La memoria histórica sobre el genocidio armenio

El Diario Exterior , Espana
Martes, 03 de enero de 2012

La memoria histórica sobre el genocidio armenio

Un proyecto de ley francés para tipificar como delito la negación del
“genocidio” armenio por los turcos, está dando lugar a críticas por
parte de historiadores que ven comprometida su libertad de
investigación.

El actual debate legislativo francés sobre el genocidio de Armenia
entre 1915 y 1917 está dando lugar a vivas reacciones. Parecía lógico
que la decisión de tipificar como delito la negación del genocidio
chocase con la postura de Turquía, siempre a las puertas de Europa.
Pero más importantes son las críticas que cuestionan ese tipo de
normas, por ir contra las exigencias del rigor científico o crear
nuevos delitos de opinión. Algo semejante a la defensa de la libertad
de opinión frente a las presiones de grupos minoritarios (como sucede
estos días en España a propósito de un libro sobre la homosexualidad
de hace varios años; o de la exigencia de usar sólo el término
`violencia de género’ para combatir las agresiones que sufren sobre
todo las mujeres).

En esta última línea se inscribe el artículo publicado en Le Monde
(28-12-2011), por el conocido historiador francés Pierre Nora,
presidente de una asociación que pugna en concreto desde 2005 por la
`Libertad para la historia’. Se opone radicalmente a la generalización
de las llamadas `leyes memoriales’, que establecen supuestas verdades
históricas por mayoría de votos.

La ley aprobada por la Asamblea Nacional el 22 de diciembre (pendiente
ahora del Senado) ofrece dos aspectos diferentes: la cuestión armenia
en sí, y el problema global de la politización de la historia.

La idea de genocidio ha evolucionado hacia una connotación amplia, con
fronteras borrosas

No todos los crímenes masivos son un genocidio

Sobre el primero, a juicio de Nora, no se sostiene el paralelo entre
el genocidio armenio y la Shoah; la norma actual no se puede alinear
con la ley Gayssot, que penalizó en 1990 la negación del genocidio
judío. Para la Shoah existe una responsabilidad institucional
protagonizada por la Francia de Vichy. En cambio, respecto de Armenia,
Francia no aparece para nada. Y si lo que se pretende es presionar a
Turquía, ` la decisión francesa sólo puede exacerbar el nacionalismo
turco y bloquear cualquier forma de avance hacia el reconocimiento del
pasado’. Turquía propuso en 2005 la creación de una comisión paritaria
de historiadores y la apertura de los archivos; los armenios se
negaron en nombre de sus certezas sobre el genocidio. `El gobierno
francés debería haber presionado para que una comisión internacional
se instalara en Ankara, y Turquía se comprometiera a seguir sus
conclusiones’.

Pierre Nora afirma que `la palabra genocidio tiene un aura mágica,
pero es preciso recordar que todos los historiadores serios son
reacios a usarla; prefieren, según los casos, `aniquilación’,
`exterminio’, `asesinatos masivos’. Al término, elaborado durante la
guerra, se le dio una definición jurídica en 1948, basada en una
intención exterminadora. Luego ha evolucionado hacia una connotación
amplia, con fronteras borrosas, y su utilización no tiene ya más que
un contenido emocional, político o ideológico. Si los armenios quieren
usarlo, ¿por qué no? Puede estar justificado. Pero este genocidio
había sido ya reconocido por la República Francesa desde 2001′. Por
eso, aprobar una nueva ley en 2011 más bien se fundamenta en el deseo
político de cerrar la puerta a la solicitud de ingreso de Turquía en
la UE. Según el editorial de Le Monde (22-12-2011), la ley sólo se
explica por razones electorales.

Este tipo de leyes son criticadas por ir contra las exigencias del
rigor científico o crear nuevos delitos de opinión

Por otra parte, la noción de crimen contra la humanidad, asociada en
la ley al genocidio, nació en 1945, en Nuremberg. Su
imprescriptibilidad significaba que ninguno de los autores estaría al
abrigo de responsabilidades penales hasta su muerte. Pero esto no
puede aplicarse hoy a Armenia: ninguno de los autores vive, pues los
crímenes sucedieron hace más de un siglo; el riesgo es trasladar la
responsabilidad a los historiadores, que no podrán trabajar sobre un
tema tabú. En cierta medida, la muerte de los protagonistas deja sin
contenido a los procesos penales, como los suscitados contra
personajes franquistas por Baltasar Garzón en España, o por la juez
Servini de Cubría en Argentina, de la que habla estos días la prensa:
el contenido de su exhorto parece más propio de una investigación
histórica que de una instrucción judicial.

Contra la judicialización de la historia

Pero la cuestión armenia no es lo más grave, a juicio de Nora. La ley
actual pretendería transponer a la legislación francesa la resolución
europea, de 28 de noviembre de 2008, sobre “la lucha contra
determinadas formas y manifestaciones de racismo y xenofobia mediante
el Derecho penal”. Ante la decisión de Bruselas, Francia optó por
reconocer sólo como crímenes de lesa humanidad, genocidio o crímenes
de guerra, los declarados por un tribunal internacional. Significaría
la penalización de los culpables de genocidios como los de Ruanda o
Kosovo, pero nunca de los historiadores que trabajan sobre el pasado.
En cambio, la nueva ley se aplicaría a todos los delitos reconocidos
por el ordenamiento jurídico francés.

De este modo, se abre una vía para cuestionar toda investigación
histórica y científica desde las reivindicaciones memoriales de grupos
concretos, pues están legitimadas por el nuevo texto para ser parte en
el proceso. Podría aplicarse a sucesos antiguos, como la guerra de la
Vendée; o las hambrunas de Ucrania provocadas por el poder estalinista
en 1932-1933; o los crímenes comunistas en Europa Oriental; o el
exterminio de los gitanos por los nazis, o incluso la masacre de la
Guardia Suiza en las Tullerías en 1792. Se podría acabar
criminalizando a historiadores que trabajan sobre Argelia, sobre la
noche de San Bartolomé, o sobre la cruzada contra los albigenses.

Nora invita a reflexionar sobre el grado de anacronismo al que se
puede llegar proyectando sobre el pasado conceptos nacidos en la era
contemporánea, con los consiguientes juicios morales maniqueos. Sobre
todo, cuando la ley no penaliza sólo la “negación” del genocidio, sino
que introduce un nuevo delito: su “minimización”, todo un reto de
precisión para juristas.

En nombre de la defensa de los derechos humanos se puede llegar a la
`sovietización de la historia’. Muy al contrario, `es preciso proteger
la historia, en cuanto instrumento de unión, frente a la memoria que
divide’. Por eso, la asociación `Libertad para la historia’ lanzó un
manifiesto en octubre de 2008, que firmó en un par de semanas más de
un millar de historiadores europeos: “La historia -proclamaba- no debe
ser esclava de la actualidad ni escribirse al dictado de memorias
concurrentes. En un Estado libre, no pertenece a ninguna autoridad
política definir la verdad histórica ni restringir la libertad del
historiador bajo la amenaza de sanciones penales (…). En una
democracia, la libertad para la historia es la libertad de todos”.

