Opinion: Frontline view of war in the South Caucasus by a Tulsan

Dec 27 2023

EDITOR'S PICK

Iknew Armenia had experienced on-again, off-again conflict with Azerbaijan, its neighbor to the east, over the disputed enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh. But I did not expect all hell to break loose precisely as I was packing to go there on a journalistic internship.

After some heated consultations I proceeded anyway, arriving in Yerevan at 3 a.m. on Sept. 24, bleary-eyed and not knowing what to expect from my time at the Civilnet news website, sponsored by The Armenia Project NGO.

Across the border, just a few hours’ drive away, a major drama was unfolding. Azerbaijan had attacked the autonomous, Armenian-populated enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh days earlier, and in a shocking development, almost the entire population of 120,000 fled their homes for Armenia, a country of less than 3 million.

Within days, my host organization called to say a refugee family, outside sleeping in their car, would like to move in with me. It was an exhausted-looking couple in their 40s and their daughter, no more than 5 years old. She was very quiet for a small child.

I was eager to find out more, but they did not speak English. So, I took to bringing home coloring books and crayons and craft supplies for the girl by the door, hoping to make the family feel welcome. Eventually the girl became more animated; once I even heard her laughing.

One night, I heard a knock at my bedroom door. It was the mother and daughter, who had come to give me some bananas. “My baby wants to thank you,” said the mother. “Thank you!” I struggled to fathom how a family that had left everything behind and now had next to nothing went out of their way to give me something.

World Central Kitchen, in partnership with the Armenian General Benevolent Union, set up a food preparation and distribution site in our building, providing meals to refugees. The mother started to work there, and I stopped by.

There I met another woman named Emma who fled Nagorno-Karabakh with her 94-year-old mother, who died in Armenia immediately after the 30-plus hour journey. She said her mother died realizing she was never going home. The woman’s fervent wish was to bury her mother back there, next to her father.

The Yerablur Military Cemetery, the busiest I’ve ever seen, was thronged by the bereaved diligently cleaning graves. Most of the gravestones were for young men, and several were elaborately decorated for birthdays they would never celebrate. I watched them from a respectful distance.

In early October, I traveled to the border town of Goris, through which much of the mass displacement had passed. I was struck by the contrast between the landscape’s stunning beauty and the darkness of mood. That same week, colleagues from CivilNet’s office in Stepanakert, the capital of the enclave, had arrived safely in Yerevan. I’m proud to have worked alongside them to bring this important story to the world.

Friends from abroad would ask me, “How is Armenia?” I struggled to explain in a text message about living and working alongside people who have lost so much. How it is devastating, but also inspires hope.

I was amazed at how war can permeate all aspects of life. The experience has deepened my conviction that this is my calling: telling the untold story, giving voice to the voiceless and reporting on underreported events.

As a native of Tulsa, I know events in faraway places like Armenia can seem irrelevant to our lives, especially with so many conflicts competing for our attention today. But beyond the economic and security ripple effects of war, there is also our shared humanity. And in the case of Armenia, the first state to adopt Christianity in the 4th century, shared religion.

Skylar Yoder, a former political analyst for the U.S. Federal Government, is an aspiring foreign correspondent. She is a native of Tulsa.

https://tulsaworld.com/opinion/column/opinion-frontline-view-of-war-in-the-south-caucasus-by-a-tulsan/article_bf754a02-9c8d-11ee-a30a-5730026f2771.html 

Armenia’s Ex-President Robert Kocharian Ends Trial by Invoking Statute of Limitations

Dec 28 2023

By: Momen Zellmi

The decade-long legal saga surrounding Armenia’s former President Robert Kocharian reached its conclusion on Wednesday in Yerevan. Kocharian, who led Armenia from 1998 to 2008, agreed to invoke the statute of limitations on corruption charges while steadfastly professing his innocence. This move brings an end to a trial that has been as much about political rivalry as it has about the pursuit of justice.

Kocharian’s legal troubles began in July 2018, following the ‘velvet revolution’ that saw Nikol Pashinian assume power. Initially, the accusations against the ex-president were tied to a 2008 crackdown on opposition protesters. Later, charges were added, alleging that he had accepted a hefty $3 million bribe from an Armenian businesswoman.

