BP IGNORES WARNINGS ABOUT POTENTIAL LEAKS IN CASPIAN PIPELINE
By Simon Clark and Stephen Voss
Bloomberg
Jan 08 2007
Jan. 8 (Bloomberg) — As snipers watched from rooftops and an
orchestra played national anthems, the presidents of Azerbaijan,
Georgia and Turkey inaugurated in July the 1,768-kilometer Baku-
Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline pumping oil from the landlocked Caspian Sea
to the Mediterranean.
John Browne, chief executive officer of BP Plc, which built and
operates the $3.9 billion pipe, joined in the celebrations at Ceyhan,
on Turkey’s Mediterranean coast. "BTC is the first great engineering
project of the 21st century," Browne said.
Maybe not so great, says Derek Mortimore, an engineer who’s spent
the past 45 years protecting pipelines from corrosion.
"It’s got an in-built flaw," says Mortimore, 62, who worked as a
consultant on the pipeline while it was being planned. That flaw — a
coating paint on the buried pipeline’s welds that’s subject to cracking
— could allow corrosion that may result in leaks, Mortimore says.
Even before the pipeline began pumping oil, the coating had already
cracked once in 2003 — something London-based BP didn’t disclose
to its lenders at the time and that caused construction delays and
contributed to a cost overrun of almost $1 billion. A leak would
pollute the environment and halt the flow of a million barrels of
oil a day.
When BP said it would stop the flow of half as much oil last summer
after a corroded pipe leaked at its Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, field, the
price of oil soared as much as 3.4 percent to $77.30 a barrel the
next day. BP’s market value fell by 2.7 billion pounds ($5.3 billion),
and the U.S. government offered to open its emergency stockpile.
Strategic Importance
"The BTC pipeline is strategically important to the West as a new
source of much-needed oil," says John Dingell, chairman of the U.S.
Congress’s Energy and Commerce Committee.
"Nonetheless, serious allegations about potentially flawed workmanship
that may result in above-normal corrosion rates have been made,"
Dingell says. "While there has been considerable public attention to
these concerns, it is not clear how they were ultimately resolved and
put to rest. Our most-recent experience with BP in Alaska suggests
more probing may be needed."
BP says it solved the coating issue on the Caspian pipeline in 2004,
and the company has used the same paint on the 680- kilometer
(420-mile) South Caucasus Pipeline, which carries gas and runs
underground alongside the BTC pipeline through Azerbaijan and Georgia.
"I have absolutely no concerns that we have a defective field joint
coating," says David Woodward, who led BP’s operations in Azerbaijan
for eight years until November.
Insufficient
BP’s fix wasn’t sufficient; the coating still cracks, exposing the
pipe to corrosion and leaks, according to a 2005 report obtained by
Bloomberg News and commissioned by the contractors that built the
Azeri pipe sections for BP, Athens- based Consolidated Contractors
International Co., and Burnley, England-based Pipeline Induction
Heat Ltd.
Bureau Veritas SA, an independent Paris-based inspection company,
monitored the tests for the report.
"There seems to be a cultural problem at BP resulting in a state of
denial," says pipeline engineer John Leeds, who holds a doctorate
in electrochemistry and has 40 years of experience and more than 70
published technical papers. "Let’s call it an ostrich policy."
The controversy over the BTC pipeline is another in a list of woes
to haunt Browne, 58, during the past year. In March, a corroded,
above-surface pipe at BP’s Prudhoe Bay oil field, the largest in the
U.S., leaked about 5,000 barrels of oil onto the tundra. In August,
a second leak at Prudhoe Bay forced BP to start shutting the field.
Safety Concerns
Then, in October, the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation
Board said BP knew about safety concerns at its Texas City, Texas, oil
refinery years before a March 2005 explosion that killed 15 workers
at the plant. BP has settled about 1,000 suits, including all death
claims, and set aside $1.6 billion to compensate all victims of the
explosion. The company is scheduled to begin trial in February over
several injury-related lawsuits.
"BP has publicly accepted responsibility for the March 23 explosion
and for the management system failures and employee mistakes which
contributed to or caused it," Robert Malone, BP’s U.S. chief, said
in September at a U.S. congressional hearing on the Alaska oil spill.
"We have fallen short of the high standards we hold for ourselves
and the expectations that others have for us. We have stumbled
operationally."
