Author: Kalantarian Kevo

225 ARMENIANS OBTAINED UKRAINIAN CITIZENSHIP WITHIN 2005 FORMER HALF
PanArmenian News Network
Aug 4 2005
04.08.2005 03:05
/PanARMENIAN.Net/ 3 037 persons got Ukrainian passports within
the former half-year of 2005. 1 469 out of these had been citizens
of other countries before. According to the Press Service of the
Ukrainian President, within the period in question 455 former
Russian citizens, 254 those of Moldavia, 225 – of Armenia, 126 of
Azerbaijan and other 32 countries, which include Afghanistan, Belarus,
Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, became Ukrainian citizens. In the national
respect Russians (1 321 persons), Armenians (439) and Moldavians
(187) are leaders in getting Ukrainian citizenship. Representatives
of 80 nationalities have become citizens of Ukraine. 20.7% of these
have higher education, 70.1% – secondary or specialized secondary
education, reported Regnum news agency.

Library of Congress
2 August 2005
H.R.3103
Title: To direct the Secretary of State to submit a report outlining the
steps taken and plans made by the United States to end Turkey’s blockade of
Armenia.
Sponsor: Rep Schiff, Adam B. [CA-29] (introduced 6/29/2005) Cosponsors
(1)
Latest Major Action: 6/29/2005 Referred to House committee. Status: Referred
to the House Committee on International Relations.
COSPONSORS(1),
Rep Pallone, Frank, Jr. [NJ-6] – 6/29/2005

ARKA News Agency
July 27 2005
LONGSTANDING ISOLATION CAUSES NEIGHBORING PEOPLES LOSE CENTURIES-OLD
TRADITIONS OF COOPERATION IN SOUTH CAUCASUS
YEREVAN, July 27. /ARKA/. Long-standing isolation causes gradual
degradation of values, loss of centuries-old traditions of
neighborhood and cooperation in the South Caucasus, says a resolution
adopted as a result of a working meeting of the civil initiative
“South Caucasian Integration: Alternative Start”, the Caucasus Center
of Peace-Making Initiatives (CCPMI) reports. According to the
document, manifestation of nationalism and intolerance marginalize
real public sentiments and the idea of peaceful settlement of all
disagreements and integration, the only idea capable of ensuring the
viability of all the peoples of the South Caucasus. Considering the
above, the CCPMI points out the necessity of uniting the public to
counterbalance political speculations on existing conflicts,
contributing to the formation of public need for peace and
restoration of good-neighborly relations in the South Caucasus,
discussion of ways of settling “frozen” conflicts on the basis of
human rights and freedoms. The first working meeting of the civil
initiative “South Caucasian Integration” Alternative Start” was held
in Yerevan on July 19. P.T. -0–

Weston Town Crier, MA
July 28 2005
Moving Marriott across the GLOBE
By Cheryl Balian Scaparrotta / Correspondent
Thursday, July 28, 2005
In the culmination of an eight-year labor of love, a Weston
businessman is helping awaken a sleepy post-communist economy 5,000
miles from home by funding a glamorous new hotel in the former Soviet
republic of Armenia.

Paul Korian is managing partner of AK Development, an investor
group behind the purchase and multi-million dollar renovation of the
Marriott Hotel in Yerevan, Armenia’s capital. The nine-story hotel,
with 226 guest rooms and four restaurants, is at the heart of the
city’s cultural and business center.

`The hotel marks a number of firsts,’ explained Korian, an
Armenian-American who has resided in Weston for eight years. `It’s
the largest U.S. investment in Armenia, and the first
internationally-branded investment in that nation.’

It’s probably also the first time that Korian and other private
investors, most of whom are also Armenian-Americans from the Boston
area, had ever come face-to-face with the stark realities of the
communist era.

`During renovation, contractors discovered a secret level in the
building, used by KGB agents to monitor listening devices in rooms,’
he recalled.

The five-star hotel is housed in a 1950s-era building. While
architecturally pleasing, it needed a total renovation to meet
international hospitality standards.

The involvement of Marriott, one of the world’s best-known hotel
operators, added luster and credibility to the project.

`The property itself convinced Marriott to get on board with
us,’ explained Korian. `They were amazed by its prestigious
location.’

