Author: Nahapetian Samvel

Tensions running high at Yerablur military cemetery’s entrance

Nahapetian Samvel

Tensions running high at Yerablur military cemetery’s entrance

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 15:05,

YEREVAN, DECEMBER 19, ARMENPRESS. The situation is tense at the entrance of the Yerablur military cemetery where many war veterans, families of fallen troops and others have gathered to prevent Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan and his supporters from entering the pantheon as a sign of protest. Meanwhile, the commemorative march led by the PM and other government officials is already approaching the cemetery.

Police officers are attempting to open the entrance.

The commemorative march is taking place on the first day of the three-day national mourning in honor of the Artsakh war victims.

Editing and Translating by Stepan Kocharyan

Azerbaijan continues to openly preach hatred and animosity towards ethnic Armenians – Ombudsman

Nahapetian Samvel
Panorama, Armenia

Dec 17 2020

The Human Rights Defender of Armenia Arman Tatoyan insists the highest authorities of Azerbaijan continue to openly preach hatred and animosity towards ethnic Armenians. Tatoyan has presented evidence on his Facebook. 

“1. The President of Azerbaijan continues to generate hatred towards the entire Armenian people with his public speeches, to make threats against the entire population of Armenia, to make insulting and hateful expressions.

2. In particular, during the military event held in Baku on December 10, 2020, the President of Azerbaijan delivered a public speech full of open threats of genocide addressed to the entire people of Armenia, as well as systemic hatred. During the same event, the President of Turkey had a public speech with more open threats addressed to lives of the entire people of Armenia praising the organizers and perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide.

The Human Rights Defender of Armenia has already presented the very dangerous consequences of these two speeches not only for the people of Armenia, but also for the international human rights system in his public statement of the same day.

3. It is especially condemnable that after those speeches, the President of Azerbaijan made similar statements during the December 12, 2020 meeting with the OSCE Minsk Group France and the US Co-Chairs, i.e. not for the domestic, but for the international audience in presence of international figures.

4. The speech of the President of Azerbaijan of December 12, 2020 is full of expressions inciting hatred and animosity towards Armenians, open threats of mass violence against Armenians.

In particular, he mentioned in the part of that speech concerning Armenia. “(…) if Armenian fascism once again raises its head, we will crush its head with an iron fist.” Moreover, this was done with special reference to the speech of the President of Azerbaijan during the military event held on December 10 in the capital of Azerbaijan.

The President of Azerbaijan also stated. “We gave such a response that destroyed the Armenian army and we can even say the Armenian state (…). “We dispelled the dreams of the so-called “Artsakh” of the Armenian nationalists.”

5. The same speech used profound expressions of ethnicity towards Armenians, including those that generated hatred on religious grounds.

6. Afterwards, the President of Azerbaijan in his same speech of December 12, 2020 stated that open threats of his speech addressed to the entire people of Armenia should be conveyed to Armenians by the international community. And this was made in the presence of international figures and by a public speech.

7. The rhetorics sowing hatred and animosity are clear continuation of the previous public statements and speeches of the President of Azerbaijan. For example, in one case he stated that “Armenia is a country of no value. It is actually a colony, an outpost run from abroad”. In another case, Armenians were called wild beasts and predators. At the same time, speeches of the Azerbaijanի President on Armenia and the Armenian people constantly contain words of “Armenian fascism” and it is done to insult the Armenian people and incite hatred towards Armenians among the people of Azerbaijan.

8. Studies of Armenia’s Human Rights Defender’s Office, collected evidence confirm that after such speeches of the President of Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijani mass media and social networks are filled with similar expressions of hatred and animosity not only towards the people of Armenia, but towards all Armenians in general.

9. According to the Human Rights Defender of Armenia, these are the exact speeches that have been made over the years in Azerbaijan and by this an institutional system of propaganda of hatred and animosity towards Armenians on the basis of ethnicity, open promotion of impunity and state supported hatred at the highest level has been established.

State encouragement for killing Armenians in Azerbaijan has reached such a level that even the country’s Commissioner for Human Rights (Ombudsman) has publicly stated that Ramil Safarov, who brutally killed an Armenian solider with ax during a night in a European Union member state,  must become an example of patriotism for youth of Azerbaijan.