El legislador ante la historia

Lógicamente, para algunos, como Ara Toranian, director de Nouvelles
d´Arménie magazine, la ley francesa se inscribe en la lucha contra el
negacionismo del Estado turco. No la valora en términos académicos,
sino de violencia política. Y, en este campo, `la ley está en perfecta
conformidad con su vocación esencial: garantizar la paz civil,
prevenir desórdenes públicos, proteger a los más débiles’. A su
entender -y el punto de vista es inquietante-, `cuando se permite que
la historia se escriba al dictado del verdugo y sólo se deja a las
víctimas la memoria para llorar, no se hace más que legitimar y
relanzar la máquina de matar’ (Le Monde, 28-12-2011).

Pero, como dice Le Monde en su editorial, `las leyes memoriales no
sirven para nada’, a pesar de la tendencia francesa (también europea y
española) a juridificar la historia: `Los historiadores -afirma- no
reivindican el monopolio de la verdad. Interpretan los hechos. Pero
compartimos con agrado su versión de la tragedia armenia. En cambio,
no corresponde al legislador -sostenido en este caso por el Elíseo-
proclamar la historia. En esta materia, no parece que exista una línea
oficial exigible a todos, ni que permita imponer sanciones penales’.

http://www.eldiarioexterior.com/la-memoria-historica-sobre-el-40239.htm

ISTANBUL: Parisians debate Turkey

Hurriyet Daily News, Turkey
Jan 3 2012

Parisians debate Turkey

Mehmet Ali Birand
PARIS

The French are mired in a lot of problems. They are contemplating how
they are going to overcome the pending crisis. President Nicolas
Sarkozy’s speech at New Year’s did not suffice either, as everyone has
their sights fixed on the euro.

Nevertheless, if you happen to end up in Paris these days and chance
upon a French person up to date with contemporary developments, and
your Turkish identity is revealed, too, then the first question you
will encounter is going to be on the “Sarkozy Law.” That is how it was
dubbed. Everyone is aware the Armenians are being pandered to for the
elections.

I went to Paris on New Year’s for three days. Inevitably, we got
together with French politicians and journalists with whom I have been
acquainted for years. It was a cab driver who asked the most striking
question when he learned we had arrived from Istanbul.

“Were you infuriated by Sarkozy’s law?” he asked.

When I told him it was an entirely needless and foolish law, he
responded, “That is not his only idiocy” and broke into laughter.

It was the “Sarkozy Law” that was being debated in humor shows on the
radio, and some political debate programs on television.

There was one particular session on TV5 that was also attended by Ali
Kazancıgil, and which accurately captured the general mood in the air.
“What purpose does it serve to anger the Turks?” asked one
participant, while another asked “Shall we bow to the Turks?” Just as
in every other discussion, there were those who argued forcefully that
it would not be to their advantage to anger Turkey where the French
have considerable investments, while others said Turkey was in no
shape to harm France in any way.

Kazancıgil graciously indicated that Turkey is no longer the old
Turkey that it used to be, and that France had to take well-measured
steps. Other participants did not quite look as if they understood
much of it, however.

Unfortunately, the most effective weapon used by the French in these
debates against us goes like this: “What freedom of speech are you
talking about? First, take a look at yourselves before criticizing
us.”

Truthfully, there is no way to answer that, and it springs up everywhere.

Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s advice to Sarkozy to inquire of
his father about Algeria has backfired here and did not register with
people. Stressing that Sarkozy’s father had not even been to Algeria,
the media is questioning where Prime Minister Erdoğan came up with
these comments.
What attracted my attention most in these debates is that Erdoğan and
Sarkozy were lumped together in the same basket. Commentators note and
compare them both as ambitious and populist politicians.

On a final note, Turkish circles still continue clinging onto their
hopes. They are guessing this bill will not make its way into the
Senate and stop there. French observers I have spoken to disagree,
however. They claim the voting will take place prior to the elections,
as Sarkozy would be accused by his presidential rival François
Hollande of lying and selling the Armenians off, if he were to fail in
sending the bill to the Senate.

They cannot give up on the genocide

We feel cross with the Armenians. We demand that they give up on
claims of genocide and establish a joint history commission to
investigate whether a genocide really took place or not. And they
refuse. Let alone conduct joint research, they even turn down the
offer to shoot a joint documentary. The reason for this attitude is
crystal clear: Such little time is left for genocide claims to gain
international recognition that they do not want to initiate any steps
that could jeopardize this trend.

Would we have behaved any differently if we had been under the same
circumstances?

Not at all, as we would not have risked such a close opportunity.

They are certain they are marching toward victory. In fact, they are
even assessing the aftermath of an affirmative vote in the U.S.
Congress on the issue.

And what are we doing?

Let us turn our gaze toward ourselves before we pick on the Armenians.

Kurdish revolts in the Soviet archives

Mehmet Perinçek’s book, “Kurdish Revolts in Soviet State Sources,” has
gone to print through the Kaynak Publishing House. Perinçek has
prepared a highly comprehensive and significant piece of work.

The book relates some of the darkest hours of our recent history, such
as the separatism of Barzani during the First World War, the Şeyh Sait
Revolts and the Ağrı Revolt, through the Soviets’ eyes. We already
knew the Soviets, who were quickly growing at the time in question,
were in possession of thick archives regarding the Kurdish problem in
which they took a special interest in relation to their policies of
expansion.

Now, these sources have been rendered available to all through Perinçek’s book.
January/03/2012

Sports: Armenian footballer confirms Turkish coach wanted to expel h

Tert.am, Armenia
Jan 3 2012

Armenian footballer confirms Turkish coach wanted to expel him
17:03 – 03.01.12

An Armenian footballer playing for the Iranian club Persepolis has
confirmed reports that the newly-appointed Turkish coach wanted to
expel him from the team only for being an ethnic Armenian.

Speaking to the Armenian sports news website Armsport.am, Harutyun
Abrahamyan thanked all those who supported him at that time when he
was having problems with Mustafa Denizli.

`Media reports are absolutely right. It’s not the first year that I
have been in Iran and I have managed to gain the respect of football
lovers due to my work,’ said he.

`It caused a stir in the press when it became known that I will leave
the team for artificial reasons.’

`A lot of people stepped up support for me, and I am going for
training tomorrow and continue my work,’ said Abrahamyan.

Harutyun Abrahamyan played in various Iranian clubs before he signed a
contract with Persepolis in autumn 2011.

Armenia must recall signature from protocols with Turkey – oppositio

news.am, Armenia
Jan 3 2012

Armenia must recall signature from protocols with Turkey – opposition

January 03, 2012 | 14:26

YEREVAN. – Taking into account behavior of the official Ankara, the
Armenian side should recall signatures from Armenia-Turkey protocols,
said MP from opposition Armenian Heritage Party Armen Martirosyan.

Martirosyan is confident that no movement in Armenia-Turkey
reconciliation should be expected.

`Prior to the signing of protocols Turkey was cautiously speaking
about Karabakh, after the ceremony the situation changed. Nowadays,
Ankara ignores political correctness while commenting on the Karabakh
issue. Armenia has nothing to lose. If we recall signature, it will
have no negative impact on our country,’ he told Armenian
News-NEWS.am.

In October 2009 Armenia and Turkey signed protocols in Zurich to
normalize diplomatic relations between the states. The documents had
to be ratified in both countries’ parliaments. However, in 2010 the
Armenian president suspended the process due to Turkey’s
non-constructive stance. Ankara set preconditions and linked the
reconciliation process to resolution of the Karabakh conflict. Turkey
decided to remove the protocols from parliament’s agenda this August.

