Author: Kalantarian Kevo

Eduard Sharmazanov: “OSCE MG’s latest statement was unprecedented, as
the mediators took Baku down a peg for the first time ever ”

by Tatevik Shahunyan

ARMINFO
Thursday, January 29, 10:32

The latest statement of the OSCE Minsk Group co- chairs was
unprecedented, as, for the first time ever, the mediators addressed
one of the parties to the conflict with a call and even demand, Eduard
Sharmazanov, Spokesperson of the Republican Party of Armenia, Vice
Speaker of the Armenian Parliament, told ArmInfo.

“In their statement, the mediators took Baku down a peg for the first
time ever. In January, Azerbaijan suffered defeat both in the
battlefield – in its own raids – and in the diplomatic field,”
Sharmazanov said.

To recall, in their latest statement the mediators, particularly,
said: “The rise in violence that began last year must stop for
confidence to be restored and progress to be made in the
Nagorno-Karabakh peace process. We called on Azerbaijan to observe its
commitments to a peaceful resolution of the conflict. We also call on
Armenia to take all measures to reduce tensions. All sides must abide
by the terms of the ceasefire agreement. Violence undermines efforts
to bring about peace.”

ONU
Le président israélien reconnait le génocide arménien à l’ONU

Le Président israélien Reuven Rivlin a déclaré mercredi devant
l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies que les accusations “cyniques”
contre Israël de crimes de génocide et de guerre nuisent à la capacité
de l’organisation mondiale pour lutter contre la vraie chose.

Prenant la parole afin de marquer la Journée internationale du
Souvenir de l’Holocauste devant l’assemblée, Reuven Rivlin a mentionné
le génocide arménien de 1915 – la mort de plus d’un million de
ressortissants arméniens par la Turquie – qui n’est pourtant pas
reconnu comme un génocide par Israël affirme le journal Haaretz.

Rivlin a déclaré :

Zoryan Institute
George Shirinian, Executive Director
255 Duncan Mill Rd., Suite 310
Toronto, ON
Canada M3B 3H9
Tel: 416-250-9807
Fax: 416-512-1736

PRESS RELEASE
CONTACT: Shannon Scully
DATE: January 28, 2015
TEL: 416-250-9807

European Court of Human Rights Grand Chamber hears
Perinçek v. Switzerland case

Strasbourg, France-The European Court of Human Rights held a Grand Chamber
hearing today, Wednesday, January 28, 2015 at 9.15 a.m. in Strasbourg,
France on the case of Perinçek v. Switzerland (application no. 27510/08).
The case concerns the criminal conviction of Turkish politician Doðu
Perinçek for publicly denying the Armenian Genocide while in Switzerland.
On March 9, 2007, the Lausanne Police Court had convicted Mr. Perinçek of
racial discrimination under Article 261 bis, Paragraph 4 of the Swiss
Criminal Code, finding that his motives were of a racist tendency and did
not merely contribute to a historical debate. After exhausting his appeals,
which were dismissed at various levels of the Swiss courts including the
Federal Court of Switzerland, Mr. Perinçek’s appealed to the ECHR on June
10, 2008.

View the trial on the ECHR website: by clicking on
Webcast, Perinçek v. Switzerland (no. 27510/08)

The International Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies (IIGHRS)
(A Division of the Zoryan Institute) was represented as observers at the
Grand Chamber, by its President, Mr. K.M. Greg Sarkissian and Mr. R.
Bedrosyan, an advisor to the Zoryan Institute on Turkish-Armenian issues.
They had worked jointly with the Human Rights Association of Turkey and the
Truth Justice Memory Centre to submit a third party amicus brief, for which
this Armenian-Turkish coalition had been granted leave by the Grand Chamber.

According to Payam Akhavan, the lawyer representing a coalition of Turkish
and Armenian human rights associations:

We have emphasized that the case is not about the historical truth as such.
>From the perspective of human rights law, freedom of expression under
Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, is subjected to
certain limitations. One of those is when speech amounts to incitement to
discrimination and hatred. So debates about the historical truth or legal
classification of atrocities as genocide or some other label are not the
real issue. The fundamental issue is whether Perinçek’s statements when
considered in their proper context constitute incitement to discrimination
and hatred.