Trading Questions
BP’s mishaps extend beyond safety. In December, BP said the U.S.
Commodity Futures Trading Commission’s staff is recommending
civil enforcement actions against the company for improper trading
of unleaded gasoline in 2002. BP spokesman Scott Dean denied any
wrongdoing in an interview with Bloomberg News. The commission also
alleged in June that BP attempted to corner the propane market in
the northeastern U.S.
The story of how BP built the BTC pipeline using an inappropriate
coating, despite repeated warnings that it wouldn’t work, points to
companywide flaws, says Matthew Simmons, founder of Houston-based
oil and gas investment bank Simmons & Co.
"There are clear parallels between what happened here and what happened
in Alaska and Texas City," Simmons says. "When you get a problem at
BP, you get massive denial."
Some investors agree. "Whenever you have these types of failures,
you go back and find out that a lot of people realized something was
wrong but just didn’t do anything about it," says Karina Litvak, head
of governance and socially responsible investment at London-based
F&C Asset Management Plc, which has $200 billion under management,
including BP shares.
Stock Falls
Investors have soured on BP’s stock in the past year. BP started 2006
as the world’s second-largest publicly traded oil and gas company
by market value, behind Houston-based Exxon Mobil Corp. By yearend,
it ranked fifth, having been surpassed by Moscow-based OAO Gazprom,
Beijing-based PetroChina Co. and Royal Dutch Shell Plc of The Hague.
BP’s shares fell 8.3 percent to 567.5 pence in 2006, while Exxon’s
soared 36 percent to $76.63 and Shell’s rose 0.8 percent to 1,785
pence.
"BP has lost a huge amount of respect in the U.S.," says Neil McMahon,
a London-based analyst at Sanford C. Bernstein & Co. who once worked
as a geologist for BP. "If they have another problem, I would expect
the board and shareholders to turn increasingly negative on BP and
its executives."
The environmental mistakes are all the more jarring because BP’s
Browne has wrapped himself in a cloak of pro- environmentalism,
says Doug Norlen, policy director at U.S.-based Pacific Environment.
In 2000, BP changed its logo from a shield to a flowerlike sunburst
design and adopted the slogan "Beyond Petroleum." BP’s advertisements
often focus on solar and wind operations, and some inform motorists
how to pay for trees that will offset their cars’ carbon emissions.
`Green Company’
"BP says it’s a green company, but its lack of oversight on projects
like BTC risk having terrible effects on the environment," Norlen
says. "How can they square their green objectives with reality?"
Browne might have prevented the Alaska spill had he listened to
whistle-blowers, says Chuck Hamel, a retired oil broker and lobbyist
for oil workers in Alaska. "BP was repeatedly warned about corrosion
problems in Alaska," he says.
BP made Woodward, 60, available for an interview in the Azeri capital,
Baku, in October to discuss the pipeline. Toby Odone, a spokesman
for the company, declined to comment further.
Shares Double
Until recently, shareholders weren’t complaining at all about Browne,
who became CEO in 1995, 29 years after joining the company as a
university apprentice. Under his watch, BP’s shares have more than
doubled, giving the company a market value of 109 billion pounds.
He’s led more than $100 billion of takeovers and joint ventures,
from the $56 billion purchase of Chicago-based Amoco Corp. in 1998
to a $7.7 billion investment in Russia’s TNK-BP oil company in 2003.
Browne has returned more than $70 billion to shareholders in dividends
and buybacks since the beginning of 2000. Profit at BP rose 31 percent
in 2005 to $22.3 billion, a record for the company.
The record earnings followed years of cost cutting in the 1990s
that sapped the company of infrastructure investment and engineering
expertise, Simmons says. "If you are trying to cut costs, the first
thing you do is cut on maintenance," he says. "Corrosion protection,
and experts on corrosion protection, went out of oil majors by the
back door."
Dingell’s Criticism
During September’s Congressional hearings on the Alaskan oil spill,
Dingell, 80, a Democratic representative from Michigan, said,
"For an oil company of BP’s size and reputation to allow two of its
most-critical transit lines, in America’s largest producing oil field,
to reach such a sorry state of affairs is staggering."
Bart Stupak, 54, also a Michigan Democrat, said the leak highlighted
flaws in BP’s management culture. "These problems apparently created
a chilling atmosphere for workers to report health and safety issues,"
he said.
