ARMENIAN CHILDREN FORCED TO READ IN THE DARK IN TURKEY
Vercihan Ziflioglu
Hurriyet Daily News
Friday, December 11, 2009
Istanbul
Children from Armenia are attending classes and reading smuggled
textbooks at an illegal school in the basement of a building in
Istanbul. Forbidden to attend Armenian minority schools under the
Lausanne Treaty and the Special Education Law, these children could
not go to school even if the Turkish-Armenian border is opened,
unless the law is changed
Tzsonivar is 8 years old and she misses her father and siblings who
live in another country. Six-year-old Serge hopes to be president of
that country some day. But for now, they are stuck in a legal twilight
zone, unable to attend Turkish schools, studying in illegal elementary
classes with smuggled textbooks and volunteer teachers.
Serge and Tzsonivar are Armenian. Unlike Turkish Armenians who
can attend community schools established under the 1923 Treaty of
Lausanne, these children are citizens of Armenia. Unlike expatriates,
who often send their children to private foreign schools, Serge and
Tzsonivar are poor. The tuition for a non-state school would be more
than their undocumented parents can afford. Most parents would prefer
their children to be educated in the Armenian language, even if they
could afford to send them to private foreign schools in Turkey.
Even if all the problems between Turkey and Armenia are resolved,
Armenian-born children currently studying in an Istanbul basement would
still not be able to attend the country’s Armenian minority schools.
A change in Special Education Law would be required for those children
to reclaim their right to an education. Only children with Turkish
citizenship who are from the country’s Greek or Armenian minority are
allowed to attend the minority schools in Istanbul, under the terms
of the Lausanne Treaty.
Every knock on the door is cause for worry
The Hurriyet Daily News & Economic Review visited an illegal school
several times over two weeks with the promise of keeping the students’
names and the neighborhood a secret. There were almost 20 children
ranging in age from 5 to 14 at the school. Their greatest fear is that
their location will be exposed and every knock on the door makes them
afraid that the authorities are raiding the school. There are other
illegal schools like this in Istanbul.
The children here are not only deprived of their right to an education,
but they miss their families, too. Lusine, a teacher at the school
said: "Our aim is to teach the children at least how to read and write
and provide a social environment. For many, their family is in Armenia
or other countries. They do not have the chance to see their mothers
during the daytime either, which affects the children negatively."
Reproach for Armenia’s rich
The 1989 earthquake in Gyumri, Armenia’s second-biggest city, and
the Nagorno-Karabakh war with Azerbaijan have pushed the country
into economic distress. The Turkish border being shut down due to
the war has made the situation even worse. Many citizens of Armenia
went abroad to find jobs due to the financial difficulties, and
Turkey was the top choice. Today, economic problems continue and,
even though their children have not had a proper education since,
their parents do not wish to go back to Armenia.
According to Turkish authorities, there are 60,000 illegal Armenian
workers in the country, while data from Armenia’s Foreign Ministry
puts the number at 20,000. Although most of the illegal Armenian
workers in Turkey are college graduates, many of them do basic jobs
such as housecleaning or working at bazaars. Those with better economic
positions engage in the suitcase trade, the practice of buying products
at low cost in Istanbul’s bazaars and selling them for a higher price
in their home country.
Most adults can cope with this struggle one way or another, but
school-aged children often experience great difficulties.
"The politicians are after their own gains; it is us, the ordinary
people, who suffer," said Aghavni, a graduate of the Yerevan
University faculty of economics who earns a living in Istanbul by
cleaning houses. Criticizing the rich people of Armenia, Aghavni said:
"They are your children, too. You know how to show off in the streets
of Yerevan in luxury jeeps, but you do not even think of claiming
those children, your future. We had to leave our country because of
financial difficulties. We did not even have bread to eat."
The psychologist of the illegal school
Armineh, another teacher at the school, came to Turkey 10 years ago
from Gyumri, where her family still lives. "I came here unwillingly, to
earn a living and send money to my family. I have been a housecleaner
and I have worked at bazaars. Now I clean houses two days a week
and have a stand at the bazaar," she said. Like her other friends,
Armineh has devoted herself to the children at the illegal school. She
studied psychology in Armenia and is very concerned about the future
of the children.
"They suffer great damage both psychologically and in a social sense;
most of them are withdrawn," she said. "It bears thought and is
very sad that children are deprived of their educational rights in
this century."
The Armenian president is the idol of little Serge
The children’s textbooks are brought from Armenia. The biggest wish
of 12-year-old Garoush is to go back to his school in Yerevan. "I
miss my school and friends very much. We came to Turkey five years
ago," said Garoush. "I want to go back, but my mother says it is not
possible now."
Tzovinar is 8 years old and her father and siblings live in the village
of Gavar, near Sevan Lake in Armenia. Her eyes were full of tears. "I
miss my father and siblings so much. I cannot see my mother either
because she has to work a lot to earn money."
Serge is 6 years old and his favorite person is Armenian President
Serge Sarkisian, for whom he was named. "I want to be president, too,
like Serge Sarkisian, when I grow up," he said. "The child at the
house my mother cleans wears very nice clothes. He has a very nice
school bag, but I do not. I will let everybody go to school when I
become president."
Lawyer Davuthan: ‘The law must change’
The Daily News asked for the opinion of Archbishop Aram AteÅ~_yan,
the spiritual leader of the Patriarchate of Armenians of Turkey,
but received no comment. The Patriarchate Secretariat said it was
due to AteÅ~_yan’s busy schedule.
The archbishop met with Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan recently
and mentioned the subject.
The Turkish branch of UNICEF also preferred to remain silent on the
matter. "This is a very political subject. It would not be our place
to voice an opinion," said Å~^ebnem Balkan, a UNICEF spokeswoman,
and said she was just assigned to the job.
Setrak Davuthan, a lawyer for the foundations of the Armenian
community of Istanbul, explained the matter as follows: "There
is a law banning children from Armenia from attending the schools
of the Armenian minority foundations. The law on private education
institutions states that only citizens of the Republic of Turkey can
study at minority schools. If that clause does not change, the problem
will not go away even if the borders between Turkey and Armenia open."
According to Davuthan, the roots of the problem date back to the
Lausanne Treaty. He said such difficulties were because the articles
of the Lausanne Treaty on minorities are interpreted as the government
sees fit. "In the time of the Ottomans, not only Armenians, but also
Turks studied in the minority schools because the level of education
was good," he said.
There are currently 18 Armenian minority schools in Istanbul.