The grandiose building, purchased by AK Development from the
government for $10 million, sits prominently on Yerevan’s Republic
Square, center of the capital city. The National Art Gallery is
opposite the hotel, and a number of other museums and businesses are
within walking distance.

While the structure had always functioned as a hotel, guests
experienced few, if any, Western-style amenities. Credit cards were
not accepted for payment – wads of cash sufficed – and making
outgoing phone calls were difficult at best.
These situations have been rectified, and higher health and safety
measures have also been implemented.

`Marriott has been a pioneer in stepping into former communist
lands, like Poland,’ Korian pointed out.

But challenges of doing business in the former USSR persisted
throughout the project. For example, artwork shipments to the hotel
were delayed for several weeks because border guards thought they
were originals.

Armenia, a mountainous country about the size of Belgium, is a
sovereign nation of 3.3 million currently transitioning into a
market-based economy.

Located in the Caucasus region at the crossroads of the Old Silk
Road between Asia and Europe, it gained independence from the USSR in
1991.

Checking into a homeland opportunity

Korian, a co-founder of Staples, the office superstore, had no
previous experience as a hotelier. Though he had always been active
in the Armenian community, a devastating earthquake that struck
Armenia in 1988 prompted him and many others to evaluate more
permanent ways to aid their ethnic homeland.

`The opportunity is bringing Western-style business practices to
a post-Soviet country,’ Korian said.

AK Development was created in 1997 to acquire and restore the
hotel, which was offered for sale through Merrill Lynch. Since the
1998 purchase, Korian has traveled back and forth between Weston and
Armenia at least 25 times.

Hallmarks of luxury in the new hotel – for which the president
of Armenia cut the ceremonial ribbon for -include a fitness center,
in-room Internet connectivity, 24-hour room service and a two-story
presidential suite fit for visiting heads of state.

Marriott has incorporated the hotel into its worldwide
reservations system, sent over a dozen Armenian employees abroad for
management training, and installed seasoned company executives in
Yerevan.

Katrin Hentszel, the hotel’s general manager, has worked for
Marriott in Hamburg, Frankfurt and Warsaw. The hotel’s director of
sales and marketing, Alex Nurock, comes to his new post fresh off a
stint at the Riviera Marriott in Monaco.
Korian and Hentszel noted that Armenia is just beginning to market
its assets, like its rich history and natural beauty, to a global
audience. It was always a tourist destination for those in the Soviet
system, and many USSR Olympic athletes trained in its warm summer
climate.

In fact, Armenia’s famous brandy was said to be a favorite of
Winston Churchill.

`The hotel is a catalyst to demonstrate that people from all
around the world can enjoy Armenian culture,’ emphasized Korian.
From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress

Neue Zürcher Zeitung
Mittwoch 27 Juli 2005
Turkey sends a diplomatic note to Bern: Reaction to Perinçek’s
interrogation
Die Türkei kündigt Bern eine diplomatische Note an
Reaktion auf Einvernahme von Perinçek