The Applicant, Mr. Doðu Perinçek, Chairman of the Socialist Workers Party of
Turkey, with ties to the nationalist Talat Pasha Organization, stated the
following:

We are here for the freedom of expression of the people of Europe. I have
always shared the pain of our Armenian nationals…Genocide allegations have
turned into a tool to humiliate the Turks.

Mr. Perinçek had travelled to Switzerland to speak at a conference and made
public appearances wherein he referred to the Armenian Genocide as an
“international lie” and defended his position during today’s hearing as
follows:

This is an imperialist lie, an international lie. It’s been brought to the
fore by the Imperialist powers – they were the parties to the First World
War, they were against the Ottoman Empire which was basically why such a
propaganda was started against the Ottoman Empire.

Frank Schurmann, the lawyer representing Switzerland, stressed that
Perinçek’s statements amounted to hate speech against Armenians. Mr.
Schurmann substantiated this by referring to the written submission jointly
prepared by the IIGHRS and the two Turkish NGOs which documented Perinçek’s
racist and anti-Armenian activities in Turkey.

Mr. Gevorg Kostanyan, prosecutor general of Armenia and Agent representing
the government of Armenia during the proceedings, said:

As an intervener, Armenia’s role is to point to the correct principles under
which this case should be decided and to indicate errors that have infected
the lower court judgment. Whether or not its conclusion was correct does not
matter, as much as certain misstatements of fact, which have comforted
genocide deniers throughout the world. We are here to ensure that such
errors should never be repeated by a court that speaks in the name of human
rights.

Mr. Geoffrey Robertson, Counsel representing the Armenian Government, began
his argument by referring to Article 10 of the European Convention on Human
Rights:

It sets up a presumption in favour of free speech, in a Convention that
protects other rights to human dignity, to live free of torture and
discrimination, to say “I am Jewish,” “I am Muslim,” or “I am Armenian,”
without fear that the race we happen to be born into will be stigmatised as
inferior or sub-human.

He also referred to “egregious errors” made by the Lower Chamber, which he
urged the Grand Chamber not to repeat. Mr. Robertson summed up the key issue
in the case as follows:

The issue in this case is whether the Swiss law, under which this man,
Perinçek, was convicted.conforms to the Freedom of Expression Guarantee
under Article 10 of the European Convention.Article 10 has its proviso,
which permits speech to be restrained by law on those occasions when it’s
likely to and intended to, cause harm to incite racial violence or hatred.
Now, in the mouth of a rabid racist with a doctorate in law and a political
party at his back, and people waving flags and fists outside this Court now,
genocide denial can have a double impact: It makes the survivors of
genocide and their children and grandchildren feel the worthlessness and
contempt and inferiority that the initial perpetrators intended, and it
incites admiration for those perpetrators and a dangerous desire to emulate
them. In this case, the Swiss courts decided that Perinçek’s intentions
were racist.that his words in the Turkish language were designed to arouse
his supporters in Turkey to hate Armenians and applaud his hero, Talat
Pasha, the Ottoman Hitler.

Mrs. Amal Alamuddin-Clooney, also representing Armenia, made her opening
statement thusly,

The most important error in the Court’s judgment is that it has cast doubt
on the fact that there was a genocide against the Armenian people 100 years
ago. I will argue that a finding on genocide was first, not necessary in
this case; second, that it was reached without a proper forensic process;
and third and most importantly – that it was wrong. The court itself
admitted that it was “not required to determine” whether the massacres
suffered by Armenians amounted to genocide…

She pointed out that the Ottoman military courts convicted the principal
perpetrators, including Talat Pasha, for the mass murders rather than
genocide because the word had not yet been invented. In her concluding
remarks, Mrs. Alamuddin-Clooney stated:

Armenia, as a third party intervening in this case, has not made submissions
on the merits and is not here to argue against freedom of expression – any
more than Turkey is here to defend it. This court knows very well how
disgraceful Turkey’s record on free expression is.So although this case
involves a Turkish citizen, Armenia has every interest in ensuring that its
own citizens do not get caught in a net that criminalizes speech too
broadly. And the family of Mr. Hrant Dink know that all too well.The stakes
could not be higher for the Armenian people. The decision you are reviewing
was a serious step in the wrong direction. Perinçek and his colleagues on
the Talat Pasha Committee, the committee named after the principal
perpetrators of the Genocide and deemed by the European Parliament to be
xenophobic, have celebrated the judgment in its current terms and
triumphantly proclaimed that it has solved the ‘Armenian Question’ once and
for all…We hope that the Grand Chamber will set the record straight.