Address by Pres. Sargsyan on occasion of New Year and Christmas holi

news.am, Armenia
Jan 1 2012

Address by President Serzh Sargsyan on the occasion of New Year and
Christmas holidays

January 01, 2012 | 00:14

Address by President Serzh Sargsyan on the occasion of New Year and
Christmas holidays (video):

My Fellow Citizens,

Year 2011 is becoming history.

New Year is a family holiday. The clock is to strike twelve and in our
minds we recap the past and toast looking into each other’s eyes. In
families, no matter what tables we gather around, we all hold in our
mind a promise to support each other. Our country is everybody’s
family. Where do we put a period and with what objectives in mind do
we cross the threshold of the New Year?

Dear members of a great family that we call our native land, we have
much more in common than we used to think. Regardless of the angle we
look from, our objectives become the same when we say Motherland,
Armenia, Artsakh, Diaspora, peace, parents, children… Let’s garner in
our minds our successful accomplishments and victories of the passing
year – the proud and sparkling marching ranks, the Matenadaran reborn,
the magnificent airport, the deterrence of brigands, the unforgettable
moments of national enthusiasm, and others. Let’s leave in the passing
year indifference, unresponsiveness, hostility…I will not enumerate
them all, you know well enough what is not right and is not worthy of
a family. Let us take to the new year 2012 our pledge to support each
other and our determination to win new victories for the benefit of
our motherland Armenia, Artsakh, Diaspora, for peace and creative
work, for our families, for our parents and children, for our sons who
guard our borders.

Dear Compatriots,

We frequently emphasize that Armenians are the legatees of an ancient
and potent culture, and it is indeed true. But it is also true that
there is still much imperfection in the contemporary Armenia. There
are families, which even on this festive day have hardly warmed up
their dwelling; there are despondent villages and towns that do not
reflect our ideas and standards of an advanced country. Undoubtedly,
we must become a country which will reveal itself at every step of the
road – a progeny of a great and rich civilization, bearer of great and
rich traditions. Year 2012 should also become a year of diligent work:
healing, care, thoughtfulness and comfort in day to day life can be
achieved only through work. 2012 will be a year of hard work.

As you know, next year is also a year of the elections to the National
Assembly. On many instances, elections have been perceived, and I
underline that it’s about perception of some, only as an opportunity
to grip or retain power. It’s high time to realize that there are much
more eminent goals. I have made my personal decision long ago – to do
my best to get rid of those flawed stereotypes, to enroot principles
of truly national and truly state approaches in the political life. I
make no secret that to do that I have needed help and I still need
help.

We are entering not only a new year but also a new stage of
development for our country and our society. I have no doubt that we
will have new achievements in every area of our state and public life.

Dear Compatriots,

I congratulate you on New Year and Christmas holidays, and wish that
excellent mood and optimism reign at your festive tables. Let the New
Year bring peace and prosperity to your families and to our country.

Happy New Year!

BAKU: Azeri leader vows to restore full sovereignty, beef up militar

AzTV Baku, Azerbaijan
Dec 31 2011

Azeri leader vows to restore full sovereignty, beef up military strength

Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev has again reiterated country’s
determination to restore full sovereignty over the
internationally-recognized territories. Karabakh is internationally
recognized as the territory of Azerbaijan. The conflict must be
resolved on these principles, he went on to say. “The territorial
integrity of our country must be restored. The occupying forces must
withdraw from all the occupied lands,” the president of Azerbaijan
said in his New Year address. Aliyev also promised to continue
military beef up and purchase state-of-the-art weapons. Subheadings
have been inserted editorially:

Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev has vowed to continue diplomatic,
political and military efforts for the resolution of the
long-drawn-out Karabakh conflict and have the country’s territorial
integrity restored.

Territorial integrity is a must

He said: “What concerns us most is the unresolved Armenian-Azerbaijani
Nagornyy Karabakh conflict. Azerbaijan has always, especially over the
recent period, stepped up its efforts. But, as you know, the
resolution of this issue does not only dependent on us. Unfortunately,
the unconstructive position of Armenia, its hypocrisy demonstrated in
the negotiations process, the actual refusal from the talks dealt a
big blow to the process. Unfortunately, the international community
and the parties directly involved in the matter still do not speak
openly and unequivocally, who is to blame for violations of the
negotiations.

“There are positive statements. We hear those statements, support
them. In particular, what turned out to be new this year was that the
co-chair countries have repeatedly made statements about the
unacceptability of the status quo. We support these statements.
However, concrete steps must come after statements. Unfortunately,
these steps are not being taken. We will continue our diplomatic and
political efforts. We have a fundamental position in the negotiations.
We will not step back from this position. Nagornyy Karabakh is a
primordial, historical Azerbaijani lands.

“The international community, the United Nations recognize and support
the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan. Nagornyy Karabakh is
internationally recognized as the territory of Azerbaijan. The
conflict must be resolved on these principles. The territorial
integrity of our country must be restored. The occupying forces must
withdraw from all the occupied lands. Azerbaijani citizens must return
to all the occupied territories, including Nagornyy Karabakh, Susa.
Only after this can long-term peace be achieved. We can never allow a
second contrived Armenian state be created on the native Azerbaijani
lands for the second time. This is our principled position. I am
reiterating, this position is based both on history and the law and
justice.”

New weapons to be purchased

The president of Azerbaijan also pledged to go ahead with acquisition
of state-of-the-art weapons and also step up the opportunities of the
newly-established domestic military industry: “Along with this, like
in economy, we are implementing radical reforms in the military
sphere. Our military power, military capabilities are growing. In
2011, our military spending exceeded 3bn dollars. It is more than all
the expenses of Armenia. Next year, the military spending will rise
again. The state-of-the-art weapons, military hardware, combat
aircraft and helicopters and ammunition are imported and will be
imported.

“Along with this, the Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan, set
up several years ago, already produces 600 types of military products.
We will continue to attach efforts to beef up our military
capabilities. Today, the military potential of Azerbaijan allows us to
liberate our native lands from invaders by any means. Simply, our
hopes for the talks have not yet exhausted and these negotiations have
to continue.”

Energy sector

Aliyev also saluted achievement in the energy sector in 2011. He said:
“In 2011, great successes were achieved in very important for our
country energy sector. Azerbaijan has managed to consolidate its
positions. At the beginning of the year, the European Union and
Azerbaijan signed a very important declaration on strategic energy
cooperation. Azerbaijan has already been recognized as a country that
is able to provide Europe with energy resources, particularly natural
gas. Our opportunities are growing.”

UN Security Council non-permanent seat historic win

The president termed Azerbaijan’s win of the non-permanent seat of the
UN Security Council as an important event and a great historic
victory: “The year 2011 marked a very important event for our country.
Azerbaijan was for the first time elected a member of the Security
Council of the United Nations. This is a great historic victory. I
think this is our biggest win over 20 years of independence period. In
the hard struggle, we managed to win the confidence of the entire
world community. From the first to the last round, Azerbaijan led in
the voting. In the end, 155 countries cast their votes to Azerbaijan,
they believed in Azerbaijan, supported our policies. Azerbaijan enjoys
great confidence. Our policy is supported since it is based on
justice. Our policy is an independent policy. Over the past eight
years, I have repeatedly said that Azerbaijan has pursued an
independent policy. Azerbaijan has its own way.”