it. Istanbul, 26. Juli
Die offiziellen Reaktionen der Türkei auf die Ermittlungen, die in
der Schweiz gegen den Vorsitzenden der Arbeiterpartei, Dou Perinçek,
letztes Wochenende aufgenommen wurden, wollen noch nicht nachlassen.
Am Dienstag hat der Sprecher des türkischen Aussenministeriums, Namik
Tan, mit einer «diplomatischen Note an die Adresse Berns» gedroht.
Die Einvernahme des türkischen Politikers habe in der Türkei
«Unbehagen» ausgelöst, was man Bern auch habe wissen lassen, erklärte
er am Dienstag der Presse. Seine Regierung warte nun auf eine
Entscheidung des Schweizer Staatsanwalts, wolle aber unabhängig von
dieser Entscheidung Bern eine diplomatische Note überreichen.
Dou Perinçek war in den siebziger und achtziger Jahren als linker
Politiker bekannt gewesen, geriet aber nach Mitte der neunziger Jahre
in die Grauzone des betont nationalistischen Lagers. Letzten Freitag
hatte er in Opfikon-Glattbrugg an einer Medienkonferenz zum 82.
Jahrestag des Lausanner Vertrags den von zahlreichen Parlamenten und
Regierungen anerkannten «Völkermord an den Armeniern» als Lüge
bezeichnet. Die Staatsanwaltschaft Winterthur/Unterland eröffnete
darauf von Amtes wegen eine Untersuchung und führte eine Einvernahme
von Perinçek durch. Eine Untersuchung war in der Schweiz zuvor auch
gegen den türkischen Historiker Yusuf Halaçolu eingeleitet worden.
Dieser bestreitet einen von den Osmanen verübten Völkermord an den
Armeniern ebenfalls vehement. Der Pressesprecher des türkischen
Aussenministeriums unterstrich, die Wiederholung des Ereignisses
trage offenbar nicht zur Verbesserung der bilateralen Beziehungen
bei.
Eine Aufgabe der Justiz
C. W. Wer eine Person oder Gruppe «wegen ihrer Rasse, Ethnie oder
Religion in einer gegen die Menschenwürde verstossenden Weise
herabsetzt oder diskriminiert oder aus einem dieser Gründe Völkermord
oder andere Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit leugnet, gröblich
verharmlost oder zu rechtfertigen sucht», wird nach schweizerischem
Recht mit Gefängnis oder Busse bestraft. Der Armeniermord von 1915
fällt unabhängig von einer «Anerkennung» durch den Bundesrat
zweifellos unter die Strafnorm – wie immer man diese politisch
beurteilen mag. Marcel Niggli schreibt in seinem juristischen
Kommentar zudem, dass der Leugnung eines Genozids in der Regel
rassistische Motive zugrunde liegen dürften. Auch wenn das Resultat
der Untersuchungen gegen türkische Nationalisten nicht vorwegzunehmen
ist, hatten die zuständigen Behörden in der Schweiz Grund, aktiv zu
werden. Ein ausländischer Politiker – nicht Parlamentarier – kann
keine Sonderstellung beanspruchen. Die Regierung des zur EU
strebenden Europaratsmitglieds Türkei müsste eigentlich Verständnis
für die Aufgaben einer unabhängigen Justiz aufbringen (die sich von
den politischen Gesten schweizerischer Parlamente für die Armenier
klar unterscheiden). So sollte seinerseits der Bundesrat auf
diplomatischen Druck eines wichtigen Wirtschaftspartners gelassen
reagieren können.

Azerbaijan not to achieve military supremacy soon – Armenian defence minister
Yerkir website
25 Jul 05
YEREVAN
If the combat readiness of the Azerbaijani armed forces was five
minutes ahead of the Armenian armed forces, then Azerbaijan would try
to solve Nagornyy Karabakh problem in a military way, Armenian Defence
Minister said at a meeting with participants in the third Pan-Armenian
Youth Forum on 23 July.
He said that Azerbaijani presidents have been saying for several years
that they can solve the Nagornyy Karabakh problem in a military way,
however, “there is a question – if they can, why are they not doing
it”.
The minister said that in 2005 Armenia has not been even one penny
behind Azerbaijan in financing its armed forces. The Armenian armed
forces have been financed by the state budget and with the help of
allies, benefactors and various organizations, which is the accepted
norm in the world.
Armenia’s position is that if Azerbaijan has more weapons, it will not
make any difference because Azerbaijan will not achieve supremacy in
the near future, Sarkisyan said.

Azerbaijani soldier killed in Nagorno-Karabakh shootout
AP Worldstream; Jul 21, 2005
An Azerbaijani soldier was killed during an exchange of gunfire with
Armenian-backed forces from the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh enclave,
a defense ministry spokesman said Thursday.
Pvt. Rafael Jafarov, 19, was shot Tuesday and died en route to the
hospital, said spokesman Ramiz Melikov. He blamed Jafarov’s death on
Armenian-backed forces.
Armenian officials could not be immediately be reached for comment.
Nagorno-Karabakh has been under control of ethnic Armenians since a
six-year war against Azerbaijan ended with a 1994 cease-fire. The war
killed some 30,000 people and drove a million from their homes. The
enclave’s status remains unresolved and tensions remain high along
the cease-fire line with both sides regularly exchanging fire.
Meanwhile, in meetings with President Ilham Aliev in Baku, Turkish
Defense Minister Vecdi Gonul pledged to help Azerbaijan reform its
army and make it more efficient. Gonul also met with Azerbaijan’s
foreign minister to discuss cooperation with NATO and ways to solve
the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute.
Turkey is Azerbaijan’s closest ally in the region.

