Author: Kajoyan Gevork

The competition began on Monday and will last for two weeks, The aim is to test the drones’ artillery-guiding abilities

Footages from Iranian state television showed glimpses of the inauguration ceremony on Monday ceremony in the city of Kashan, joined by representatives from all four countries.

“Falcon hunting” 2022, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) competition, part of the seventh iteration of wider annual military games launched by Russia in 2015, was hosted by the aerospace division of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)

Amir Ali Hajizadeh, IRGC aerospace chief and tournament host, and top advisor Ali Balali said that the competition would be judged by the members of all delegations

Judgment would be based on the performance and consistency in aerial reconnaissance and how the UAVs could help guide precise artillery fire during both day and night

Balali told the state-affiliated Tasnim news website that more than 70 military personnel who participated would undergo physical readiness and shooting tests during the tournament, which is expected to end on august 28.

“Message of peace and friendship and the Islamic Republic of Iran’s joint cooperation with other countries to counter global terrorism” is the goal of the games in addition to facilitating an “exchange of experiences and military achievements” on drones.

Months before this drone tournament we claimed that Russia is planning to purchase “hundreds” of drones from Iran to be used in the war in Ukraine, but claims were denied by Tehran.

In addition, Iran claims that it won’t do anything to escalate the war in Ukraine, but it hasn’t condemned Russia either.

Tehran and Moscow are building closer ties, with a rare foreign trip to Tehran by Russian president Vladimir Putin since the start of the war in February.

Also, Russia built a satellite for Iran last week that it successfully launched into space from a base in Kazakhstan amid Western concerns that it could be used by the kremlin in the Ukraine war.

https://asianatimes.com/russia-belarus-and-armenia-join-drone-tournament-hosted-by-iran/

TEHRAN –President Ebrahim Raisi has reiterated Iran’s position that the Islamic Republic will not accept any change to the geographical map of the Caucasus region.

Raisi made the remarks in a telephone conversation with Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan late on Wednesday.

Pointing to the statements of the Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in his separate meetings with Russian and Turkish presidents in Tehran on July 19 in which he said Iran will not “tolerate” any change in its geographical borders with Armenia, Raisi said, “Iran will not accept any change to the political geography of the region.”

The president also said Iran is ready to use all its influence to establish peace and stability in the Caucasus.

For his part, Pashinyan presented a detailed report about the recent clashes between Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Prime Minister Pashinian also expressed happiness about the growing ties between Yerevan and Tehran. He also said his country is ready to facilitate transit of goods between the two neighbors.

The Armenian prime minister who initiated the telephone conversation also insisted on cooperation in areas of infrastructure, such as transport and electricity.

Baku: Azerbaijan and Armenia have blamed each other of violating their ceasefire agreement and launching provocation in the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region.

“The illegal Armenian detachments in the territory of Azerbaijan, where the peacekeeping contingent of the Russian Federation is temporarily deployed, fired intensively on the positions of the Azerbaijani Army in the direction of the Lachin region,” Xinhua news agency quoted the Foreign Ministry in Baku as saying on Wednesday.

It added that one Azerbaijani serviceman was killed.

Meanwhile, the Foreign Ministry in Yerevan said in a statement that Azerbaijani forces “once again violating the November 9, 2020, Trilateral Statement of the leaders of Armenia, Russia and Azerbaijan on the cessation of hostilities in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict zone, launched aggression in the area of responsibility of the Russian peacekeeping contingent, resulting in casualties and wounded ones”.

Armenia and Azerbaijan have been at loggerheads over the mountainous region of Nagorno-Karabakh since 1988.

Peace talks have been held since 1994, when a ceasefire was agreed, but there have been sporadic minor clashes since then.

A new round of armed conflict broke out along the contact line on September 27, 2020, before Russia brokered a ceasefire on November 9 of that year.

On November 26, 2021, Azerbaijan President Ilham Aliyev and Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan met Russian President Vladimir Putin in Sochi, where they agreed on creating mechanisms for demarcation and delimitation of the border between the two nations.