[translated from Azeri]

Aznavour, philosophers, Turkish writer call French Senate to ratify

news.am, Armenia
Jan 2 2012

Aznavour, philosophers, Turkish writer call French Senate to ratify
bill penalizing Armenian Genocide

January 02, 2012 | 10:47

PARIS. – Famous singer Charles Aznavour, director Robert Guédiguian,
lawyer Serge Klarsfeld, philosophers Bernard-Henri Lévy and Michel
Onfray, as well as Turkish writer Erol Özkoray have signed a joint
appeal aiming to persuade the French Senate to ratify the bill
penalizing the Armenian Genocide, passed by the French National
Assembly last December.

`As Elie Wiesel has written, the denial of the genocide is killing its
victims for the second time. We welcome the adoption of the bill on
racism, discrimination and denial by the French National Assembly on
December 22.

Our target is the ban of denial on state level that the Turkish
authorities bring up to France. In order the text to become a law, we
call the French President, the government and the leading parties to
confirm their gesture and let the Senate ratify the bill,’ reads the
appeal published in Le Journal du Dimanche.

Le génocide arménien : l’extermination (1/3)

Le Monde, France
29 dec 2011

Le génocide arménien : l’extermination (1/3)

Professeur à l’Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS),
Vincent Duclert est notamment spécialiste de l’affaire Dreyfus. Son
travail sur les mobilisations intellectuelles l’a amené à s’intéresser
à la question du génocide arménien, et au-delà, à la vie
intellectuelle en Turquie. Il a notamment publié un ouvrage sur les
engagements intellectuels turcs dans les années 2000, L’Europe
a-t-elle besoin des intellectuels turcs ? (Armand Colin, 2010) à
travers l’étude de plusieurs pétitions emblématiques de l’évolution de
la société turque, notamment celle du 15 décembre 2008 de demande de
pardon aux Arméniens pour la “grande catastrophe” de 1915. La
traduction de ce livre devait être publiée en Turquie par l’éditeur
Ragip Zarakolu, mais celui-ci a été arrêté comme “terroriste” le 29
octobre et ses manuscrits saisis. Vincent Duclert a co-fondé avec
Hamit Bozarslan, Cengiz Cagla, Yves Deloye, Diana Gonzalez et Ferhat
Taylan le Groupe international de travail (GIT) “Liberté de recherche
et d’enseignement en Turquie” ( et
)

Le génocide de 1915 a été précédé par une autre vague de massacres,
vingt ans plus tôt. En 2006, vous avez édité un discours prononcé par
Jean Jaurès à la Chambre des députés le 3 décembre 1896, alors que des
massacres faisaient rage dans l’Empire ottoman (Il faut sauver les
Arméniens, Mille et une nuits). Le dirigeant socialiste soulignait que
les tueries s’accompagnaient de la volonté de dissimuler ce qui était
en train de se produire. En quoi était-ce inédit ?

La volonté de dissimulation des massacres au XIXe siècle, notamment
ceux commis par les Turcs contre les Grecs dans la guerre
d’indépendance (1822-1830), est récurrente. Mais le fait nouveau ici
est le caractère organisé de cette dissimulation. Le pouvoir du sultan
Abdulhamid II (1876-1909) en vient à payer la presse européenne pour
qu’elle ne parle pas de ces massacres. C’est ce que dénonce aussi
Jaurès à la tribune.

Comment caractériseriez-vous les massacres de 1894-1896 ?

Plus de 200 000 personnes ont été massacrées, mais à cela s’ajoute un
processus de spoliation, et même d’humiliation de tout un peuple, qui
accélère un phénomène déjà ancien. Or, la dégradation collective et
individuelle favorise la réalisation des génocides : plus une
population est bien intégrée, moins il est facile de la faire
disparaître. Les grands massacres de 1894-1896 rendent possible le
génocide de 1915. Ils sont aussi pré-génocidaires dans la manière dont
la mort est administrée.

Il y a eu un acharnement sur les corps, une volonté de destruction des
familles et des communautés, une cruauté exceptionnelle dans la mise à
mort des personnes. Dans les régions d’Anatolie où les Arméniens,
parfois, étaient majoritaires (la Grande Arménie), les tueries sont
perpétrées par des populations musulmanes et par des régiments
“hamidiés”, une cavalerie kurde placée sous l’autorité du sultan.

A Constantinople, c’est le petit peuple arménien, celui qui travaille
par exemple dans le bazar, qui est massacré. Des stocks de gourdins,
un instrument redoutable pour briser les crnes, avaient été
auparavant écoulés dans toute la ville. Il faut se souvenir qu’au
Rwanda, avant le déclenchement du génocide de 1994, des importations
massives de machettes avaient été réalisées… Lorsque les Arméniens
protestent contre les tueries, leurs manifestations sont décimées par
la même violence, avec ou sans l’aide des forces armées.

Comment et pourquoi ces massacres pré-génocidaires s’arrêtent-ils ?

D’abord, le sultan estime qu’il est arrivé à ses fins, notamment la
réduction du pourcentage d’Arméniens en Anatolie. Et puis les
pressions internationales, celle du gouvernement anglais et,
finalement, celle du gouvernement français (la pression de Jaurès et
des intellectuels a fini par payer) commencent à agir. Mais si les
massacres s’arrêtent, la persécution continue. Des Arméniens prennent
le chemin de l’exil. Et un nouveau massacre pré-génocidaire
s’accomplit en 1909 à Adana et en Cilicie, impliquant cette fois la
responsabilité du nouveau régime jeune-turc qui a mis fin à la
tyrannie du “sultan rouge” Abdulhamid II.

Peut-on dire que c’est l’effondrement de l’Empire ottoman qui produit
le génocide ?

La perte progressive des territoires européens, au XIXe siècle, et les
prétentions russes dans le Caucase, font peu à peu basculer l’Empire,
jusque-là fondé sur une coexistence relativement pacifique entre les
communautés, dans l’ultra-nationalisme. Or la modernisation de
l’Empire est venue profondément de cet ancrage européen. C’est là que
s’est développé le mouvement Jeune-Turc. Le sentiment d’un Empire
assiégé, menacé en Europe et dans le Caucase, nourrit une rhétorique
sur l’ennemi intérieur. Au final, les Arméniens, qui passaient pour la
minorité la plus fidèle, deviennent désignés comme des traîtres en
puissance parce qu’ils constituent la minorité la plus nombreuse.

Les Grecs sont vus comme moins menaçants : ils ont leur pays. Les
Arméniens, eux, n’ont pas de foyer national. On les accuse d’être les
agents des puissances européennes qui se disputent le contrôle des
ressources de l’Empire ottoman… Dans le même temps, avec les pertes de
territoires, des milliers de musulmans chassés d’Europe s’implantent
au c`ur de l’Anatolie. Ils y transportent leur humiliation, leur haine
du Chrétien, de l’Européen, et y transfèrent les pratiques de violence
extrême produites par les guerres balkaniques. Ces populations seront
très sensibles à la propagande ultra-nationaliste et anti-chrétienne
de l’Empire ottoman finissant.