The IIGHRS and its Turkish coalition partners hope that the Grand Chamber of
the European Court of Human Rights indeed sets the record straight by
confirming that the case is about the speech by Perinçek with the intent of
incitement to discrimination and hatred and not a debate about historical
truth or of a legal classification of genocide.

The Grand Chamber is expected to render its judgment in approximately 6 to 8
months.

The Zoryan Institute and its subsidiary, the International Institute for
Genocide and Human Rights Studies, is the first non-profit, international
center devoted to the research and documentation of contemporary issues with
a focus on Genocide, Diaspora and Armenia.

For more information please contact the Zoryan Institute by email
[email protected] or telephone 416-250-9807.

Breitbart.com
Jan 28 2015

Persecuted Christians Join Yazidis in Iraq’s Fight Against ISIS

by Dr. Phyllis Chesler
28 Jan 2015NYC0

The savage Muslim persecution of Assyrian Christians and Yazidi
(Zoroastrian/Hindus) by Sunni Muslims in the Middle East and in Shiite
Iran has reached fever-pitch. ISIS has systematically murdered,
tortured, captured, and enslaved Yazidi girls and women. They have
done likewise to the Assyrians in Syria and Iraq. Iran has persecuted
Assyrians as well.

In terms of ISIS in Syria and Iraq: It is important to note that
Western-born and Western-raised fighters have joined these barbaric
warriors. This is a dangerous phenomenon because these fighters are
choosing barbarism over civilization.

Last week, two Yazidi women managed, miraculously, to recently escape
their captors. Their information is very valuable. Through them we
learn the following:

Jihadists from Australia, who went to fight for ISIS in Syria,
captured and enslaved these two Yazidi women, raped them continually,
and threatened them with sale into sex slavery or even death if they
did not “marry” their rapists. These Australian-born Jihadists had
other wives and children who were being indoctrinated into a barbarian
Jihadist culture.

The point here is that these fighters obviously rejected Western
Australian values. Khaled Sharrouf, one of the Australian-born
terrorists of Lebanese origin, has a long history of mental illness
and criminality. His companion-in-Jihad, Sydney-born Mohamed Elomar,
also of Lebanese origin, was a championship boxer, until he became
radicalized about 10 years ago when he joined the Global Islamic Youth
Centre (GIYC) in Liverpool, Australia, where notorious hate-preacher
Sheikh Feiz Mohammad led prayers. Feiz was supposedly an inspiration
to one of the Boston Marathon bombers.

Assyrians are Christians. During World War I, 750,000 Assyrians (75%
of their population) were killed, along with 1.5 million Armenians and
500,000 Pontic Greeks, by Turks and Kurds. On March 10, 2010, the
Swedish parliament officially recognized the Assyrian genocide.
However, the current Swedish government has yet to adopt the
recognition and make it part of official Swedish politics in its
dealings with Turkey.

Therefore, on Sunday, January 25, more than 2,000 Assyrians marched
through six cities in Sweden, for genocide recognition. More marches
marking the centennial of the genocide are planned.

There are less than 20,000 Assyrians left in Iran, and they are
recognized officially as a minority group in parliament. In Iran,
Assyrian Christians are permitted to practice their religion in their
native language (a derivation of Aramaic). Ayatollah Ali Khamenei even
sent out Christmas Day tweets that called on people to “truly honor
Jesus’ birthday.” However, on Christmas, 2014, the Islamic Republic of
Iran’s Revolutionary Court raided the home of an Assyrian pastor in
Tehran and arrested everyone there. The guards, operating under Sharia
Law, separated the men and women, and confiscated Bibles, mobile
phones, identification papers, computers, and books. Iran’s Basij
(“morality police”) arrested nine other Christians on Christmas.

Today, I had the privilege of speaking with David Lazar, the
American-Iraqi chairman of the American Mesopotamian Organization, a
group dedicated to advancing the rights of Assyrians globally. Since
ISIS invaded northern Iraq’s Nineveh plain, Lazar has been in daily
contact with his people, monitoring and directing humanitarian aid and
logistics.