10. Such speeches are a direct reasons for the war crimes and the crimes against humanity committed by the Azerbaijani armed forces in September-November 2020 that do not even fit into the human imagination.

11. The expert examinations of videos of atrocities by the experts of the Human Rights Defender’s Office of Armenia have confirmed that Azerbaijani soldiers use the same expressions of the President of Azerbaijan as inspiration when torturing or killing Armenian soldiers or civilians, cutting off the parts of bodies of killed Armenians.

All above mentioned is confirmed by real and concrete evidence obtained by the Human Rights Defender of Armenia.

12. Therefore, the mentioned speeches of the President of Azerbaijan directly confirm the war crimes and atrocities committed by the Azerbaijani military forces during the wars of April 2016, September 2020-November and in other periods and still continue.

These speeches also confirm that the described actions envisaged by international criminal law are results of an organized state policy of Azerbaijan, which clearly proves the Azerbaijani policy of ethnic cleansing and genocide through terroristic methods in Artsakh.

13. It is of particular concern for the Human Rights Defender of Armenia that the President of Azerbaijan delivered his speech full of insults and animosity towards the Armenian people in the presence of international figures on December 12, 2020, and surprisingly he has not been condemned by any of these figures or even their disagreement.

14. The Human Rights Defender of Armenia is convinced that such indifference of the international community in response to the hatred and animosity propaganda is one of the main preconditions that has led to systematic and widespread torture and cruelties of Armenians by the Azerbaijani military in Artsakh.

15. Such extremely dangerous phenomena must be strongly condemned by the international community.

It must be borne in mind that all the above mentioned violates basic principles of international law and undermines the entire international system of human rights and humanitarian protection.

16. Impunity creates new atrocities and torture.

17. The international community and particularly international organizations with mandates to protect human rights must prove that they are dedicated to their titles and missions that they still adhere to the international rules they have established.

18. The reason for this statement of the Human Rights Defender of Armenia on the mentioned extremely dangerous phenomena for human rights is related to the necessity to document, analyze and to submit to the international community the gross violations of right to life, property and other rights of Armenians grossly violated by the Azerbaijani armed forces.

This is due to the fact that these violations have long-term or lifelong negative consequences for their victims (lifelong disability, physical and mental suffering of victims of torture and their families, etc.),” Tatoyan wrote. 



Fighting returns to Nagorno-Karabakh as Azerbaijan claims some Armenian troops broke terms of armistice by remaining in region

Nahapetian Samvel
RT – Russia Today
Dec 13 2020

13 Dec, 2020 17:19 
Nagorno-Karabakh is in danger of flaring up again after Azerbaijan claimed it had carried out an operation in the disputed region on Saturday. Baku claims Armenian soldiers remained in the area in violation of last month’s truce.

According to the Azerbaijani side, some Armenian troops refused to cooperate with the terms of the armistice, and had stayed put in forests near the village of Hadrut. In response, Baku says that they were forced to take retaliatory measures.

“After the signing of the November 10 joint statement on a ceasefire, Armenian armed units remained in the forests to the northwest of the Hadrut village,” a statement from the Defense Ministry said. “The Armenian side requested the assistance of the command of Russia’s peacekeeping contingent in order to withdraw these units.”

Baku claims it “created all conditions for withdrawing Armenian units,” allowing the Russians to escort the remaining Armenian troops out of the region. However, they refused to leave, and a small shootout started between the two armies. A firefight began, leaving four Azeri soldiers dead.

Also on rt.com After reports of fresh fighting, Russian peacekeepers tell Armenia & Azerbaijan to observe agreed truce in Nagorno-Karabakh

In response, the Armenian Defense Ministry accused Azerbaijan of violating the ceasefire. Yerevan reported that six of its servicemen were wounded in the firefight. The Defense Ministry of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic also blamed the Azeris, announcing that “the enemy attempted to attack the combat positions.” 

Since the armistice that was agreed on in November, Russian peacekeepers have been deployed to the area to stop any further escalation between the two parties. On Saturday, Moscow confirmed the ceasefire had been violated. 