Peu à peu s’impose l’idée que l’Empire doit se ressourcer dans sa
nature turque. Ce mouvement s’accompagne d’un racialisme qui fait des
chrétiens, notamment les Arméniens, un danger mortel pour cette
“turcité” proclamée.

Mais la réponse nationaliste n’est pas la seule : le déclin de
l’Empire ottoman suscite aussi une réponse libérale de la part des
Jeunes-Turcs, qui se diviseront ensuite entre libéraux et
nationalistes (dits “unionistes”). C’est ce dernier courant qui
triomphe à partir de 1909 puis à la veille de la Première Guerre
mondiale.

Les massacres de 1894-1896 sont dénoncés très fortement à l’étranger.
Mais qu’en est-il à l’intérieur de la Turquie ?

Le sultan Abdulhamid nie ces massacres, mais les réseaux diplomatiques
européens, et le maillage des écoles missionnaires, notamment
anglaises et américaines, recueillent et diffusent l’information.
L’élite jeune-turque se renforce contre la tyrannie hamidienne. Les
leaders arméniens contribuent fortement à cette opposition libérale.

Y a-t-il parallèlement une revendication indépendantiste arménienne ?

Pour les Arméniens, la révolution des Jeunes-Turcs, en 1908-1909, va
représenter un grand espoir. La liberté allait être apportée à
l’Empire ottoman ; ils vont en conséquence se battre pour elle. C’est
d’ailleurs une des autres raisons qui feront d’eux une cible
prioritaire de la dictature unioniste à travers le génocide. Qu’il y
ait eu dans certains groupes ou partis des revendications
d’indépendance nationale, c’est vrai. Mais l’essentiel du mouvement
arménien se projette dans une modernisation et une démocratisation en
profondeur de l’Empire.

Pourquoi les événements de 1915 seront-ils si différents ?

D’abord on a affaire à un nouveau pouvoir, la dictature des membres du
Comité Union et Progrès, qui ont pris le pouvoir en 1913 après
l’effondrement des guerres balkaniques. Cette faction liée à
l’Allemagne, globalement favorable à la guerre, est traversée par des
conceptions racialistes et pan-turquistes.

La défaite contre l’armée tsariste à Sarikamish, dans le Caucase, en
janvier 1915, précipite la décision de déporter les Arméniens aux fins
d’extermination. Officiellement, il faut les éloigner du front pour
éviter qu’ils ne jouent le rôle de cinquième colonne. Mais l’argument
ne tient pas : les Arméniens restent fidèles à l’Empire, ils
combattent loyalement dans l’armée ottomane. La première des tches du
gouvernement unioniste sera d’éliminer ces officiers et soldats
arméniens loyaux, affaiblissent d’autant une armée ottomane en pleine
retraite.

La date habituellement retenue pour dater le commencement du génocide
est le 24 avril 1915, jour d’une grande rafle de notables et
d’intellectuels à Constantinople. Mais les persécutions ont débuté
plus de vingt ans plus tôt, comme on l’a vu. Il faut envisager le
génocide arménien comme un continuum de persécutions, de spoliations
et de massacres.

En 1915, les procédures d’élimination sont différentes et l’intention
génocidaire est clairement constituée : les Arméniens des centres
urbains (sauf ceux de Constantinople, finalement préservés après la
grande rafle du 24 avril parce qu’indirectement protégés par les
ambassades et autres communautés étrangères), sont éloignés pour
éviter que des grands massacres dans les villes n’entraînent des
désordres, et ne se produisent sous les yeux des consuls et
diplomates, autant de témoins oculaires.

Sans les déplacements de population, il aurait été difficile de
construire une interprétation de l’histoire selon laquelle
l’extermination n’a pas eu lieu. Sur les routes d’Anatolie,
l’extermination est rationnalisée et “peu coûteuse” : elle se fait
sans témoins ni dégts socio-économiques. Coordonnés par
l’Organisation spéciale (OS), sorte d’Etat dans l’Etat – police
politique et administration de la terreur -, les massacres seront
réalisés par certaines populations locales, surtout kurdes, par des
bandits de droit commun au service de l’OS, et aussi par les
détachements réguliers, avec plus ou moins de zèle. De nombreux
orphelins seront récupérés par les gendarmes.

L’extermination se fait par l’assassinat massif, la faim et la soif,
la noyade. Les témoignages insistent particulièrement sur les viols,
mutilations et massacres de femmes, d’enfants et de nouveaux-nés
commis par les génocidaires. Les survivants qui arrivent dans le
désert de Syrie sont précipités vivants dans des grottes, quand
d’autres trouvent finalement refuge en Cilicie, ou au Dersim, ou
encore à Alep, là où l’écrivain juif autrichien Franz Werfel
découvrira des orphelins misérables et décidera d’écrire Les Quarante
jours de Musa Dagh (1933).

Que se passe-t-il alors, hors de l’Empire ?

Les Alliés, ennemis de l’Empire ottoman, ont tout intérêt à révéler
les preuves de cette extermination. Mais elle est aussi dénoncée par
des sources plus indépendantes, comme certains missionnaires
allemands, et par le travail des Américains, notamment l’ambassadeur à
Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau, qui fait un travail exceptionnel
pour alerter son gouvernement et l’opinion publique. En France,
certains parlementaires comme Marcel Cachin se mobilisent. Mais on est
en situation de guerre totale en Europe, la barbarie est générale, et
la tragédie arménienne reste au second plan.

Comment le génocide cesse-t-il ?

Contrairement aux grands massacres de 1894-1896, le génocide ne
s’arrête pas. On estime qu’il y avait 1,5 million d’Arméniens dans
l’Empire en 1896, puis 1,3 million en 1915, à la veille du génocide,
qui a lui-même fait environ 900 000 morts. Le moment central est
1915-1916, mais jusqu’à la fin de la guerre, la machine est en action
et des “génocides miniatures”, selon l’expression de l’historien
Vahakn Dadrian, se produisent – dans le Caucase notamment.

Propos recueillis par Jérôme Gautheret

http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2011/12/29/le-genocide-armenien-l-extermination-1-3_1624124_3224.html
www.gitfrance.fr
www.gitinitiative.com

Le génocide arménien : la mémoire et l’oubli (2/3)

Le Monde, France
29 dec 2011

Le génocide arménien : la mémoire et l’oubli (2/3)

Professeur à l’Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS),
Vincent Duclert est notamment spécialiste de l’affaire Dreyfus. Son
travail sur les mobilisations intellectuelles l’a amené à s’intéresser
à la question du génocide arménien, et au-delà, à la vie
intellectuelle en Turquie. Il a notamment publié un ouvrage sur les
engagements intellectuels turcs dans les années 2000, L’Europe
a-t-elle besoin des intellectuels turcs ? (Armand Colin, 2010) à
travers l’étude de plusieurs pétitions emblématiques de l’évolution de
la société turque, notamment celle du 15 décembre 2008 de demande de
pardon aux Arméniens pour la “grande catastrophe” de 1915. La
traduction de ce livre devait être publiée en Turquie par l’éditeur
Ragip Zarakolu, mais celui-ci a été arrêté comme “terroriste” le 29
octobre et ses manuscrits saisis. Vincent Duclert a co-fondé avec
Hamit Bozarslan, Cengiz Cagla, Yves Deloye, Diana Gonzalez et Ferhat
Taylan le Groupe international de travail (GIT) “Liberté de recherche
et d’enseignement en Turquie” ( et
)

Comment la mémoire du génocide se structure-t-elle en Turquie ?