Although the situation on the ground is fluid, complex, and highly
intense, David Lazar called for a “confederated Iraq with internal
borders.” He clarified that if “Iraqi Sunnis want to live under Sharia
law,” which will allow them to “marry their daughters when they are
nine years [old],” they can rule themselves–but not Christians or
others who want to live under “civilized laws.” He believes that
Swiss-style cantons can exist in a new Iraq, one that allows the Kurds
to have an independent state.

Lazar cautioned the Kurds against “independence, since that would put
them at the mercy of the Turks or the Iranians.”

Lazar described a new volunteer unit of Assyrian young men, nearly 600
strong, who are about to be trained by Iraqi and private Western
security specialists so that they can play a role in the spring
offensive against ISIS.

Lazar expects a “new Iraq” to emerge, with a “modified Constitution.”
He stressed that the Assyrians and the Yazidis have a long history of
peaceful co-operation in Iraq. “We have never killed each other, we
are peaceful, we have no issues,” he said.

He noted that Assyrians have not been receiving any of the necessary
aid that other groups receive, such as the Kurds or the Iraqi forces
fighting ISIS. Nevertheless, Lazar believes that a new Iraq will be
seen “after June 10th of this year.”

I asked Lazar about Assyrian women. I did not want to ask outright
about whether they had been kidnapped or sold into sexual slavery like
the Yazidi women. There is some evidence that this may be the case.
His answer was this:

Assyrian women are strong-willed, they are the backbone of the
household, most are educated, business owners, and professionals.
There will be women fighters as part of the Nineveh Province
Protection Unit (NPU) in the coming months if not weeks.”

This interview was arranged by the Endowment for Middle East Truth
(EMET) and I thank them for this opportunity.

Interfax, Russia
Jan 27 2015

Armenian DM: Yerevan-Moscow relations to be unaffected by Gyumri tragedy

YEREVAN. Jan 27

The killing of seven people in Gyumri, northern Armenia, by a Russian
serviceman cannot divide Yerevan and Moscow, Armenian Defense Minister
Seyran Ohanian said.

“The Gyumri events cannot drive a wedge between us. Our cooperation
with the Russian military base is strong. Exercises are consistent
with our operative and combat plans demonstrate the readiness for
joint provision of Armenia’s security,” Ohanian said at a press
conference on Tuesday.

“I have said before and I repeat that the Armenian army has no problem
[dealing with] Azerbaijan. The presence of the Russian military base
in Armenia is solving a more global problem of regional security,
especially considering Turkey’s military presence,” he said.

The Russian military base in Armenia “has done a lot in recent years
to build up its combat readiness and to procure new types of weapons,”
the minister said.

Six members of a family, including a 24-month-old child, were murdered
in Gyumri on January 12. Six-month-old Seryozha Avetisian was taken to
hospital with a stab wound. He died on January 19.

Armenia accused Russian serviceman Valery Permyakov of killing seven
people to which he confessed.

Te mk

US Fed News
January 27, 2015 Tuesday 2:09 PM EST

WIPO PUBLISHES PATENT OF BEAM ENGINEERING FOR ADVANCED MEASUREMENTS,
BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY AND “YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY” STATE
NON-COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATION FOR “THE METHOD FOR REGISTRATION OF
CHANGES OF POLARIZATION STATE OF MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT RADIATION”
(ARMENIAN, AMERICAN INVENTORS)

GENEVA

GENEVA, Jan. 27 — Publication No. WO/2015/006788 was published on Jan. 22.

Title of the invention: “THE METHOD FOR REGISTRATION OF CHANGES OF
POLARIZATION STATE OF MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT RADIATION.” Applicants:
“YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY” STATE NON-COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATION (AM),
BEAM ENGINEERING FOR ADVANCED MEASUREMENTS CO. (US) and BROOKHAVEN
NATIONAL LABORATORY (US). Inventors: Hakob Margaryan (AM), Vladimir
Aroutiounian (AM), Nune Hakobyan (AM), David Hovhannisyan (AM),
Artashes Movsisyan (AM), Petros Gasparyan (AM) and Nelson Tabirian
(US). According to the abstract* posted by the World Intellectual
Property Organization: “The invention refers to optics, in particular
to the development of a new method for optical measurements.