On November 9, the leaders of Russia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan adopted a trilateral agreement on the cessation of fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh. At the time the truce was signed, Azerbaijan was at a clear advantage. In Russian President Vladimir Putin’s opinion, Yerevan’s refusal to agree to stop the hostilities would have been “suicide.” According to Nikol Pashinyan, Armenia’s prime minister, Yerevan had no choice but to sign the document, as the country’s resources were quickly becoming depleted.

Asbarez: Anti-Armenian Provision Stripped from FY 2021 U.S. National Defense Authorization Act

Nahapetian Samvel

December 4,  2020



Sen. Jack Reed (D-RI), Rep. Frank Pallone (D-NJ), Rep. Jackie Speier (D-CA), and Rep. Brad Sherman (D-CA) were among the Congressional leaders who blocked the anti-Armenian Chabot-Cohen amendment from the final version of the FY2021 NDAA Bill.

ANCA Strongly Opposed One-Sided, Hostile Measure Advanced by Congressional Turkey Caucus Co-Chairs

WASHINGTON—U.S. Senate and House conferees on Thursday struck down the anti-Armenian Chabot-Cohen amendment – a hostile measure advanced by Congressional Turkey Caucus Co-Chairs Steve Chabot (R-OH) and Stephen Cohen (D-TN) as part of the Fiscal Year (FY) 2021 National Defense Authorization Bill.

The amendment – strongly opposed by the ANCA – would have called for a one-sided report on the status of selectively identified internally displaced persons in Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and Azerbaijan.

“We welcome today’s decision by NDAA conferees to strike down the Chabot-Cohen Amendment,” said ANCA Executive Director Aram Hamparian.  “This was, as we said from the start, a hostile, one-sided anti-Armenian measure – proposed by two of Ilham Aliyev’s most reliable Congressional apologists. Congress was right to reject it on a bipartisan basis.”

Senate Armed Services Committee Ranking Member Jack Reed (D-RI), House Energy and Commerce Committee Chair Frank Pallone (D-NJ), House Foreign Affairs Committee Senior Member Brad Sherman (D-CA), and House Armed Services Committee Senior Member Jackie Speier (D-CA) were among key Congressional leaders who worked with NDAA bill conferees, tasked to iron out differences between the Senate and House versions of the measure, to remove the one-sided Chabot-Cohen language.

ANCA Rapid Responders sent over 100,000 letters to Congressional leaders to oppose the Chabot-Cohen amendment, arguing that maintaining the provision “would further undermine the U.S. Co-Chair of the OSCE Minsk Group as an honest broker, and set back the cause of peace by rewarding Azerbaijan’s brutal aggression against Artsakh.”

The FY 2021 NDAA Bill will now go back to the Senate and House for final Congressional approval and then head to the White House for the President’s signature.

​Armenian opposition calls on Pashinyan to quit over Azerbaijan ceasefire deal

Nahapetian Samvel
Morning Star, UK
Dec 6 2020
 
 
 
Armenian opposition calls on Pashinyan to quit over Azerbaijan ceasefire deal
 
Opposition demonstrators hold posters of Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan painted in red to represent the blood of those killed during the conflict
 
ARMENIAN opposition parties have promised “civil disobedience across the country” if Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan isn’t gone by noon on Tuesday.
 
More than 20,000 protesters rallied in Yerevan yesterday chanting “Nikol, you traitor” and “Nikol out” in protest against a ceasefire deal struck with Azerbaijan that cedes territory in the self-declared Republic of Artsakh, an ethnic Armenian enclave within Azerbaijan.
 
Former National Security Service chief Artur Vanetsyan, who heads the Homeland party, said: “The seat of the prime minister of Armenia is currently being occupied by a political corpse.” Priests of the Armenian Apostolic Church, one of the world’s oldest, joined the march, saying the ceded territory includes holy sites.
 
Mr Pashinyan himself took power after leading mass protests against the previous Serzh Sargsyan administration in 2018, but the ceasefire deal is seen in Armenia as a defeat that sells out the country’s interests.
 
Azerbaijan launched a military assault on the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave, governed by the Republic of Artsakh since a border war in 1994, on September 27 with apparent assistance from its ally Turkey, including by deployment of thousands of jihadists relocated from the Syrian conflict.
 
