2004
).

Islam is traditionally the faith of the majority in Turkmenistan, and it is
also the faith under the tightest government control. The president
installed the new chief mufti Rovshen Allaberdiev last August after
removing his predecessor, while the government’s Gengeshi (Council) for
Religious Affairs names all imams throughout the country (see F18News
F18News 25 June 2004
). Only about 140 mosques
– all of them under the state-controlled muftiate – now have state
registration, just a fraction of the number of a decade ago when religious
practice was freer.

Independent mosques have been demolished in recent years – such as
those built by Imam Ahmed Orazgylych in a suburb of Ashgabad [Ashgabat] and
in the village of Govki-Zeren near Tedjen [Tejen] in southern Turkmenistan,
both bulldozed in 2000 – while others that reject the forced
imposition of the Ruhnama have been shut down – such as the mosque
closed on National Security Ministry orders in late 2003 after mosque
leaders refused to place the Ruhnama in a place of honour (see F18News 19
November 2003 ).

Other faiths too face severe difficulties maintaining places of worship.
The authorities have refused to allow the two Hare Krishna temples
bulldozed in Mary region in summer 1999 and the Seventh-day Adventist
church bulldozed in Ashgabad in November 1999 to be rebuilt and have
refused to pay any compensation. Neither community has been allowed to meet
publicly for worship despite both having regained official registration in
2004 (see F18News 4 October 2004
).

Nor have the Baptist and Pentecostal churches in Ashgabad – closed
down and confiscated in 2001 – been handed back, leaving both
communities with nowhere to worship. The government has also refused to
hand back an Armenian Apostolic church in the Caspian port city of
Turkmenbashi [Türkmenbashy] confiscated during the Soviet period,
despite repeated appeals by the local Armenian community. Other religious
communities which have been denied registration – including other
Protestant churches, the Jehovah’s Witnesses and the New Apostolic Church
– likewise have nowhere to meet.

The 2004 mosque demolitions appear to have occurred in two waves, with
three demolished in the first wave at the beginning of 2004, and a further
four in a second wave in Ashgabad since October. Two of the demolitions
were on the eve of the Muslim fasting month of Ramadan.

“The mosques demolished in the spring had been built without
permission,” one source told Forum 18. “The demolitions were not
reported in the media, but they didn’t take place covertly either.”

The three mosques known to have been demolished in the first wave were a
Shia mosque used by local ethnic Iranians in the village of Bagyr near
Ashgabad, as well as small Sunni mosques in the town of Serdar (formerly
Kyzyl-Arvat) in western Turkmenistan and in the village of Geoktepe, 45
kilometres (30 miles) north-west of Ashgabad. “The Geoktepe mosque was
in the middle of the old fortress,” one source told Forum 18.
“The authorities wanted all the Muslims to go to the main, newly-built
mosque.” The massive Saparmurat Haji mosque, named after the president
and completed in the 1990s, was, like the Kipchek mosque, built by the
Bouygues company. The construction cost was a reported 86 million US
dollars.

The autumn wave of demolitions began with the demolition of two mosques in
Ashgabad – one on Bitarap Turkmenistan (former Podvoisky) Street and the
second in the southern part of the city near the Customs Clearing House on
the road to the Turkmen-Iranian Howdan-Bajgyran border checkpoint. Both
were demolished on 15 October, just one day before the start of Ramadan.

“Worshippers in both mosques were told that these mosques were being
demolished because the local government is planning to build a new road and
to widen the existing one,” a source told Forum 18 from Ashgabad.
“Of course, nothing has yet been built there.”

A visitor to the Bitarap Turkmenistan Street mosque in August found it
looking “pretty good”, with people repairing and painting the
inside of the relatively large building. Sources told Forum 18 that local
people were “really unhappy” when the local authorities informed
them the mosque was to be demolished.

“According to some unconfirmed rumours, construction of these mosques
was financed by some unidentified Arab charities,” one source added.
“This might have been one of the reasons for their demolition.”
Some local imams referred to the mosque on Bitarap Turkmenistan Street as a
Wahhabi mosque, a reference to the brand of Sunni Islam that predominates
in Saudi Arabia, though the term “Wahhabi” is used more widely
(and often wrongly) in Central Asia as a synonym for “Muslim
extremist”.

Soon afterwards a privately-built mosque, located on Garashsyzlyk Avenue in
the Garadamak area of southern Ashgabad, was demolished, together with a
large number of houses in the same area. “However, I doubt that this
was the main reason to get rid of it,” a source told Forum 18 from
Ashgabad. The source, who visited the mosque in July, said that the imam,
who used to live in a nearby house, seemed at that time to be unaware of
the government’s imminent plans to demolish his mosque.

The most recent demolition, in November, was of another private mosque
located in the Choganly area of northern Ashgabad, near the city’s largest
market called Tolkushka. It too was not registered with the government but,
unlike the Garashsyzlyk Avenue mosque, could not operate due to strong
opposition from the local authorities. No other houses around this mosque
in Choganly are known to have been demolished, only the mosque itself.
Although mass rebuilding has taken place in other parts of Ashgabad in
recent years, the government does not appear to have plans to build
anything in Choganly.

One local Muslim suggested that all four of the Ashgabad mosques demolished
in the autumn were targeted because their imams refused to read Niyazov’s
Ruhnama in their mosques.

Other Muslims trace the start of the latest wave of demolitions of private
mosques to a presidential speech complaining of alleged attempts to sow
discord in the country. “Some people are coming here and taking our
lads to teach them,” Niyazov told a meeting in the city of
Turkmenbashi on 22 September 2004. “Eight lads have been taken in this
way to make them into Wahhabis. This means they will come back later and
start disputes among us. Therefore let us train them here, in Ashgabad, at
a faculty of theology.”

Sources have told Forum 18 that Khezretkuli Khanov, head of the Gengeshi
for the capital Ashgabad, has complained to visitors to his office in
recent months that he constantly faces the problem of dealing with mosques
functioning without the required permission. Unregistered religious
activity is illegal in Turkmenistan, in defiance of international human
rights norms.

For more background, see Forum 18’s Turkmenistan religious freedom survey
at

A printer-friendly map of Turkmenistan is available at
;Rootmap=turkme
(END)

© Forum 18 News Service. All rights reserved.

You may reproduce or quote this article provided that credit is given to
F18News

Past and current Forum 18 information can be found at

http://www.forum18.org/
http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=439
http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=349
http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=187
http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=424
http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=296
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&amp
http://www.forum18.org/
http://www.forum18.org/