Les principaux responsables s’enfuient en Allemagne à l’automne 1918
au moment de l’effondrement de l’Empire ottoman. S’installe un
gouvernement issu de l’Entente libérale. Ses membres sont décidés à
juger les responsables du génocide. Des déclarations très fortes sont
posées, et des procès sont lancés. Mais cette phase de justice sera
mise en échec après l’isolement progressif des libéraux face à la
croisade nationaliste de Mustapha Kemal.

A l’origine, le fondateur de la Turquie nouvelle s’était montré très
sévère pour les responsables de la défaite et du génocide, jugeant
qu’une position claire sur le sujet pourrait permettre une paix
honorable. Puis sa position évolue, parce qu’il a besoin de cadres
pour son nouveau pouvoir, et parce que les prétentions territoriales
des Alliés menacent la souveraineté nationale. La conquête de Smyrne
par les Grecs est un point de non-retour. Dès lors, l’objectif de
juger des responsables unionistes du génocide est abandonné.
S’ajoutent à cela les représailles commises par les Arméniens contre
les Turcs sur le front russe, point de départ de la thèse de certains
négationnistes d’un génocide contre les Turcs perpétré par les
Arméniens…

Comment le dispositif négationniste se met-il en place ?

Globalement, la cause des survivants arméniens disparaît de l’agenda
kémaliste, au point que l’idée même de reconnaissance de l’ampleur des
massacres devient un danger pour la future République. Certains
députés en viennent à les justifier, comme Hasan Fehmi en 1919 : “Ce
qui a été fait l’a été pour assurer l’avenir de notre patrie, qui est
à nos yeux plus sacrée que notre vie même.” Mustafa Kemal se rangea à
la thèse du risque de corruption du pays par les Arméniens survivants,
comme le démontra l’historien turc Taner Akçam (Un acte honteux. Le
génocide arménien et la question de la responsabilité turque, Denoël,
2008).

A ce moment-là, donc, il n’y a pas de négation…

Non, effectivement. L’heure est à la justification. Plus tard, les
kémalistes en viendront à reprendre une partie des arguments des
génocidaires : les Arméniens sont un danger pour la nation, et le
sujet du génocide serait un des arguments que font peser les
vainqueurs de la Première Guerre mondiale sur les vaincus ottomans
dans la négociation des traités. Le génocide est à la fois nié comme
génocide et justifié comme un massacre nécessaire en situation de
péril national. Pour les Turcs, les Alliés instrumentalisent le passé,
dans le but de fragiliser l’existence même de la nation turque.

Trois ans après le traité de Sèvres qui prévoyait un Etat arménien
(avec un mandat d’exécution confié aux Etats-Unis), le traité de
Lausanne (1923) entérine l’existence de la Turquie actuelle, née de la
guerre de libération nationale menée par Mustafa Kemal. La délégation
arménienne ne pourra pas siéger et l’Arménie n’est même pas
mentionnée. De plus, tous les crimes commis entre le début de la
première guerre mondiale et le 20 novembre 1922 sont amnistiés.
Quelques orateurs évoquent bien le déni de civilisation qu’a été le
massacre des Arméniens, mais il apparaît comme essentiel aux Alliés
comme aux Turcs de tourner la page. Les Occidentaux, au départ
mobilisés pour juger les responsables, considèrent vite que leur
objectif est plutôt de protéger les détroits que de défendre la
mémoire et les droits d’une minorité quasiment disparue.

Pour les kémalistes, le succès est total, d’autant qu’ils peuvent
installer le nouvel Etat-nation dans une Anatolie vidée de ses
minorités. La “turcification” peut s’opérer, avec l’appui d’une
bourgeoisie enrichie par la spoliation des biens arméniens. Les droits
des minorités sont très encadrés. Celles-ci feront plus tard l’objet
de violentes campagnes d’opinion et de persécution d’Etat : les juifs
durant la seconde guerre mondiale ; les Grecs, avec notamment les
pogroms de 1955 déclenchés par l’attentat (une provocation des
services secrets turcs) contre la maison natale de Mustafa Kemal à
Salonique ; mais aussi les alévis ou en 1937, les Kurdes du Dersim où
s’étaient réfugiés des survivants arméniens : ils n’échapperont pas
cette fois à l’extermination.

Qu’en est-il, maintenant, de la situation à l’extérieur de la Turquie ?

La France a accueilli une part importante des survivants du génocide à
condition toutefois qu’ils s’intègrent et qu’ils fassent oublier leurs
origines “orientales”… On peut dire que pendant l’entre-deux-guerres,
la mémoire du génocide est faible. Beaucoup d’Arméniens, comme une
partie de la gauche française, se passionnent aussi pour l’aventure de
la petite Arménie soviétique.

Certains événements, pourtant, marquent les esprits. Ainsi du procès,
à Berlin, de Soghomon Tehlirian, qui avait assassiné le 15 mars 1921
Talaat Pacha, ministre de l’intérieur des Jeunes-Turcs. Ce jeune
survivant des massacres, qui n’a jamais nié son acte, sera acquitté.
Les attendus du jugement, mettant en lumière toute l’horreur des
massacres, serviront au juriste américain Raphael Lemkin, inventeur du
néologisme et du concept de “génocide”, dans son travail de définition
appliqué au génocide juif.

Mais au milieu des violences de l’entre-deux-guerres, la tragédie de
1915 n’est pas perçue dans sa singularité génocidaire. C’est la
définition du crime contre l’humanité, à Nuremberg, en 1945, qui va
rétroactivement questionner le passé arménien.

Quand les communautés arméniennes se saisissent-elles de la mémoire du
génocide et commencent-elles à en revendiquer la reconnaissance ?

Pas avant les années 1970. En 1973, le normalien Jean-Marie Carzou
fait paraître l’un des tout premiers livres sur le sujet, chez
Flammarion : Un génocide exemplaire aura un énorme impact et
contribuera à réveiller cette mémoire.

Les années 1960 ne sont pas du tout propices à l’ouverture du dossier.
En France, le régime kémaliste, qui a beaucoup emprunté à
l’organisation de l’Etat français, est très bien perçu : on insiste
sur la modernité de l’Etat-nation, la laïcité qui est pourtant bien
différente du modèle français… Le général de Gaulle fait un voyage
triomphal à Ankara en octobre 1968. La Turquie est membre de l’OTAN.
Les biographies hagiographiques d’Atatürk se succèdent tandis que la
recherche sur la fin de l’Empire ottoman reste très faible. Par
ailleurs, l’époque n’est pas encore à la prise en compte des mémoires
collectives et individuelles.

Qu’est-ce qui provoquera ce basculement ?