In September, BP said it would spend $550 million over two years on its
Alaskan pipelines and appointed three corrosion experts. BP also hired
a former federal judge, Stanley Sporkin, 74, to serve as an ombudsman
who could field allegations of wrongdoing from U.S. employees.
In 2005, BP appointed former U.S. Secretary of State James A. Baker III
— who was also co-chairman of the bipartisan Iraq Study Group that
recommended withdrawing U.S. troops from combat by early 2008 — to
lead a panel of advisers on corporate governance and safety policies.
"We have had time to reflect and learn from the tragic accident at
Texas City, the corrosion of the oil transit lines at Prudhoe Bay and
the allegations of inappropriate trading," Browne said on Oct. 24
at a press conference at BP’s headquarters in London’s St. James’s
Square. "We are incorporating lessons learned."
`Making Do’
Browne, who declined to be interviewed for this article, says the
company slashed costs to maintain profits during the 1990s when oil
fell as low as $10 a barrel. In a video playing on Oct. 25 at BP’s
headquarters in Villa Petrolea in Baku, Azerbaijan, Browne said that
in the 1990s, the company adopted a culture of making do. "Making do
begins to nibble the future away," Browne said.
To ensure its future as oil output dwindles in the U.S. and the U.K.,
BP is being forced to turn to far-flung developing countries, such
as Angola and Azerbaijan. The Caspian coast outside Baku is dotted
with rickety communist-era derricks, nodding donkeys and oil lakes.
Russian Supplies
In 2005, BP’s U.K. oil production of 277,000 barrels a day was 43
percent below its output four years earlier. BP’s U.S. production
tumbled 18 percent, to 612,000 barrels a day, in the same period.
Meanwhile, Russia became its largest source of oil, producing 911,000
barrels a day, while Angola supplied 128,000 barrels and Azerbaijan,
76,000.
BP first began investigating Azerbaijan’s energy reserves just after
the end of the cold war. In 1993, Heidar Aliyev, former head of the
KGB in Azerbaijan, came to power following a coup.
Under Aliyev, Azerbaijan, a secular Muslim nation of 8 million people
sandwiched between Russia and Iran, became a staunch ally of the U.S.
It has 7 billion barrels of oil reserves, according to BP. Baku had
its first oil boom in the 19th century, making fortunes for Europe’s
Rothschild and Nobel families.
BP is the operator and biggest shareholder in Azerbaijan International
Operating Co., or AIOC, the consortium that’s drilling oil in the
Azeri, Chirag and Gunashli fields in the Caspian Sea.
Exxon and San Ramon, California-based Chevron Corp. are also
shareholders.
The offshore oil is then piped into the BP-operated Sangachal Terminal
south of Baku, where the BTC oil pipeline and SCP gas pipeline begin.
James Bond Movie
The 1999 James Bond movie "The World Is Not Enough" was about the
construction of an oil pipeline that follows roughly the same route.
The pipe travels across 1,500 rivers, over the Caucasus Mountains
to the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, down to Ceyhan in Turkey, where
tankers dock at a two-and-a-half-kilometer-long jetty to load the
oil for Western markets.
BP owns 30.1 percent of the pipeline. Other shareholders include
Chevron and Paris-based Total SA.
Azerbaijan’s renewed oil exploitation has made the country the world’s
fastest-growing economy, expanding an estimated 25.6 percent in 2006,
according to the International Monetary Fund. It’s also one of the most
corrupt, ranked 130th out of 163 nations in Berlin-based Transparency
International’s 2006 list, alongside Ethiopia and Zimbabwe.
The BTC pipeline will reach its capacity of 1 million barrels of oil
a day in 2008. As of Sept. 30, the most oil to flow through the pipe
in one day was 520,000 barrels.
Plans to Expand
BP plans to boost the pipe’s capacity to 1.8 million barrels a day
in coming years by adding pumping stations to tap crude from other
energy-rich nations in central Asia such as Kazakhstan, says BP’s
Woodward, whose office at Villa Petrolea, formerly a Soviet Palace
of Culture, retains details such as a stucco hammer and sickle.
In 1994, Aliyev agreed to allow a group of Western oil companies led by
BP to develop the offshore fields. "By having an East-West corridor,
you could help secure the independence of countries like Azerbaijan,
Georgia and potentially Kazakhstan from Russia," says Woodward,
who retired from BP on Jan. 1.
"There was strong backing from the U.S." says the former BP executive.