Amid the deepening insecurity Urgent efforts to form a government
Monday Morning weekly, Lebanon
July 18 2005
President Emile Lahoud, who is said to want to see a blocking
minority available in the new cabinet
Premier-designate Fuad Saniora, who said he had no wish to experience
the kind of cabinet deadlock seen in previous governments
General Aoun’s Bloc of Reform and Change meeting after it decided not
to join the “cabinet of the 30”
Saad Hariri: Resolutely optimistic
Walid Jumblatt: No to a cabinet of technocrats
Hezballah leader Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, whose party was determined
to get the Foreign Affairs portfolio
Syrian Deputy Foreign Minister Walid Mouallem: “Syria has absolutely
no interest in committing attacks in Lebanon which cause innocent
victims”
BCCIA President Adnan Kassar: Worries about “political immobilism”
Trucks waiting in the no-man’s land between the Syrian and Lebanese
frontier posts last week. Lebanese business groups say they are losing
300,000 dollars a day as a result of the slow processing of goods at
the frontier
Nothing is right anymore at the governmental level, especially after
Prime Minister-designate Fuad Saniora submitted to President Emile
Lahoud a cabinet team comprising 30 members instead of the alternative
of 24 ministers on which the parliamentary blocs had agreed. While
opinions are divided concerning the reasons that led him to change
the governmental combination, Saniora justified himself before the
president, who received him in the morning. The day before he had had
a phone conversation with the Maronite patriarch, Cardinal Nasrallah
Sfeir, on the same subject. The cardinal’s view of the matter was
not immediately known.
The situation was so complex that circles close to Saniora disclosed
that he went to Baabda Palace having prepared a letter in which he
asked to be allowed to relinquish the task of forming a cabinet. And if
he did not get the presidential green light on the enlarged formula,
he would either try to return to that of 24 ministers or to opt for
a government of technocrats.
How long, observers wonder, can the country continue with a resigned
government doing no more than transacting routine business and a
premier-designate opposed by three large parliamentary blocs: the
Free Patriotic Current (FPC), the Amal Movement and Hezballah and
their allies.
Following a meeting of his Bloc of Reform and Change (BRC), General
Michel Aoun announced his decision not to take part in the “cabinet of
30”, which went against the agreement concluded with Saad Hariri and
Saniora. He added, “I tried not to complicate the premier-designate’s
task, but he has changed his attitude and only reserved for us a
number of portfolios less than that to which we are entitled… let
them form a ministerial combination of their choice but I won’t cover
anyone. I thought I was dealing with statesmen, but I realize that
they are maneuvering to monopolize all the wheels of power. Public
matters cannot be dealt with in this way.”
Saad Hariri did not conceal his regret and accused “certain allies of
the FPC leader of preventing him of cooperating” with the Hariri group.
Hezballah’s point of view Circles close to Baabda revealed that
Speaker Nabih Berri was demanding seven portfolios in the event
the “cabinet of 30” formula was adopted. Hezballah’s viewpoint was
set out by South Metn MP Ali Ammar. “From the beginning”, he said,
“we called for installation of a government of union or of national
reconciliation capable of facing all challenges on both the internal
and external levels. We hoped to see Saniora taking the principle of
consensual democracy into consideration as well as that of the balanced
representation of the various political forces and groups. This is
the only formula that can help Lebanon get out of this situation and
the long tunnel of pressures and difficulties. And we warn against
allowing the country to return to the system of dividing spoils.”
After two weeks of consultations and maneuvering, no progress had
been made. But Saad Hariri was convinced that everything would be
arranged in a way satisfactory to the great majority of the people.
Why a cabinet of 30?
The explosion that targeted former Defense Minister Elias Murr should
have normally accelerated the formation of the cabinet, but in fact
it was the contrary that occurred.
The reason is that on last Tuesday the premier-designate submitted
to the president a government formed of 30 members instead of 24 on
which the various parliamentary forces had agreed.
This provoked hostile reactions: first of all, from the president,
who complained that the proposed ministerial team was insufficiently
representative of opinion in the country.
For its part, the FPC demanded to be represented by five ministers
in a cabinet of 30, a formula on which it had agreed with Saad Hariri
during the general’s recent visit to Hariri’s home. Finally, Amal and
Hezballah did not conceal their disappointment either, especially
since they were not consulted about the increase in the number of
ministers proposed and the sharing-out of portfolios on a new basis.
The governmental team proposed — the third proposal — by Saniora
comprised: Nayla Mouawad, Jihad Azour, Ghattas Khoury, Joseph Sarkis,
Simon Abi-Ramia, Pierre Gemayel (Maronites); Bahij Tabbara, Hassan
Sabeh, Khaled Kabbani, Mohammad Safadi, Ahmad Fatfat (Sunnites); Elias
Murr, Issam Abou-Jamra, Tarek Mitri, Atef Majdalani (Greek Orthodox);
Marwan Hamade, Ghazi Aridi and Faisal Sayegh (Druzes); Michel Pharaon,
Nehme Tohme, Elias Skaff (Greek Catholics); Jean Oghassabian, Alain
Tabourian (Armenians); Faouzi Salloukh, Mohammad Fneish, Mohammad
Khalife, Trad Hamade, Nawar Sahili, Ghazi Youssef (Shiites).
Why the increase in the size of the cabinet from 24 to 30? Certainly
analysts answer in these terms: the new majority wants to prevent
the formation of a “blocking third” inside the cabinet, which would
comprise representatives of the FPC, Lahoudists and Hezballah, still
close to the Administration — nine ministers in a cabinet of 24. If
the Aounists are deprived of two portfolios, such a “blocking third”
could not be formed.
In any case, protracted political instability is unlikely to
restore desperately needed confidence to an economy burdened by
a 35-billion-dollar national debt built up during reconstruction