Possible fields of the invention application are: polarimetry,
spectropolarimetry and ellipsometry. The invention proposes a method
for registration of changes in monochromatic light beam polarization,
based on using an axial symmetric liquid crystal phase retarder and a
polarization diffraction grating. The radial symmetric phase retarder
allows to create a unique correspondence between the state of incident
beam polarization vector and the intensity distribution of the radial
symmetric beam passed through the polarization diffraction grating
placed after the retarder. In the proposed method for registration of
changes in a monochromatic light beam polarization the state of
polarization vector is determined by values of Stokes’ parameters,
obtained by a single measurement.” The patent was filed on Nov. 15,
2013 under Application No. PCT/AM2013/000005. *For further
information, including images, charts and tables, please visit:

International Business Times
Jan 28 2015

Amal Clooney Armenian Genocide Case: 5 Things To Know About DoÄ?u
Perinçek Hearing

By Julia Glum

High-profile human rights lawyer Amal Clooney went up against DoÄ?u
Perinçek Wednesday in a France court hearing involving the racial
discrimination case of the Turkish Workers’ Party chairman who claimed
the Armenian genocide never happened. Here are five things you need to
know about the hearing:

1. The players: Clooney and Geoffrey Robertson represented Armenia on
behalf of Doughty Street Chambers, the British law firm they work for.
“Armenia must have its day in court. The stakes could not be higher
for the Armenian people,” Clooney said, according to the Telegraph.

The case revolved around Perinçek, who was convicted in 2007 for
denying the Armenian genocide. The European Court of Human Rights
overturned that conviction in December on grounds that his right to
free speech was violated, and Armenia filed an appeal. Turkey was a
co-defendant in the case.

2. The background: As many as 1.5 million Armenians died at the hands
of the Ottoman Turks from 1915 to 1923, the Associated Press reported.
Turkey has argued that the death toll was not only exaggerated but
also a result of civil war — not genocide.

Perinçek has said that although there were widespread deaths, they
don’t fall under the legal term “genocide,” according to Today’s
Zaman. During a 2005 demonstration in Switzerland, he called the
incident “an international lie.” Denying the genocide is illegal under
Swiss anti-racism laws. He was arrested and later convicted in 2007.

Perinçek appealed that decision and won in the European Court of Human
Rights last December. The court said he was just exercising his right
to free speech, but this ruling “casts doubt on the reality of
genocide that the Armenian people suffered a century ago,” Clooney
said Wednesday. Perinçek took an opposing stance, telling the court
that “we are here for the freedom [of expression] of the people of
Europe.”

3. The hearing: Wednesday’s hearing lasted more than two hours in
Strasbourg, France. Clooney took the 17-member Grand Chamber through
Armenia’s history and said that the court had neglected to review the
relevant evidence and witnesses, Today’s Zaman reported. About 200
Perinçek supporters gathered outside. The Grand Chamber will announce
its decision at a later date.

4. The implications: The principal issue was freedom of speech in
Europe, where many countries have criminalized the refusal to
recognize the Armenian massacres as “genocide,” Reuters reported.
France has faced legal battles in the past three years for adopting a
law that makes it illegal to deny it.

Clooney refuted the idea that the hearing was an effort to limit free
speech. “Armenia is not here to argue against freedom of expression
any more than Turkey is here to defend it,” she said.

5. The fame: Clooney, who’s become famous since marrying American
actor George Clooney, was surprised by the “rows of paparazzi” in
court Wednesday, the Telegraph reported. Amal recently made headlines
for donning white gloves at the Golden Globes, but when asked
Wednesday what she was wearing, she joked it was barrister’s robes.
`It is not about white gloves or yachts,” her colleague Robertson
said. “It puts the record straight. She is a human rights lawyer.”

Southern Minnesota
Jan 28 2015

Amal Clooney on legal team in Armenian genocide case

STRASBOURG, France (AP) — Lawyer Amal Clooney went before Europe’s top
human rights court Wednesday to argue against a man convicted of
denying the 1915 Armenian genocide.

Clooney is representing Armenia as part of an appeal before the
Strasbourg-based European Court of Human Rights, which ruled in favor
of the man, Dogu Perincek, in December 2013.