As the price of oil slumped, the pipeline looked less economic and
the project slowed. In 1998, BP bought Amoco, the fifth-biggest U.S.
oil company, uniting two of the biggest shareholders in AIOC and
giving new impetus to the project.
Bill Clinton
In November 1999, then U.S. President Bill Clinton flew to Istanbul to
sign an agreement with the leaders of Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia
to approve the pipeline. "For centuries, the Caspian region has been
critical to the crossroads of human events but never more so than
today," Clinton said.
In 2001, BP appointed San Francisco-based construction company
Bechtel Group Inc. to start surveying the route in Azerbaijan and
Georgia. Turkish pipeline company Botas took charge of the Turkish
section.
In February 2002, BP hired Mortimore, who’s helped build and repair
pipes on six continents. The engineer traveled to Baku to develop a
coating plant for the undersea pipes linking BP’s offshore oil rigs
to the Sangachal Terminal.
One evening, Mortimore met up with Paul Stretch, the technical manager
for the BTC pipeline. Stretch gave him a two-page note on the so-called
field joint coating.
Protective Coating
This coating was intended to protect the ends of each 12- meter-long
section of pipe from corrosion after they were welded together.
During construction, each section of pipe arrived on site coated in
a plastic polyethylene protective layer. Bare steel was exposed only
at the ends, so they could be welded together.
The note favored covering the exposed ends with an epoxy-based product
known as SP-2888, made by Langley, British Columbia-based Specialty
Polymer Coatings Inc. "The highest-scoring product is SP-2888,"
the note said.
It also recognized a flaw: Epoxy-based paints don’t stick well to
polyethylene. "There is a question regarding the SPC product and its
adhesion to polyethylene, which needs to be resolved," the note said.
Mortimore says the note was written by Trevor Osborne, BP’s materials
consultant in charge of selecting the field joint coating. Osborne
was contracted by London-based John Brown Hydrocarbons Ltd., which
in turn was contracted by Bechtel.
In what Mortimore says was a deeply flawed selection process,
BP, at Osborne’s recommendation, picked SP-2888, which Mortimore
says had no track record of being used on polyethylene- coated
pipes. Osborne declined to comment. Jim Banach, Specialty Polymer
Coating’s international sales manager, also declined to comment.
`Ideal Situation’
"The ideal situation is to have a pipe and a joint coated in the same
material," says Brian Leis, a senior research leader at Columbus,
Ohio-based Battelle, the world’s biggest independent nonprofit research
and development organization.
Europe’s second-largest utility by market value, Dusseldorf- based
E.ON AG, wraps a polyethylene and butyl rubber tape around the joints
of polyethylene-coated pipes. "This system has more than 25 years of
operational experience," says Helmut Roloff, a spokesman at E.ON’s
Ruhrgas unit.
In July 2002, BP asked Advantica Laboratories Ltd. in Loughborough,
England, to run tests on field joint coatings made by Specialty Polymer
Coatings and two other companies. SP-2888 came in first in a weighted
test in which certain properties earned more points than others,
according to the report, a copy of which was obtained by Bloomberg
News. Even so, the report was critical of all the products.
Inconsistencies
"Since no single coating material consistently performed well in
all tests, it was difficult to identify materials that would be best
suited for use," the report said.
Protegol, the product that came in last in the test, was used on
the Turkish section of the pipeline. Mortimore says the selection
process didn’t adequately test the coatings and didn’t consider the
full range of possible options.
In October 2002, BP published a document specifying SP-2888 as the
sole product to be used on the pipeline. The specification paper
allowed SP-2888 some unusual leeway in performance tests, says Leeds,
66, who in 2004 wrote a report on the BTC pipeline’s coating defects
for a U.K. parliamentary committee.
The BP document says the product could pass a performance test on
the pipe, even if it was found that it peeled in large pieces from
the polyethylene substrate, according to a copy.
Using the product left the pipe vulnerable to corrosion in an
environment that could provoke explosive stress corrosion cracks,
a form of deterioration that can cause pipelines, particularly those
carrying gas, to rupture, Leeds says.
`Totally Unacceptable’
"It’s totally unacceptable," he says. "A major company such as BP,
with its huge resources, shouldn’t be in this situation."
In November 2002, Mortimore wrote a memo to BP trying to prevent
them from using the paint. "It is utterly inappropriate as it does
not confirm a protective system that can be successfully applied in
all the conditions that this pipeline will be constructed," he wrote.