following the 1975-90 war. Adnan Kassar, president of the Beirut
Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture, expressed fears about
a worsening of economic, financial and social problems.
“The country can’t stay with two cabinets, one outgoing, the other in
gestation. It’s urgent that we put in place a cabinet up to the level
of the reforms needed. We need ministers who inspire confidence. The
international community won’t help Lebanon if it doesn’t help itself,
as President Jacques Chirac said at the G8 summit.”
An extra-parliamentary cabinet?
On Thursday the premier-designate announced his intention to form
an extra-parliamentary cabinet of 14 or of 24 ministers after the
failure of two attempts to form a government of national union.
“After consulting President Lahoud, I proposed to him the formation
of an extra-parliamentary cabinet comprising non-party personalities
who possess the confidence of the principal parliamentary blocs,”
Saniora told reporters following a 45-minute audience at Baabda
Palace. “The president encouraged me to proceed on that path.”
Sources close to the president said he was hoping for a repetition of
the experience of Najib Mikati, whose non-parliamentary government,
set up to supervise the general elections, had made a very good
impression on local and international opinion.
Named the prime minister-designate on June 30 by the president,
Saniora was making his third attempt to form a cabinet. His two
previous attempts had been rejected by the president, the Shiite
Amal-Hezballah coalition (33 MPs) and the bloc of Aoun and his allies
(21 MPs).
Saniora, right-hand man of Saad Hariri, the head of the parliamentary
majority (72 out of 128), stated that “the situation requires a
homogeneous team that would not become bogged down in squabbles,
as was the case in the time” of Rafik Hariri.
He was referring to the conflicts between the assassinated former
premier and President Lahoud, which had prevented reforms and partly
paralyzed the Executive.
This remark by Saniora led observers to wonder whether, in making
his third attempt, he would not meet with the same problems he had
encountered in his previous attempts.
Hezballah, which rejects UN Security Council Resolution 1559, demanding
the disarming of its party, wants a man it can have confidence in as
foreign minister. Reacting to Saniora’s announcement on Thursday,
the “Hezb” said it would insist on respect for the parliamentary
balances. And a frank hostility to any non-parliamentary cabinet was
shown by two FPC MPs, Nehmatallah Abi-Nasr and Salim Salhab, while
observers suggested that Walid Jumblatt’s bloc (16 MPs) would also
oppose it.
But analysts noted that numerous parliamentary blocs had earlier
welcomed the idea of an extra-parliamentary government and, more
generally, the proposal that MPs should not serve as cabinet ministers,
nor ministers as MPs.
Analysts also spoke of actions by President Lahoud, who had by turns
been the advocate of the Amal-Hezballah tandem and of the FPC in order
to have a blocking minority in the cabinet and prevent Saniora from
having the support of more than two-thirds of the ministers.
And while the president and the premier-designate may agree that
the new government should be the exact reflection of the new chamber
elected in May-June, their interpretations of this fact are in complete
contradiction, observers point out. Saniora holds that Saad Hariri’s
Future Current, to which he belongs, having an absolute majority in
the chamber, should have the same majority in the cabinet.
For the president, however, there must be a blocking minority within
the cabinet so that a procedure for dismissing a government may
always be available in the event of a grave conflict between the
prime minister and the president, as in the case of a fundamental
disagreement between the two heads of the Executive.
According to the Constitution, a government is considered to have
resigned if a third of its members resign. This is practically the
only power over the Executive that still remains to a president,
analysts indicate.
Saniora said he had set a deadline for himself to form a cabinet,
but he did not elaborate. Persons close to him indicated however that
he would stand down if he had not succeeded by the end of the week.
Saniora added that “the greatest danger that Lebanon runs is an
immobilism like that which prevailed during the governments of Mr.
Hariri. I don’t want to repeat that experience.”
On Friday Saniora presented proposal number four, a cabinet of 24.
Lahoud’s rejection of the previous three, palace sources said, was
due to the fact that they were “not sufficiently representative of
national opinion and would therefore not be a cabinet of national
union.” Saniora said the fourth attempt was the best combination he
was capable of and would garner the support of about 100 MPs. He said
he would “have to reassess the situation in the light of President
Lahoud’s reaction to the [fourth] proposal.” He stressed that the
cabinet would abide by “national considerations” and would not be
“a hostage to any internal debates.”
Walid Jumblatt spoke out strongly against any non-parliamentary
cabinet. “We refuse to discuss a government of technocrats,” he told
an interviewer.
“Such a government would not be up to the challenges facing it,
particularly getting to grips with security,” he said in reference
to the spate of bombings that have rocked Lebanon since the February
murder of Rafik Hariri.
He called on the main opposition alliance to use its eight-seat
majority in Parliament to press ahead with forming a government of
its own, regardless of the views of Lahoud.
“If Lahoud rejects it, we’ll know what to do,” he said, referring to
calls for the president to stand down over his links with Syria and the
security apparatus it nurtured before its troop withdrawal in April.
Saad Hariri has previously said that he wants to move cautiously on
the question of Lahoud’s future because of the “sensitivity” of the
issue. The president was given an extra three years in office under
a controversial amendment adopted last autumn.
“Given the pressure which Lebanon is under, the new government must
have the credibility to face the challenges,” a Hezballah source said.
And an Aoun aide said: “You can’t separate such a government from
politics because it’s got to take political decisions.”