During their previous meeting last April, Aliyev and Pashinyan launched a peace treaty process mediated by the European Union, and they agreed to establish border commissions to work on the border delimitation issue.

A recent tasting of some Punjabi food at the Claridge’s marquee restaurant, Dhaba, in New Delhi, brought back memories of a childhood treat that was a fixture in our refrigerator. Chef Harangand Singh, one of the most talented young Indian chefs of this generation, was recreating flavours of the undivided Punjab, of his home, as also some inventive fare that he is so good at. Amongst the dishes was a simple but delicious makai ki tikki that had been given an extra burst of flavour with aam papad from Amritsar.

Those of you who have eaten in the streets of this incredible city of the Golden Temple will appreciate how the very water and air of the city seem to imbue flavour to all that is cooked here—whether it is the hot, crisp kulche from the tandoor with a bite of freshly ground coriander and toasted kalonji (onion seeds), or Makhan’s incredibly delicious batter-fried fish, using either the local sole or singhada from the sweet waters of the Beas, or indeed the saffron-flavoured creamy lassi at Ahuja’s, for which milk is first thickened with kesar and then set to ferment.

But among the lesser-known delights of Amritsar is also the Aam Papad, available in mainly two versions, the sweet golden, and the sour kala or black.

A disappearing chaat from Amritsar is in fact the aam papad chaat, as chef Harangad reminded me, for which cubes of this indigenous Indian fruit leather are spiked with home-made masala and a dash of lime. At Ram Lubhaya’s shop those dates back to 1968 and which was the most famous address in Amritsar for this treat, a mix of 12 different spices used to be sprinkled on different types of aam papad to give you a semblance of chaat.

But the aam papad too comes in many different varieties other than the basic two, with mixed flavours and spices or shaped into rolls and even laddoos. You can carry some back along with the papad and wadiyan from the spice shops of this city.

While Amritsar’s inventive versions may boggle your palate, aam papad is in fact a pan-Indian treat, called by different names all over the country. It is equally popular in Bengal (where it is called aam satta) as in regions like Andhra in the south where it is called mamidi tandra.

In her iconic cookbook The Calcutta Cookbook Minakshie Das Gupta notes how even in 19th century zamindar households, annual visits by widowed aunts involved a cornucopia of treats taken out from the said aunt’s tin trunk. These could be anything from a home-made bottle of kashundi, fermented for extra flavour, to sweet, chewy aam satta that the aunt had made in the summer months, by delicately drying mango juice on sheets under the sun. The aam satta could then be moulded in beautiful handmade moulds and was a highly sought-after treat.

How old could this art of sun drying mango juice be in India and what can we conjecture about its origins?

Fruit leather (of which aam papad is a type) in the west, in America and Europe, is often thought to have southern European roots.

In Italy, the traditional centre for this craft has been Genoa, and fruit roll ups have been popular childhood snacks that many recall with great fondness. While modern day chefs and commercial enterprises have embarked upon many innovations in this genre and you may find modern plates with ingredients such as even tomato leather, the only two well-known fruit leathers from the medieval world that continue to exist in our post-modern, post-pandemic one is the sugared, scented Turkish delight and the Levantine apricot “leather”.

Fruit leather is said to have most likely originated in the Levantine region of the Arab world, from where its popularity spread to Spain and southern Europe.

If you have ever had the opportunity to try the amardeen, the Syrian apricot leather, you may have realised how closely allied it is to the Indian aam papad. The amardeen is popular in the US today in its version of “fruit rolls” or fruit roll ups.

While fruit roll ups have been popular in the US since the 1980s, their history goes back to the early 20th century, when amardeen was brought to the States by Levantine immigrants. In the early 20th century, amardeen could be bought at sweet shops in Arab-Christian neighbourhoods in New York City, apparently. Joray, the first brand in the US to offer fruit rolls, credits this invention to sheets of the apricot fruit leather which would be imported from Syria by George Shalhoub, an immigrant from Lebanon, who had come to the US in 1886, and sold this at his sweet shop.