Kocharian, alongside his former chief of staff and two retired generals, began their trial proceedings in May 2019. The former president dismissed the charges as politically motivated, portraying them as a ‘political vendetta’ orchestrated by Pashinian.

(Read Also: France Declares Two Azerbaijani Diplomats ‘Persona Non Grata’ Amid Diplomatic Strife)

In a legal twist, the coup-related charges were annulled in 2021 by the Constitutional Court of Armenia. However, the bribery allegations remained. Judge Anna Danibekian eventually closed the case, citing the expiration of the statute of limitations without pronouncing a verdict of acquittal or conviction.

Interestingly, Kocharian had previously resisted invoking the statute, holding out for full acquittal. But in a change of stance, he chose to invoke the statute to seek medical treatment abroad.

(Read Also: Azerbaijani Offensive Sparks Refugee Crisis in Armenia)

The conclusion of the trial carries significant financial implications as well. It results in the return of 2 billion drams ($5 million) in bail money to his daughter Gayane and the unfreezing of Kocharian’s assets.

Despite the charges, Kocharian, who now leads Armenia’s primary opposition alliance, would have evaded prison even if found guilty due to the statute of limitations.

Iranian and Armenian Foreign Ministers Convene in Yerevan: A Spotlight on Diplomacy

 bnn 
HongKong – Dec 27 2023

By: Momen Zellmi

In a significant diplomatic development, the foreign ministers of Iran and Armenia, Hossein Amir-Abdollahian and Ararat Mirzoyan respectively, are convening a joint press conference in Yerevan, Armenia today. This event, accessible live through social media platforms, underscores the mutual commitment between the two nations to foster closer relations and enhance regional cooperation.

The meeting between the two ministers is expected to delve into the potential expansion of political, economic, and cultural ties. The primary focus of their dialogue is likely to revolve around enhancing these bilateral relations and potential avenues of cooperation. This visit from Iran’s Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian is a testament to the importance Iran places on its relationship with Armenia.

Aside from bilateral matters, the conference is also expected to address broader regional issues. Prior to arriving in Yerevan, Minister Amir-Abdollahian had telephonic conversations with the foreign ministers of Azerbaijan and Russia, suggesting a wider agenda for discussion. Such engagements indicate the significance of diplomatic dialogue in navigating the complex terrain of international relations.

The ministers’ meeting holds particular relevance for the South Caucasus region. The press conference could provide insights into the ‘3+3’ format, a cooperative framework involving Azerbaijan, Türkiye, Georgia, Iran, Russia, and Armenia. This diplomatic engagement further underscores the role of dialogue and mutual understanding in promoting regional stability and cooperation.

In conclusion, the joint press conference between the foreign ministers of Iran and Armenia signifies an ongoing commitment to dialogue and cooperation. It serves as a reminder of the pivotal role diplomacy plays in fostering international relations and regional stability.

Armenia’s economic activity index grows 9,4% in 11 months

 12:34,

YEREVAN, DECEMBER 25, ARMENPRESS. Armenia’s economic activity index grew 9,4% in January-November of 2023 compared to the same period of 2022, according to official data published by the Statistical Committee.

Industrial production output grew 2,1% in the 11 months.  

Construction grew 15,6%.

Trade turnover grew 24,3%, while services grew 11,1%.

The consumer price index grew 2,2%, while the industrial product price index grew 1,7%.

Energy production dropped 4,3%.

Foreign trade turnover grew 42,4% (exports grew 44,7% and imports grew 41%).

Armenia and Cyprus intensify business ties

 12:52,

YEREVAN, DECEMBER 22, ARMENPRESS. Chief Executive Officer of the M. Target Group (Cyprus) Odysseas Melikides is visiting Armenia to explore opportunities to enhance Armenia-Cyprus business ties.

Speaking at a press conference in Yerevan, Melikides mentioned that there’s little information about Armenia in Cyprus. “Many in Cyprus are unaware of the business opportunities in Armenia and Armenian products,” he said. “We are here to study the conditions on spot and establish new contacts. We’ve already met with local businessmen from various sectors, beverage production, textile, IT. We’ve discussed the main issues regarding access to foreign markets. This is my first time in Armenia and I am very impressed. For 2024, we have the goal to help Armenian businessmen enter not only the European market, but also to make businessmen in Cyprus get to know the Armenian market. There’s big potential to intensify the cooperation and we must work,” Odysseas Melikides said.