"The potential for claims against the company is open-ended."
Mortimore wasn’t the only one objecting to the choice of SP- 2888.
Chris McDonnell, managing director of E Wood Holdings Plc,
a Northallerton, England-based competitor to SPC, believes the
selection process was rigged. He complained to BP in October 2002.
"We were very reluctant to raise this concern for fear of damaging
our relationship with BP, but we felt an injustice had been done and
that people at the top didn’t know what was going on," McDonnell says.
BP Investigates
BP ordered an internal investigation into McDonnell’s allegation,
McDonnell and Mortimore say. Mortimore gave BP auditors documents
written by other companies to support his claim that the choice
of SP-2888 was flawed. "Liquid coatings are not compatible with
polyethylene style of coatings," an executive at TransCanada Corp.,
Canada’s biggest pipeline company, wrote in one document, a copy of
which was obtained by Bloomberg News.
Mortimore also handed BP tests by Advantica — the same company that
assessed SP-2888 for BP — that were commissioned by ShawCor Ltd.,
a Toronto-based maker of field joint coatings. The tests showed that
SP-2888 failed to meet an internationally recognized U.K. standard
known as CW6.
In December 2002, BP wrote to McDonnell to say that no unethical
behavior had been found.
Mortimore Departs
A month later, BP’s Stretch sent Mortimore an e-mail confirming that
his involvement as a consultant on the BTC pipeline was over.
"I wish to thank you for all of the help you have rendered the
project and me to date and hope that one day it is recognized that
your expertise and guidance has been undervalued," Stretch wrote in
the e-mail, which was obtained by Bloomberg News. Stretch declined
to comment.
Mortimore didn’t give up, convinced as he was that BP was making a
serious scientific and engineering mistake.
In March 2003, he met BP compliance manager David Winter and corrosion
engineer David Fairhurst in London. He brought with him a piece of
steel coated with SP-2888. "You think you’ve got a coating?" Mortimore
said as he bent the steel plate in front of Winter, shooting shattered
pieces of paint to the ceiling. "That’s your coating!"
Then he turned the plate over. The other side was coated with another
paint, which had remained unfractured.
Construction Begins
Meanwhile, BP started building the pipeline. In November 2003, eight
months after Mortimore met Winter and Fairhurst, BP found cracks
in the coating on a quarter of the pipe joints in Georgia and 2.6
percent of the joints in Azerbaijan, according to a 2004 report by
WorleyParsons Ltd., a Sydney-based engineering company that advises
the banks that funded the pipeline.
Woodward says the paint cracks were caused by BP’s contractors,
who he says didn’t apply the paint properly in cold weather conditions.
"It was a mistake that was made by the contractors, who were employed
to apply the coating," he says. Once the cracks were discovered,
BP ordered the contractors to heat the pipe before and after they
reapplied paint to the affected areas, he says.
Then they buried it.
"If prudence was invited to the party, you would have considered
using an alternative product after the coating cracked," Battelle’s
Leis says. "But prudence often isn’t invited to a party like this,
where delays can cost millions of dollars a day."
Coating Still Cracks
The pipe coating still cracks even after BP changed the procedure,
according to the report commissioned in 2005 by the contractors.
"The frequency of cracking is reduced by pre- and post- heating,
but cracking is not eliminated," David Norman, an independent U.K.
corrosion expert hired by the contractors, wrote in the conclusion
to the report, which was obtained by Bloomberg News.
"The SP-2888 coating is susceptible to cracking at the interface with
the factory-applied polyethylene regardless of the use or otherwise
of pre- and post-heating during application," he wrote.
Wael Khoury, a director of Consolidated Contractors, and Philip Bond,
managing director of Pipeline Induction, declined to comment, citing
contractual restrictions from BP.
The contractors made claims against BP disputing responsibility for
cost overruns, Woodward says. The claims may not be settled yet,
he said, declining to comment further.
Lenders Not Informed
Neither the cracks nor the change in application were reported to
BP’s lenders at the time they occurred, according to parliamentary
testimony in 2004 by the U.K.’s Export Credits Guarantee Department.
The banks, which include ABN Amro Holding NV, Banca Intesa SpA,
now known as Intesa Sanpaolo SpA, Citigroup Inc. and Royal Bank of
Scotland Group Plc, agreed on Feb. 3, 2004, to lend to the project.