Perincek believes his right to free speech was violated when Swiss
courts convicted him of racism for denying the genocide in 2005. He
described the genocide as “an international lie.”

Clooney said the “most important error” of the court’s 2013 ruling in
favor of Perincek was that “it cast doubt on the reality of the
Armenian genocide.”

Historians estimate up to 1.5 million Armenians were killed by Ottoman
Turks around the time of World War I, an event widely viewed by
genocide scholars as the first genocide of the 20th century. Turkey,
however, denies the deaths constituted genocide, saying the toll has
been inflated and that those killed were victims of civil war and
unrest.

The court said its decision would be made at a later date.

Amal Clooney, who married actor George Clooney last year, has also
argued on behalf of Greece for the return of the so-far unsuccessful
campaign to reclaim the Parthenon Sculptures from Britain.

Hurriyet Daily News, Turkey
Jan 28 2015

Armenian Patriarchate in Turkey establishes foundation

ISTANBUL РDo̡an News Agency

The Armenian Patriarchate in Turkey has established a foundation under
the name “Hovagim 1461,” in order to formally acquire a legal
personality.

The foundation is named after the first Armenian patriarchate Hovagim
and the date when he was appointed to his position.

Istanbul’s 22th civil court of first instance registered the
foundation officially. The foundation’s board of trustees will be made
up of 10 members of the patriarchate and headed by the Deputy Armenian
Patriarch Archbishop Aram Ateþyan.

The patriarchate will be able to give decisions on financial issues
via the Hovagim 1461 foundation.

The activities of foundations in Turkey are detailed under the law as
follows: Organizing seminars, workshops, conferences, providing
information, documents and data, publishing magazines, newspapers, and
articles in line with the aims of the patriarchate, and accepting
donations from Turkey and abroad.

The foundation also has the right to own property by inheritance,
purchase or donation. It will also be able to make investments through
cooperation with other foundations.

Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II transferred the Armenian Pontificate from the
city of Bursa to Istanbul after he conquered the city in 1453. He also
brought Episkopos Hovagim Golod, the leader of the Armenian community
in Bursa, to Istanbul and assigned him as patriarch in 1461. The
patriarch’s building is in Istanbul’s Kumkapý neighborhood today.

January/28/2015

New Heavy Blow to Azerbaijan

Haikazn Ghahriyan, Editor-in-Chief
Comments – 28 January 2015, 21:59

After the meeting with the Azerbaijani foreign minister the OSCE Minsk
Group issued a press release urging Azerbaijan to observe its
commitments to the peace process.

This is the first such statement in the history of the Minsk Group.
Unlike usual “parity” statements, this one clearly states that
Azerbaijan has been the initiator of the recent tension. Armenia is
urged to take steps to alleviate tension.

At the end of December and in early January Azerbaijan’s activity
increased, and the Armenian armed forces counterattacked. As a result,
the Armenian side advanced to new positions. The military command of
Armenia announced that it will no longer be in the defensive role and
will deliver pre-emptive blows.

The Armenian armed forces successfully carried out actions in several
directions. Serzh Sargsyan announced that the Armenian side has
actually adopted a new tactics. Seiran Ohanyan statedthat the Armenian
army may turn the territory of Azerbaijan to a hot spot, and his
advisor announced that the Armenian side can inflict so many losses on
Azerbaijan to achieve change of regime there.

>From the political point of view, these are knowledgeable statements
and are perhaps the only way of curbing Azerbaijan because this is the
only way of imposing peace on Baku.

The co-chairs have communicated to Azerbaijan’s foreign minister that
Azerbaijan’s only hope is the Minsk Group format, hinting that Baku
has taken steps to change the current format. Minsk Group gave
Azerbaijan a diplomatic slap. “We reminded the Minister of our
mandates and expressed concern about voices critical of the ongoing
negotiation process, the role of the Minsk Group Co-Chairs, and the
duties of OSCE monitors,” the press release states.

The actions of the Armenian army following August 2014 developments
demonstrate the political, military and diplomatic effect of making
clear and crucial decisions that stem from one’s own interests. The
whole world appreciates them and their implementation.

How many such cases are needed to have such decisions made in other
spheres of our life?