The visit is organized by the Council of the International Business Relations Support.

Mariam Manukyan, the President of the Council of the International Business Relations Support, said that she visited Cyprus together with a business delegation earlier this year. She said that her partners in Cyprus are engaged in serious work to intensify economic ties and raise awareness about customs and tax regulations. The most various sectors are being considered : tourism, textile, beverage production and IT.

The experts said that Cyprus could be a window for Armenian businessmen towards Europe, in addition to being a good market itself.

A business forum and expo will soon take place in Cyprus.

In addition to Cyprus, the Council of the International Business Relations Support will also work in other directions, such as the Czech Republic and the U.S.

Iran warns of turning Caucasus into battlefield

Al-Mayadeen
Dec 21 2023

The Iranian and Armenian presidents speak over the phone regarding political developments in the region, as well as regional cooperation.

During a phone call with Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi warned against attempts by countries outside the Caucasus to gain a foothold in the region, and also warned against making the region a battleground. 

“The Islamic Republic’s policy toward the Caucasus is fixed,” he said, noting that it “must not turn into a field of competition between extra-regional countries, and its issues should be resolved by regional countries and away from foreign meddling.”

Regarding Armenia’s intention to develop road and railway connection routes between the two nations in addition to regional states, Raisi relayed Iran's support, calling the plans an effective step to set in place peace and protect the interests of neighboring nations.

Raisi affirmed that any step aimed at opening communication routes and infrastructures in the region, while simultaneously respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of countries is supported by Iran. He also called Iran's hosting of the 3+3 meeting in October a “constructive step” to strengthen regional cooperation.

The 3+3 format cooperation mechanism includes the three South Caucasus countries: Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan plus Russia, Turkey, and Iran.

“Developing relations with neighbors and strengthening relations to ensure mutual interests and the interests of regional countries is the fundamental policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran,” Raisi added.

On the other hand, Pashinyan stated that the increased interactions between both Armenia and Iran show the determination of the two neighbors to expand their bilateral ties in all fields.

Back in October, Raisi said that geopolitical change in the Caucasus is "unacceptable" as it would harm the interests of countries in the region. The Iranian President made the statement after hosting Azerbaijani and Armenian officials for talks on the successive developments in the Caucasus, specifically regarding Azerbaijan's military campaign in the Nagorno-Karabakh region.

https://english.almayadeen.net/news/politics/iran-warns-of-turning-caucasus-into-battlefield

RFE/RL Armenian Service – 12/13/2023

                                        Wednesday, 


Gyumri Mayor Rules Out Resignation

        • Satenik Kaghzvantsian

Armenia - Gyumri Mayor Vardges Samsonian chairs a session of the city council, 
.


The mayor of Armenia’s second largest city of Gyumri made clear on Wednesday 
that he will not resign following the collapse of his bloc’s coalition 
arrangement with Prime Minister Nikol Pashinian’s Civil Contract party.

“It’s the residents of our city that gave us the mandate and only they can take 
it away,” Vardges Samsonian told reporters.

Civil Contract unexpectedly announced on December 6 the end of the power-sharing 
deal struck two years ago following a municipal election in which a bloc linked 
to the city’s longtime former mayor, Samvel Balasanian, garnered most votes but 
fell short of a majority in the local council. Civil Contract finished second in 
what was a serious setback for Pashinian.

Gyumri’s new municipal council appointed Samsonian, who is affiliated with the 
Balasanian Bloc, as mayor and two Civil Contract figures as deputy mayors. More 
than three dozen other members of Pashinian’s party were also given posts in the 
municipal administration. All those officials have stepped down since December 6.

The ruling party has blamed its exit from the local coalition on “shadowy 
governance” on the part of the Balasanian Bloc. But it has still not elaborated 
on the claims which the Gyumri mayor’s political team denied in a carefully 
worded statement issued earlier this week.

Civil Contract members attacked their former coalition partner on Wednesday 
during a tense session of the 33-member local council. But they again announced 
no plans to try oust Samsonian through a vote of no confidence.