Valter Serrentino, head of social and environmental policy at Intesa,
says the Milan-based bank decided to sell its $60 million stake in
the loan. "Mortimore raised a doubt in our minds about the integrity
of the pipe’s coating," he says.
The cracks weren’t disclosed to the public until the Sunday Times of
London published an article about them on Feb. 15, 2004 — four months
after the fissures were found. Mortimore, who suffered a heart attack
days before the news article was published, says he felt compelled
to write to Browne.
"I have never before witnessed a situation where the client proceeded
with construction when he knew that a significant element of the
works was going to fail," Mortimore wrote on Feb. 17.
Meeting Refused
In reply, Mortimore got a letter from the head of the BTC pipeline
saying nothing could be gained from a meeting. That same year, BP
began building the SCP gas pipe, which started operating in December.
It also uses SP-2888 as a coating.
Leeds says BP’s massive effort to bring Azeri oil and gas to the global
market makes its pipeline coating problem all the more significant. "A
pipeline is only as strong as its weakest link," he says. "For the
BTC and SCP pipelines, from day one, that will be corrosion at field
joints due to cracking and lack of adhesion of SP-2888."
The pipeline has a second protection against corrosion called cathodic
protection. In this process, an electric current is run through the
earth to the pipeline and prevents corrosion by turning the metal
surface into an electric cathode.
The trouble is, it doesn’t work well on a poorly coated pipe, says
Gordon Bierwagen, professor of coatings and polymeric materials at
North Dakota State University. "If there is a failure of the coating,
it won’t protect it," he says.
Morale Low
BP installations elsewhere had flaws at about the same time. At the
company’s refinery in Texas City, managers commissioned consulting
firm Telos Group to find out why morale was low in late 2004.
Their survey asked more than 1,100 workers what they perceived the
plant’s priorities to be. "Making money" came first and "people"
ranked last, according to a copy of the report, which was dated Jan.
21, 2005.
"The equipment is in dangerous condition, and this is not taken
seriously," one unidentified worker was quoted as saying in the
report. Two months later, a cloud of flammable vapors escaped from
a tank known as a blowdown drum and exploded at the plant, killing
15 workers.
`New Standards’
Woodward says the BTC pipeline coating dispute is a distraction from
the scale of BP’s achievement in Azerbaijan.
"We have set new standards with regards to the technical aspects of the
project and in the way we dealt with communities and the environment,"
he says. "It does make it another major new profit center for us."
And the government of President Ilkham Aliyev, who succeeded his
late father in 2003, may reap $150 billion from oil and gas revenues
during the next 20 years. Aliyev promises to spend funds on improving
education, and he’s rebuilding his army, which lost a war with
neighboring Armenia in 1994.
"We understand from history that if you are strong, if you have
power and have the ability to achieve goals, then your position
in negotiations also becomes stronger," the president said in an
interview with Bloomberg News at his palace in Baku on Oct. 27.
Now that the pipe is in the ground, BP must accept responsibility for
its mistake by publishing a monitoring process, which it should keep
in-house, instead of contracting the job out, Leeds says. "This is
the price to pay for not doing the job properly in the first place,"
he says.
Outside Monitors
That’s not happening. BP in 2006 awarded the monitoring contract
for its Azerbaijan assets to Rasco International Ltd., a Baku-based
building company with no previous pipeline monitoring experience,
and BPA, a Hemel Hempstead, England-based manager of pipelines.
They’re still talking to BP about whether they’ll take charge of the
BTC and SCP pipelines, even though the pipelines were described in
the contract, says Neil Barber, a Rasco project manager.
BP also cut out a clause in the contract requiring qualifications set
by the Houston-based National Association of Corrosion Engineers or a
similar organization, according to the preliminary and final versions
of the contract, copies of which were obtained by Bloomberg News. BP
spokesman Odone declined to comment on the contract.
In 2000, Browne gave a British Broadcasting Corp. Reith radio lecture
on the theme of "Respect for the Earth" in which he set a high standard
for himself.
"Transparency is not just about publishing numbers," he said. "It is
also about establishing clarity as to where responsibility lies."
When it comes to addressing concerns about the BTC pipeline, Leeds
says, Browne is not living by those words.
To contact the reporters on this story: Simon Clark in London at
[email protected] Stephen Voss in London at [email protected]