C’est avant tout le révisionnisme turc, et les injures répétées contre
l’histoire des Arméniens. Les idées qu’il y a eu des massacres, mais
dans une situation de guerre qui les justifiait, ou du moins les
expliquait, ou qu’il y a eu au contraire un génocide des Turcs par les
Arméniens, sont déployées par l’historiographie officielle turque, par
l’Etat, notamment les diplomates, et par toute une série
d’associations aux ordres. Elles relèvent d’un monopole de l’histoire,
qui fonctionne comme un instrument de contrôle social et idéologique.
La sociologue Büsra Ersanli, qui a étudié cette fabrique de l’histoire
officielle dans sa thèse, est aujourd’hui en prison…

Il faut voir que la place de l’histoire dans la construction de
l’Etat-nation turc est essentielle. Kemal lui-même se veut
historiographe national. En octobre 1927, il prononce devant la Grande
Assemblée un discours de 36 heures 30 retraçant l’histoire des Turcs
depuis la préhistoire… Cela relève du dogme et tout manquement à ce
dogme est pénalisé par une série de dispositifs judiciaires encore en
vigueur. Et lorsque ceux-ci ne suffisent pas, l’incrimination de
“terrorisme” est mobilisée, instrument redoutable dans un pays qui
fait effectivement face à la rébellion armée du PKK kurde.

Ne peut-on pas dire, en caricaturant, que cette conception de
l’histoire comme vérité officielle a quelque chose de très français ?

Oui, mais l’immense différence est que si le président de la
République se veut, d’une certaine manière, l’historiographe français,
ses déclarations sont sous la surveillance intellectuelle et
scientifique des historiens – lesquels ne risquent pas la prison pour
des faits de recherche ou de controverse. Les politiques sont même
durement critiqués lorsqu’ils sont tentés d’écrire une histoire
officielle. Il suffit de voir ce qu’il reste de projet de Maison de
l’histoire de France… Ou bien d’observer le débat, très vif, sur les
lois mémorielles. Le discours officiel en France n’est pas un discours
unique. En Turquie, c’est toujours le cas.

Propos recueillis par Jérôme Gautheret

http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2011/12/29/le-genocide-armenien-la-memoire-et-l-oubli-2-3_1624169_3224.html
www.gitfrance.fr
www.gitinitiative.com

ISTANBUL: Vingas: Turkey’s non-Muslims, government getting closer

Today’s Zaman, Turkey
Jan 1 2012

Vingas: Turkey’s non-Muslims, government getting closer

1 January 2012 / YONCA POYRAZ DOÄ?AN , İSTANBUL

Laki Vingas, the first non-Muslim citizen of Turkey to be elected as a
representative of non-Muslim foundations in the Council of the General
Assembly of the VGM, has said that the government and the non-Muslim
community have been establishing closer relations after years of
mistrust and distance.

`Since we had a new law, we had a new chance. The first meeting of VGM
officials with non-Muslim community leaders in İstanbul in March 2009
has recently borne fruit,’ Vingas said for Monday Talk. `What seemed
so unattainable has become attainable.’

He was referring to the new law on non-Muslim foundations that was
passed in Parliament in 2008 with some deficiencies because of
nationalistic reactions as those foundations would be able to reclaim
their seized properties.

In November 2006, Parliament passed a bill to return assets and
property previously seized from non-Muslim foundations by the state,
but it was vetoed by then-President Ahmet Necdet Sezer, who claimed
the bill was a national security risk and returned the bill to
Parliament. That law was subject to much criticism because it violated
the fundamental rights and liberties of non-Muslim citizens, which are
guaranteed under the Turkish Constitution, the European Convention on
Human Rights and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.’ Then, civil society
groups appealed to the government and Parliament not to pass the bill
in its current form and to listen to representatives of non-Muslim
foundations before coming up with a new draft.

`A few years ago, our foundations were regarded as `foreign’ by some
in Turkey, but today the highest-level officials of the country come
together with non-Muslim community representatives,’ he said.

In a more recent move, the government issued a decree to return
properties confiscated from religious minorities since 1936, and in
cases where property belonging to such organizations has been sold by
the state to third parties, the religious foundation will be paid the
market value of the property by the Ministry of Finance.

The decision was announced before an iftar (fast-breaking dinner) on
Aug. 28, attended by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ErdoÄ?an and
representatives of non-Muslim communities in İstanbul, and non-Muslim
groups in Turkey have highly praised the government’s move.

The law on foundations in 1936 aimed to control non-Muslim foundations
by placing them under the guardianship of the VGM. Since then
government relations with non-Muslims have become even more troubled
than before. The laws on foundations have been altered a few times,
with new amendments following each other; new laws granting some
rights, which were then rescinded by other regulations.

Turkey’s population of nearly 75 million, mostly Muslim, includes
about 65,000 Armenian Orthodox Christians, 20,000 Jews, 15,000
Assyrians and about 3,500 Greek Orthodox Christians. While Armenian
groups have 52 and Jewish groups have 17 foundations, Greeks have 75.
Some of the properties seized from those foundations include
hospitals, schools and cemeteries.

Answering our questions, Vingas said that the government’s relations
with non-Muslims are changing for the better.

If we go back three years ago, when you were first elected to the post
to represent non-Muslim foundations, what would you tell us about it?

Let me tell you about how I feel as a person living in this country.
First of all, I’ve always felt like a full-fledged citizen in this
country — even at times when I faced troubles that made me think that
I should not feel that way. In my opinion, I had only one way to go:
to live as a full-fledged citizen while I protected my identity
without being ashamed of it. I knew that I was not a person who could
act in a different way. When I speak like this, some people might say:
`Laki never had to endure any hardships. How would he know the
difficulties and pains that the non-Muslim community has had to suffer
from?’ But even though I had my own difficult stories, I still felt
like I am either a full-fledged citizen or not; I would not change my
name or act as if I am not from a certain, different background than
the majority. Before I was first elected for the post three years ago,
I was dealing with the cultural events of the Greek community, and in
the process I’ve been trying to establish bridges between and among
different cultures. So recently, when there was an opportunity for
non-Muslims to be representatives of their community in the VGM, I
asked in the community what they were planning to do.

If we can pause there for a moment, let’s talk about when exactly this
right was provided for non-Muslims¦

It was provided when the Law on Foundations was changed in 2008, and
took effect in 2009. But while the bill concerning non-Muslim
foundations was being discussed in Parliament in 2008, there were
objections and attacks against the government going so far as to claim
that it was betraying and selling out the country! The law passed with
some deficiencies. During the implementation phase for the return of
properties during the last three years, we’ve seen deficiencies that
have been improved by recent decrees. At the time, in 2009, I was
asking our Greek community what plans they had as we have rights for
representation in the VGM. I proposed a couple of candidates from our
community, but since they couldn’t leave their positions to go to
Ankara twice a month they couldn’t accept.

And people started to look at me. With the support of our Greek,
Armenian and Jewish foundations, I was elected and completed my
three-year term.

And you were the first non-Muslim to be in that representative
position in the VGM¦

Yes.

—————————————————————-

`It was a difficult encounter for non-Muslims and government’
How were you received in Ankara?