Pashinian’s party controls only 11 council seats, compared with 14 seats held by 
the Balasanian Bloc. The eight other councilors represent three opposition 
groups. Two of those groups have explicitly ruled out any cooperation with Civil 
Contract.

They tried unsuccessfully on Wednesday to force a debate on the discord between 
the Balasanian Bloc and Armenia’s ruling party. The latter opposed such a 
discussion.

Despite not facing an imminent no-confidence vote, Samsonian will have trouble 
pushing key decisions, notably the local budget, through the Gyumri council. So 
far the mayor has signaled no plans to try to regain a majority there by teaming 
up with local oppositionists.




EU’s Michel Vows Continued Armenia-Azerbaijan Peace Efforts

        • Heghine Buniatian
        • Rikard Jozwiak

Belgium - EU Council President Charles Michel is interviewed by RFE/RL, 
Brussels, December 12, 2023.


The European Union’s top official, Charles Michel, has said that the EU keeps 
“working very hard” to help Armenia and Azerbaijan negotiate a comprehensive 
peace agreement.

“We are determined on the EU side to work with the partners and with them to 
ensure that as soon as possible a peace treaty will be signed between both 
sides,” Michel told RFE/RL in an interview.

In that regard, the president of the EU’s decision-making Council was encouraged 
by last week’s Armenian-Azerbaijani agreement to exchange prisoners reached as a 
result of direct negotiations.

“I would like to say that if it was possible for Armenia and Azerbaijan to make 
some joint announcements a few days ago, this is partially because we help 
them,” he said. “We encourage them. We suggested some options and some ideas to 
bring them closer to each other on the topics that have been announced. And we 
are still working on additional steps to encourage a peace treaty, a 
normalization agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan.”

Michel was scheduled to host Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev and Armenian 
Prime Minister Nikol Pashinian in October for further talks on the treaty. 
However, Aliyev cancelled the talks. Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Jeyhun 
Bayramov likewise withdrew from a meeting with his Armenian counterpart slated 
for November 20 in Washington.

Michel declined to comment on Baku’s moves. “We are still working on a meeting 
that could take place in Brussels,” he said without giving potential dates.

Michel would also not say whether the EU or other world powers are ready to act 
as guarantors of Yerevan’s and Baku’s compliance with the would-be peace treaty. 
Nor did he clarify whether the treaty will likely make any reference to the 
rights and security of Karabakh’s ethnic Armenian population that fled to 
Armenia following Azerbaijan’s September 19-20 military offensive.

He pointedly declined to use the word “Karabakh,” referring instead to “this 
part of Azerbaijan” until recently populated by an ethnic minority.

“We think that they [Karabakh Armenians] should have the right to return or at 
least to be able to visit this part of Azerbaijan and their security and rights 
must be guaranteed and there are international standards in terms of protection 
of the minorities that must be respected in line with the constitution of 
Azerbaijan, which should be a framework to guarantee those protections of 
minorities,” he said.

Brussels is therefore trying to “convince the Azerbaijani authorities to 
demonstrate that … they want to protect the minorities and to guarantee that the 
international standards are respected,” added Michel.

Even before their mass exodus triggered by the Azerbaijani offensive, Karabakh’s 
leaders and ordinary residents made clear that they will not live under 
Azerbaijani rule. Only a few dozen Karabakh Armenians are believed to remain in 
the territory recaptured by Baku. More than 100,000 others fled their homes 
later in September.




Armenian, Azeri Prisoners Exchanged

        • Artak Khulian

Azerbaijan - Azerbaijani officers escort Armenian POWs to the Armenian border, 
.


Armenia and Azerbaijan exchanged over three dozen prisoners on Wednesday one 
week after reaching an agreement to that effect welcomed by the international 
community.

In line with that agreement, Azerbaijan freed 32 Armenian soldiers and civilians 
in exchange for Armenia’s release of two Azerbaijani servicemen. The swap took 
place at the border between the two countries.

As part of the deal, Yerevan also dropped its objections to Baku’s bid to host 
the COP29 climate summit next year. The United Nations officially announced 
Azerbaijan as the summit host on Monday.

Prime Minister Nikol Pashinian posted the list of the freed Armenians on his 
Facebook page. He said that they will undergo medical examinations before 
reuniting with their families.