Hundreds were killed and tens of thousands have now been displaced, with streams of refugees fleeing territory handed to Azerbaijan in a November 10 deal brokered by Russia. Azerbaijan has declared the war a victory and made November 8, the last day of fighting, a national holiday named Victory Day.
 
 
 

Lack Of Support From Russia Disappoints Armenia After Downing Of Russian Helicopter By Azerbaijani Forces

Nahapetian Samvel
The Organization for World Peace
Nov 30 2020
 in Current Events by Dayna Li

Azerbaijan’s shooting down of a Russian military helicopter near Nagorno-Karabakh left Armenians and Azerbaijanis questioning how Russia might determine the outcome of conflict in the region. A short but bloody conflict has been waged in Nagorno-Karabakh between Armenia and Azerbaijan, with the outcome finally being an Armenian concession to Azerbaijan the week of November 9.

The division over the region has been longstanding. After Armenia and Azerbaijan became independent from the Soviet Union, a war over control of it occurred from 1992 to 1994. The result was that the territory was within Azerbaijan but populated and governed by Armenians. In September, conflict broke out as Azerbaijan tried to reclaim its lost territory. On November 9, Azerbaijani forces shot down a Russian helicopter as it was escorting Russian military vehicles to a military base in Armenia near Yeraskh, in Armenian territory. The helicopter was flying in a space where Russian helicopters had not been sighted, according to the New York Times. It was shot down by a man-portable air-defense system (MANPADS), resulting in the death of two on board and injuries to the third.

Azerbaijan’s foreign ministry quickly apologized to Russia after the incident, calling it an accident for which they would compensate. Russia has a military agreement with Armenia that it will support Armenia if its territory is threatened. The fact that the incident occurred on Armenian territory meant that Russia could have intervened on Armenia’s behalf and enforced a cease-fire; however, it stood by as Azerbaijani forces captured Nagorno-Karabakh’s second largest town of Shusha on November 8. Fearing that Azerbaijani forces would also take the largest city of Stepanakert, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan was compelled to sign a peace agreement to turn over some areas of Nagorno-Karabakh that it previously controlled.

The peace agreement caused an uproar and protests in Armenia, while Azerbaijanis celebrated. Pashinyan called the deal “unspeakably painful,” according to the Daily Mail. The BBC quoted him saying, “this is not a victory but there is not defeat until you consider yourself defeated.” AP News said that Artur Vanetsyan, a center-right party leader and former leader of the national security service, was arrested on the conviction of planning to assassinate Pashinyan. The fighting resulted in 1,434 Armenian servicemen dead, according to AP News. Azerbaijan has not reported its losses. Many Armenians living in surrendered areas of Nagorno-Karabakh set fire to their homes and tried to destroy resources that would benefit incoming Azerbaijanis. Armenian civilian Seda Gabrilyan lamented to AP News, “our nation has lost everything, our heritage, everything. We have nothing left. I can’t say anything.”

The peace agreement has hardly created a feeling of peace between Azerbaijan and Armenia and indicates an uncertain future. According to The Guardian, the agreement “leaves a cloud of uncertainty over parts of Nagorno-Karabakh.” Many Armenians are now displaced, which will only deepen Armenians’ resentment to Azerbaijan. Armenians feel abandoned by Russia, who has now stepped in to oversee territorial realignment and will send 2,000 peacekeepers to the region in order to do so. The peacekeepers plan to monitor both sides there for at least five years. The conflict has become a stage for Russia and Turkey to confront each other, as Azerbaijan is backed by Turkey while Armenians are counting on Russia’s support. Older citizens remark that it is unfortunate that there is now such a divide between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, when they co-existed before in the Soviet Union. Igor Badalyan, an older Armenian, commented to the New York Times: “it is sad that it happened this way. We didn’t want it to be this way.”

The conflict has also shown a complete lack of interest from the Western world, who has been more focused on the US presidential election. France, the US, and Russia were part of the OSCE Minsk Group that had  been trying to hold peace talks between Armenia and Azerbaijan since the 1994 conflict. However, France and the US were absent in this most recent dispute. This leaves Turkey and Russia to carry out their influence in the Nagorno-Karabakh, and indicates that there likely will not be much support from the West during the realignment of the region or in response to the displacement of many Armenians.