Pasoja boosts Haka hopes
Wednesday, 13 July 2005
Finnish side FC Haka took a step towards setting up a
Scandinavian derby when they defeated FC Pyunik 1-0 in
the first leg of their UEFA Champions League first
qualifying round encounter in Valkeakoski.

Vålerenga await
Juha Pasoja’s solitary goal left the Armenian visitors
facing an uphill task if they are to progress to the
second qualifying round, where Vålerenga IF, the team
who finished second in Norway last year, lie in wait.
First-half strike
Haka, who won the Finnish First Division in 2004 but
trail leaders Myllykosken Pallo-47 by six points at
the halfway stage of the current campaign, went ahead
through 28-year-old defender Pasoja midway through the
first half.
Damage limitation
However, last season’s runaway Armenian Premier League
champions Pyunik managed to limit the damage and will
hope to overturn the 1-0 deficit when they stage the
second leg next Wednesday.

ARKA News Agency, Armenia
July 14 2005
KAMO ATAYAN APPOINTED TO THE POST OF NKR EDUCATION, CULTURE AND
SPORTS MINISTER
YEREVAN, July 14. /ARKA/. Nagorno-Karabakh Republic’s President
Arkady Ghukasyan signed a decree appointing Kamo Atayan to the post
of Nagorno-Karabakh Education, Culture and Sports Minister, NKR
Presidential Press Service reports.
Before that, Kamo Atayan was the Secretary of the Council of Armenian
State Universities Rectors. M.V. -0–