Most of them were taken prisoner in Nagorno-Karabakh in December 2020 just weeks 
after a Russian-brokered ceasefire stopped the last Armenian-Azerbaijani war.

Also repatriated was Gagik Voskanian, an Armenian army reservist who was 
mobilized a few weeks before straying into Azerbaijani territory in August this 
year in unclear circumstances. An Azerbaijani court convicted Voskanian of 
“terrorism” just hours before the announcement of the prisoner swap.

“Up until the last minute we were not sure [about Voskanian’s release] because 
we feared that the Azerbaijanis could do something at the last minute,” his 
mother, Ashkhen Avetisian, told RFE/RL’s Armenian Service. “So it really was a 
surprise, a big surprise.”

According to Yerevan-based human rights activists, 23 Armenians remain in 
Azerbaijani captivity after the latest swap. They include eight current and 
former leaders of Nagorno-Karabakh arrested following Azerbaijan’s September 
military offensive in the region.

The Azerbaijani soldiers set free by Yerevan were detained in April after 
crossing into Armenia’s Syunik province from Azerbaijan’s Nakhichevan exclave. 
One of them, Huseyn Akhundov, was charged with murdering a Syunik resident the 
day before his detention. Armenia’s Court of Appeals sentenced him to life 
imprisonment last week.

The 56-year-old murder victim, Hayrapet Meliksetian worked as a security guard 
at a waste disposal facility of Armenia’s largest mining company. Meliksetian ‘s 
daughter has reportedly condemned Pashinian for agreeing to Akhundov’s release.

The United States, the European Union and Russia were quick to welcome the 
Armenian-Azerbaijani deal on the prisoner swap. EU Council President Charles 
Michel called it a “major breakthrough in Armenia-Azerbaijan relations.”




Yerevan Urges Baku To Resume Western-Mediated Talks

        • Astghik Bedevian

Armenia - Foreign Minister Ararat Mirzoyan (right) meets his Estonian 
counterpart Margus Tsahkna, Yerevan, .


Foreign Minister Ararat Mirzoyan on Wednesday urged Azerbaijan to agree to 
restart peace talks with Armenia mediated by the United States and the European 
Union.

“I think that Azerbaijan should return to the negotiation table in the format of 
meetings. We have already said that most of the job has been done, and now we 
need to meet and agree on the final wording of key issues,” he said, referring 
to a peace treaty discussed by Baku and Yerevan.

Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev twice cancelled talks with Armenian Prime 
Minister Nikol Pashinian which the European Union planned to host in October. 
The peace accord was due to be their main focus.

Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Jeyhun Bayramov similarly withdrew from a November 
20 meeting with Mirzoyan that was due to take place in Washington. Baku accused 
the Western powers of pro-Armenian bias and proposed direct negotiations with 
Yerevan.

Bayramov reiterated that offer on Monday when he spoke during a meeting in 
Brussels of the foreign ministers of EU member states and several former Soviet 
republics. He did not hold talks with Mirzoyan on the sidelines of the meeting.

Mirzoyan indicated on Wednesday that Yerevan still prefers Western mediation of 
the Armenian-Azerbaijani negotiation process.

“Our negotiations in the last two or three years have been bilateral and 
facilitated by international actors. We believe that we should carry on like 
this,” he told a joint news conference with Estonia’s visiting Foreign Minister 
Margus Tsahkna.

“Like I said, most of the job has been done, and if we return and continue with 
the same mechanisms we will succeed in quickly achieving results. The missing 
component … that would complete the whole process and bring it to a logical end 
is the political will of Azerbaijan’s leadership which may and may not be 
demonstrated,” added Mirzoyan.

Baku cancelled the Washington meeting in protest against what it called 
pro-Armenian statements made by James O’Brien, the U.S. assistant secretary of 
state for Europe and Eurasia. O’Brien met with Aliyev and Bayramov in Baku last 
week. He said he told them that U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken “looks 
forward to hosting foreign ministers Bayramov and Mirzoyan in Washington soon.” 
No agreement on the talks has been announced so far.

Armenian officials suggested earlier this year that Aliyev is reluctant to sign 
the kind of peace deal that would preclude Azerbaijani territorial claims to 
Armenia. The Azerbaijani leader claimed late last month that Yerevan itself is 
“artificially dragging out the process.”