The recent conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan has created deep-seated tensions between the two sides and an uncertain future for the region. Despite Russia finally intervening by deploying peacekeepers, the long-term effects of the current conflict and their humanitarian implications are largely unknown.

Dayna Li
Dayna is an OWP Correspondent. She received a BA in comparative politics from Princeton University, where her independent research focused on the European refugee crisis and victims of sex trafficking. In addition to having an interest in this area, she also has a broader interest in human rights, humanitarian relief, and ethnic reconciliation.

Nagorno-Karabakh: Christian sites ‘not in danger of destruction,’ says Azerbaijan minister

Nahapetian Samvel
France 24
Dec 1 2020

By: Marc Perelman Follow

15 min

In an exclusive interview with FRANCE 24, Azerbaijan’s acting culture minister vowed that Christian heritage sites in Nagorno-Karabakh were not at risk after his Muslim-majority country gained control of the restive region, adding that any destruction on Azerbaijan’s behalf had been unintentional.

Anar Karimov told FRANCE 24’s Marc Perelman that Azerbaijan’s record as a multi-cultural nation should not be in doubt, and that Christian culture heritage sites in Nagorno-Karabakh would be preserved under its rule.

Turkey, which played a key role in supporting Azerbaijan’s military victory over the region, would have no say in how religious heritage sites and minorities would be dealt with, he said.

In 44 days of heavy fighting that began on September 27, the Azerbaijani military routed Armenian forces and wedged deep into Nagorno-Karabakh, forcing Armenia to accept a Russia-brokered peace deal that took effect on November 10. The agreement put a significant part of Nagorno-Karabakh back under Azerbaijan’s control and Armenia was asked to hand over all of the regions it held outside the separatist region.

In the interview, Karimov said that Azerbaijan’s recent destruction of a cathedral in the key Nagorno-Karabakh city of Shushi had been unintentional, and brushed off allegations by Western scholars as lies that his country had destroyed similar sites in the Nakhchivan region between 1997 and 2006. 

Instead, the minister accused Armenia of having vandalised a number of Muslim religious sites in the area, saying UNESCO has been invited to investigate them once security and weather conditions allow for a visit.

Finally, Karimov criticised a resolution passed by the French Senate last week calling for Nagorno-Karabakh’s independence, saying it was merely a “piece of paper”, and pointing to the fact that the French government has said the resolution does not represent France’s official position.

The minister also urged France to stop taking sides with Armenia and therefore remain a credible mediator as co-chair of the Minsk group which has tried to mediate in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict for years.

Opposition leader Edmon Marukyan calls for Armenia-Russia-Azerbaijan trilateral commission on POWs

Nahapetian Samvel

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 13:02,

YEREVAN, NOVEMBER 28, ARMENPRESS. The Bright Armenia (LHK) party leader Edmon Marukyan says he is proposing the creation of a trilateral commission consisting of representatives of Russia, Armenia and Azerbaijan to deal with the repatriation of prisoners of war.

Marukyan said the idea came up during a discussion with Artak Zeynalyan, a lawyer and the former justice minister.

The opposition leader says the commission would “visit without obstruction the prisoners of war in custody in both sides, will prevent the possible ill-treatment against the prisoners of war, will specify their total number, the real location of detention and conditions.”

“The commission must be formed as soon as possible, for the protection of the prisoners of war and for their immediate return to their families,” he said.

Editing and Translating by Stepan Kocharyan

Armenians at a crossroads on last route out of Karabakh

Nahapetian Samvel
France 24
Nov 27 2020
 
 
 
 
 
achin (Azerbaïdjan) (AFP)
 
Dressed in impeccable camouflage fatigues with Kalashnikovs slung over their shoulders, Russian peacekeepers stand guard along the last road linking Armenia with the restive region of Nagorno-Karabakh.
 
After meticulously writing down a car’s registration number in a large notebook, a soldier stands aside to let the driver pass and wishes him a good journey.
 
“When the peacekeepers arrived, the situation became calmer than during the war. It’s reassuring,” says Erik Tovmasyan, who is driving from Karabakh’s main city Stepanakert to the Armenian capital Yerevan for eye surgery.
 
For Armenians still reeling from defeat in recent fighting with Azerbaijan, the peacekeepers who deployed under a Moscow-brokered peace deal are a welcome presence.
 