It was an unusual coming together as both sides have had reservations
toward each other, but we had to take risks. Non-Muslim cultures
belong to this land, and they enrich this land. We are realities in
this country. Approaching each other has not been very easy as it
requires patience, analysis and compromise. If you are not sincere, if
you are not at peace with yourself, if you are not there to find
solutions to problems and if you don’t believe that you can claim your
future in your native land, you cannot be successful. My duty was to
further develop relations between state authorities and non-Muslim
foundations as well as try to develop relations among non-Muslim
communities. Of course this needed to be done with actions to
compensate for past injustices — to give back what had been taken
unjustly before. Another duty of mine has been making the non-Muslim
communities more participatory as they have started to feel more
relaxed and at ease. Seeing and acting on that reality is possible
through laws; it is not enough to be aware of it in one’s conscious
and religion. It is certain that the non-Muslim communities do not
have much political power since they are few in number. They are not
an economic power anymore, either. They don’t have the power to lead
socially. However, Turkey has a major responsibility to keep their
legacy and culture alive since it could enrich and positively
contribute the young generations of Turkey. Turkey has a
responsibility not only to preserve them but also to provide
opportunities for them to flourish.

Do you think that the great distance between the VGM and the
non-Muslim communities has been narrowed in recent years?

There was a huge distance between them. First, that distance should be
reduced before doing anything else. Giving presents or even rights to
non-Muslims communities without establishing a trusting environment
would do no good; and for trust to develop there must be a dialogue.
Since we had a new law, we had a new chance. We are finally seeing the
results of the 2009 meeting of VGM officials with non-Muslim community
leaders. There were about 200 people during that meeting, which seemed
so impossible before it happened. Until that time, relations between
the VGM and the non-Muslim community has been through the assistance
of certain people. Only those people were able to establish relations
with VGM officials. But we supported a more open relationship, more
open dialogue in which each citizen would be able approach his or her
representative. After that meeting, we had more gatherings together.
And what seemed so unattainable has become attainable. Here, I have to
underline the importance of the government’s positive approach to the
issue. A few years ago, our foundations were regarded as `foreign’ by
some in Turkey, but today the highest-level officials of the country
come together with non-Muslim community representatives.

How do you think the opposition has changed in that regard?

We haven’t seen any political resistance from the opposition in the
last three years. There are some close relations at the local level —
the Büyükada, Bakırköy and Sarıyer municipalities work with the
non-Muslims communities, and non-Muslims can assume active roles in
these municipalities.

VGM does not have very much visibility in society, does it?

The VGM is a closed government institution, and its services are not
well known. It has recently founded two universities, Fatih Sultan
Mehmet University and Bezmiâlem University. There are also major
valuable restorations that the VGM has undertaken, among them churches
and synagogues.

You have a major undertaking in your second term at the VGM as there
will be a process to return a number of properties to non-Muslims.

The maximum number of applications that we expect is 350. They will be
reviewed, and then there will be a decision made about how many of
those will be actually returned. It’s been four months since the
governmental decree was announced, but there have not been many
applications so far.

Isn’t it a problem that the VGM still has the final say over
registering the title deeds of the properties that will be returned to
their owners?

This is a political decision. The reasons that led to the founding of
the VGM in 1924 might have changed today, and the institution might
need reforms in light of today’s developments. And that reform might
be possible if there is the political will.

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`Non-Muslims demand equal rights’
There are still some concerns about some of the properties because
they do not fall under the category of properties to be returned. One
such property concerns the Armenian community; the Tuzla Armenian
Children’s Camp was built by Hrant Dink and it was bought by the
GedikpaÅ?a Armenian Foundation. But subsequent to a later Supreme Court
of Appeals ruling, acquisitions made after the infamous 1936
declaration have no legal validity, and therefore had to be returned
to their former owners. As a result, the Tuzla camp was returned to
its first owner.

I agree with the community’s rightful needs. We also have to realize
that property returns have been possible since 2003 with missing parts
being completed in each next step. It is important to see how the
implementation of the laws will be. Let’s first take advantage of new
developments provided by the law. It is of historic importance that we
will compensate the foundations for some of their losses. I have no
doubt that all those new and recent laws are passed with utmost
sincerity. And nobody says that rights cannot be sought further. It
takes time. Yes, we are tired; we are losing our patience. Look what
is happening to our schools; they are being closed down one by one.
Non-Muslim schools’ representatives recently had a meeting with the
minister of education [Ã-mer Dinçer]. It was a very important meeting.
It wouldn’t really matter if you gave properties back to uneducated,
ignorant, prejudiced and insecure people. But if our rights to
education are granted without political influence, then we will be
strengthened. Without education, buildings do not matter. I hope
non-Muslim foundations will be strengthened after receiving some of
their properties back. After that, they can participate to a greater
degree in society. We have been longing to see non-Muslims as natural
citizens of Turkey.

Would you elaborate on this concept of natural citizenship?

Non-Muslims citizens of this country should not be given anything just
because this is what the European Union wants or because the world is
watching Turkey with regard to this issue. The purpose is to make
non-Muslims feel at ease. They should not be defined within the limits
of how much property they had or that they have now; they should not
be defined by looking at their past. They are not `foreigners.’ They
don’t have a `secret agenda.’ They have a culture, and they can
contribute to progress in Turkey just like any other Turkish citizen.
They can share sorrows and joys of this country just like any other
Turkish citizen. They should be accepted and treated as equal
citizens. We do not want to be on Turkey’s political agenda anymore.
We do not have to be in a defensive position, proving all the time our
devotion to the country.

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Greek seminary to be opened when religious freedom granted
Why is the Halki Seminary on Heybeliada still closed?

The Halki Seminary has been closed for years as a result of political
speculation. It has been the Patriarchate that has been paying dearly
for it. Currently, Turkey is in the process of preparing a new
constitution. It’s been a good process since we are all debating what
should and shouldn’t be in that new constitution. This is quite
different than the process of the 1980s when a military-designed
constitution was imposed on people. The new constitution is supposed
to grant equal citizenship for all people in Turkey; it is supposed to
provide religious freedom, freedom of expression and the right to
assembly. It is supposed to prohibit hate speech and discrimination.
If those are granted in the new constitution, the seminary will
automatically be opened because opening the seminary falls under the
freedom of religion issue. When there is freedom of religion, then
adherents of a religion should be able to educate their religious
people.

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PROFILE
Laki Vingas

Elected to the Council of the General Assembly of the VGM — attached
to the Prime Minister’s Office in Ankara — as the Representative of
Non-Muslim Foundations at the end of 2008, he will serve his second
term in the position following elections on Dec. 25. A Turkish citizen
of Greek descent, living in Yeniköy, İstanbul, Vingas is a
businessman. He actually studied marine engineering. He is the elected
representative of 164 non-Muslim foundations in the council of the
VGM.

In his words:

`I never practiced my engineering profession. My father died when I
graduated from high school. We did not have connections in society,
which was typical for a non-Muslim family at the time. We were living
in our own, isolated world. I had applied, through an intermediary, to
some companies to find a job. But I found that companies had some
non-Muslim employees and did not want to hire more non-Muslims. I gave
up looking for a job in engineering thinking that the situation was
out of my hands, and I was not going to be able to find a job in that
field. I graduated from university in 1983. These were tough years,
really tough [following the Sept. 12, 1980, military coup]. Every day,
we would enter the university after identification checks; there were
military policemen everywhere. Sometimes we were not even allowed to
use bathrooms. Once I was sitting next to a student who asked me if I
was Greek. I said, yes, but I was uneasy; we were already dealing with
the issues of being leftist and rightist at the time and now this! He
sensed my anxiety, then smiled and said, `Don’t worry, I am an
Armenian.’ Unfortunately, we grew up with such anxieties.’