In the 1970s, his descendant Louis Shalhoub developed the first fruit rolls, and the brand Joray came into being subsequently. These have been produced in New York ever since. Now, these roll ups are available even in India as the quintessential American confectionary!

All over the Levantine, however, the apricot fruit leather, ancestor of modern-day fruit roll ups, is an ancient way of preserving fruit that was plentiful in this region.

Like the Syrians and Lebanese, the Armenians too have a centuries old tradition of making what they call T’tu Lavash (literally, sour bread). Armenian apricots were much vaunted exports, and also a national symbol of the land. Pureed apricots—as well as other fruit such as plums and grapes found in the region—were sundried on sheets in homes and made into thin, easy to roll “flatbread” or sour “lavash”.

Clearly, the aam papad is a cousin of this T’tu Lavash or the amardeen. In India, mango, our own ancient fruit, loved by all, replaced apricots, while the term “papad” of course refers to the practice of sun drying lentil papads on sheets as a method of preservation of food.

There is no credible source or recipe that I have been able to unearth that can tell us of the bridge between India’s own sour/sweet-sour papad, aam papad, and the T’tu Lavash of the Armenians. However, we can always conjecture!

The Armenian community prized for being resourceful and innovative and functioning as merchants, gunsmiths, priests and soldiers became fairly well entrenched in India during the Mughal times, after people from the region dispersed all over the Persian empire, and a few arrived in medieval India.

They were allowed to settle down in close-knit settlements by Mughal rulers and establish their own churches. In 1562, an Armenian church, possibly the first in India, was constructed in Agra, and the identity of one of Akbar’s wives is often conjectured to that of an Armenian. She was apparently the sister of another powerful Armenian woman of the time, Lady Juliana, physician to the royal harem, according to some historians (though some conjecture her to be Portuguese).

Whatever be the truth of it, Armenians had become very well entrenched in Bengal by the 18th century and active in mercantile activities, after Aurangzeb granted them rights to form a settlement and permit to trade at reduced duties. An Armenian church was set up in 1758, in Saidabad, near Murshidabad. Armenian influences can be found in the cuisine of Calcutta and Bengal. And we can form our own theories whether these close cultural encounters have resulted in the innovation of the aam papad from the amardeen? 

Like every other flavour that arrived in India through the vagaries of time and fortune, the fruit delight too seems to have been embraced, assimilated and transformed.

Different mango varieties in different parts of India result in different flavours of the aam papad—but it is also the addition of spices, local jaggery, even ingredients like sesame oil in some versions that uplift this from being a simplistic candy!

The cult of the aam papad is also closely related to that of the murabba, or fruit preserved in sugar, thought to be therapeutic in medieval India—many traditional homes still continue to feed the likes of amla murabba to pregnant women or recovering patients for “strength” and immunity.

I found a delightful recipe for mango morabba in my go to Sandford Anot’s Indian Cookery published from Persian and Hindustani in 1831, and it details out a process where by mangoes have to be peeled, cut into twos, and thrown in a mix of quick lime (another column on its use in cooking soon!) and water, then boiled and thrown in sugar syrup for one whole day and then taken out and put in reduced syrup again to give us candied fruit.

In fact, this sort of candied fruit was common to much of the medieval world, including in the courts of the Tudors and Stuarts, where culinary historians contend, they were served as dessert in the second course! These were also gifted, a practice common to medieval India too.

As for aam papad, it seems to have been more elusive, and more specialised because of the painstaking setting of layers, and thus a delight that would arrive either from Calcutta or Amritsar and the like and settle in our fridges through the hot summer and monsoon months till as late as the 1980s. It’s a treat that needs a revival now.

((Anoothi Vishal is the author of Mrs LC’s Table. She is also a columnist and food writer, specialising in cuisine history)