But with the region surrounding the road set to be handed back to Azerbaijan next week, many here are facing an uncertain future.
 
Russia has sent 2,000 peacekeepers to the region under the deal that ended six weeks of heavy fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh, an ethnic Armenian enclave that broke away from Azerbaijan’s control in a war in the 1990s.
 
Fresh clashes over Karabakh erupted in late September and ended after Azerbaijani forces had reclaimed large areas from Armenian control.
 
The peacekeepers have deployed between the two sides including along a 60-kilometre (35-mile) stretch connecting Stepanakert with the Armenian border in the south.
 
– Strategic road –
 
The strategic road runs through the Lachin district, the third and last territory near Nagorno-Karabakh that Armenia will cede to Azerbaijan on December 1 under the peace deal.
 
Two other districts — neighbouring Kalbajar and Aghdam to the northeast — were returned to Azerbaijan earlier this month.
 
In its northern part, the Lachin corridor diverges towards Shusha, a strategic and historic town overlooking Stepanakert that was captured by Azerbaijan in a pivotal moment of the war.
 
The small road leading to Shusha is blocked by soldiers from Baku, who are positioned close to the Russians.
 
AFP journalists passing nearby could hear Azerbaijani songs and music broadcast over loudspeakers from their position.
 
“They do it from time to time,” says one of Moscow’s soldiers.
 
At another checkpoint on a road leading into the town, an Azerbaijani special forces captain tells AFP that the situation inside is calm.
 
“There are only soldiers in Shusha,” says the officer, who will not give his name. “Civilians (Azerbaijanis) come from time to time only to repair infrastructure” damaged in the fighting.
 
When Armenian separatists gained control of these districts three decades ago, local Azerbaijanis fled the territories and Armenians moved in.
 
Now, it is the Armenians who are deciding whether to abandon their homes, fearing what will happen when Azerbaijanis return.
 
– ‘Nowhere to go’ –
 
In the town of Lachin, at the heart of the five-kilometre-wide (three-mile-wide) corridor, the manager of a grocery store is wondering what to do.
 
“We have no information about whether we should leave,” says the man who does not wish to give his name, adding that he hopes to keep his store.
 
In front of his shop, 81-year-old Margarita Khanagyan leans on her cane as she stands next to an armoured vehicle belonging to the Russian peacekeepers.
 
“I left during the war, then we were told to come back and I came back. Now we have to leave again, but to where?”
 
Uncertainty also looms over the village of Aghavno, the last residential area before the border with Armenia where several dozen houses were built 10 years ago, just below the road.
 
Men here are always carrying rifles, prepared to defend themselves at any moment.
 
“They can’t scare us,” says village head Andranik Chavushyan, 39. “We will still be living here.”
 
Standing next to him, Narine Rasoyan begins to cry.
 
Pregnant with her sixth child, Rasoyan lost her husband in the recent fighting.
 
“I have nowhere to go with my five children, where would I stay?” she says through her tears. “Let them give me a house and I will leave.”
 
 

France does not recognize Nagorno-Karabakh republic

Nahapetian Samvel
112 International
Nov 27 2020

Source : 112 Ukraine

The Parliament’s upper chamber passed the resolution, recognizing it, but the Foreign Ministry disagreed

In the view of the recent resolution passed by the Senate, French Foreign Ministry commented on the government’s official stance in the regard of recognition of self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh republic. The commentary has been released by the press office of the Foreign Ministry.

“On November 25, the Senate passed the decree, which contains an urge to recognize the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh republic by the French government. During the debates followed by the vote, Mr. Jean-Batiste Lemoine, State Secretary for Tourism (…) reiterated the position of the French government on this question: France does not recognize the self-proclaimed republic of Nagorno-Karabakh”, the Ministry reported.

Related: Upper chamber of Russian parliament approves use of troops in Nagorno-Karabakh

A representative of the Ministry claimed that France, the member of the OSCE Minsk Group co-organizer is bound to be working on solution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, by the means of talks – specifically those about the further status of Nagorno-Karabakh. The result of these talks cannot be solved in advance and unilaterally.

Related: America must reshape its future with Nagorno-Karabakh