Reposted on ANN/Armenian News with permission from RFE/RL
Copyright (c) 2023 Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, Inc.
1201 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington DC 20036.

 

Lawmaker rejects ‘revanchism’ concerns voiced by Azerbaijan

 12:58,

YEREVAN, DECEMBER 11, ARMENPRESS. Member of Parliament Gevorg Papoyan has dismissed as “unreasonable” the statements made by Azerbaijani authorities about the need for guarantees ruling out possible revanchism in order to sign a peace treaty.

Papoyan, the Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Financial-Credit and Budgetary Affairs, said that signing a peace treaty in itself would mean that no revanches would happen.

“Our perception of peace doesn’t have such things [revanchism],” Papoyan said.

“I think that a peace treaty itself is about no revanches happening…..We must understand, if we want Armenia to get stronger, for it to have lasting statehood, independence, then this path goes through dialogue with neighbors, and we need a peace treaty as much as they do,” Papoyan added.

MP Papoyan said that after the signing of a peace treaty he envisions regional integration at all levels, development of economic relations, prosperity and growth in living standards.

He warned that some “external forces” could try to incite revanchist sentiments. “But we must not become an instrument in the hands of third countries,” Papoyan said.

Refinancing rate set at 9.25%

 12:10,

YEREVAN, DECEMBER 12, ARMENPRESS. At its meeting today, the Board of the Central Bank of Armenia decided to reduce the refinancing rate by 0.25 pp, setting it at 9.25%.

The Lombard repo facility rate is at 10.75%

The Deposit facility rate is at 7.75%.

Armenia, Azerbaijan agree to exchange POWs, take steps on normalising ties

France 24
Dec 7 2023

Arch-foes Armenia and Azerbaijan said Thursday they would exchange prisoners of war and work towards normalising their relations, in a joint statement hailed by the EU as a "breakthrough".

The Caucasus neighbours have been locked in a decades-long conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, which Azerbaijan reclaimed after a lightning offensive against Armenian separatists in September.

Both countries have said a peace agreement could be signed by the end of the year, but peace talks — mediated separately by the European Union, the United States and Russia — have seen little progress.

On Thursday, the two sides agreed in a joint statement to seize "a historical chance to achieve a long-awaited peace in the region".

"The two countries reconfirm their intention to normalize relations and to reach the peace treaty on the basis of respect for the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity," the statement said.

Baku will free 32 Armenian prisoners of war, while Yerevan will release two Azerbaijani servicemen, according to the statement.

The two countries also said they "will continue their discussions regarding the implementation of more confidence building measures, effective in the near future and call on the international community to support their efforts".

The agreements were reached during talks between the office of Armenia's Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan and the administration of the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev.

Armenia's foreign ministry said Yerevan had "responded positively to the offer of US Secretary of State Antony Blinken to organise the meeting of the Foreign Ministers of Armenia and Azerbaijan in Washington".

EU Council President Charles Michel praised the statement Thursday in a post on social media, calling it a "key step".

"Delighted to welcome a major breakthrough in Armenia-Azerbaijan relations as they issue a joint statement," he said.

Aliyev and Pashinyan have met on several occasions for normalisation talks mediated by the European Union.

But the process has stalled over the last two months as two rounds of negotiations failed to take place.

Azerbaijan refused to participate in talks with Armenia that were planned in the United States on November 20, over what it said was Washington's "biased" position.

In October, Aliyev declined to attend a round of negotiations with Pashinyan in Spain, that time accusing France of bias.

French President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz had been scheduled to join Michel as mediators at those talks.

So far, there has been no visible progress in EU efforts to organise a fresh round of negotiations.

The traditional regional power broker Russia — bogged down in its Ukraine war — has seen its influence wane in the Caucasus. 

Aliyev sent troops to Karabakh on September 19, and after just one day of fighting, Armenian separatist forces that had controlled the disputed region for three decades laid down arms and agreed to reintegrate with Baku.

Over the following days, almost the entire Armenian population of the mountainous enclave — more than 100,000 people — fled Karabakh for Armenia, sparking a refugee crisis.

Azerbaijan's victory marked the end of the territorial dispute, which saw Azerbaijan and Armenia fight two wars — in 2020 and the 1990s — that have claimed tens of thousands of lives from both sides.

(AFP)