Author: Jane Topchian

Narine Manukyan: Armenia is a very small country, but our society does not abstain from the vulgar people who pass thresholds of morality

Jane Topchian
  • 16:29 | December 25,2017 | Social
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Under the name of supporting children with disabilities, fraudulent donations are increasing on New Year’s Eve.

“Armenia is a very small country, but our society does not abstain from the vulgar people who pass thresholds of morality, manipulate problems of children with disabilities, and make money. We have repeatedly appealed to the police, tried to solve the issue in the legal field, and I understand the passiveness of the police because there is no concrete evidence based on which criminal cases could be initiated,” said Narine Manukyan, head of the “Armenian Mothers” charity foundation.

Fundraising takes place in several ways: they call homes and suggest magazines, claiming that the whole money will be spent on children in need.

Narine Manukyan said that then the form had changed in order to make it more influential. Young people with disabilities went to apartments and distributing those magazines.

To reveal these and similar frauds, a number of charity foundations and organizations of Armenia have united and created the “We” coalition.

“Now we are in a situation where every parent can organize a fundraise without a groundbreaking study. For example, if the parent does not like the child’s treatment, he can fundraise on Facebook for treatment of a child abroad, whereas the disease may be healed in Armenia. Often they make fairy tales, put on Facebook and organize fundraising,” says Elena Baghdasaryan, a member of the coalition.

The coalition members are of the same opinion that those who make charity through magazines are all “cheaters.”

They call on the public to be more educated while doing charity. You should know whom you are giving money to, else you enrich the immoral people.

    Multi-apartment buildings under construction in Artsakh Qashatagh region

    Jane Topchian
    Panorama, Armenia
    Dec 22 2017
    Society 14:15 22/12/2017 NKR

    Single-storey multi-apartment buildings are to be built in Mijnavan city and Garegah village communities of Artsakh Qashatagh region, the country’s urban development ministry reported in a release.

    According to the source, currently plastering and external renderings works of the Mijnavan building are underway, designed to house 8 families. The works will finish in 2018. According to the design a renovated and illuminated yard, a playground, a park, a green zone and a parking lot are planned to be built next to the building.

    Meanwhile, another multi-apartment building is planned to build in Garegah villages with the design of the project already completed. The construction works will kick off in 2018, the report said.

    Cyprus, Greece and Armenia to hold joint activities to promote issues related to the diaspora

    Jane Topchian
    Cyprus News Agency / Cyprus News Agency

    December 14, 2017 Thursday

    Cyprus, Greece and Armenia to hold joint activities to promote issues related to the diaspora



    The second Trilateral Meeting of Cyprus, Greece and Armenia on diaspora issues took place on Thursday in Yerevan. The three countries agreed on the implementation of joint events and activities, that aim to promote issues related to the diaspora.

    According to a press release issued by PIO, the meeting was attended by Presidential Commissioner PhotisPhotiou, Greek Deputy Foreign Minister Terence Quick and the Armenian Diaspora Minister HranushHakobyan.

    The three parties, according to the press release, noted the importance of promoting cooperation among the three countries on diaspora issues, both at the governmental and the organised diaspora groups level, to promote common values and collective interests in important decision making centres and international organisations.

    Such an initiative is their decision to organise a cultural event in France in spring 2018, which will be attended by diaspora organisations of the three countries.

    Taking into consideration the importance of the active participation of the overseas youth, as a top priority of their strategy, they also suggested a trilateral meeting among young people, with a view to promote the exchange of the best practices and the know-how on diaspora issues, the press release said.

    Photiou and Quick also had a joint meeting with the Deputy Foreign Minister of Armenia GarenNazaryan, during which they welcomed the increased political cooperation and the close and mutually beneficial ties among the three countries` governments. They also discussed about the cooperation among the three countries on diaspora issues.

    Photiou and Quick were received by the Catholicos of All Armenians Karekin II. Speaking during the meeting, Photiou noted the close ties between Cyprus and Armenia, noting that Cyprus is the most fervent supporter of Armenia within the EU.

    With Opening of Turkish Border, Georgia’s Armenians Grow Uneasy

    Jane Topchian
    EurasiaNet.org
    Dec 8 2017
    December 8, 2017 – 11:50am, by Bradley Jardine

       

    An old Ottoman fortress watches silently over Akhalkalaki. In 2015, red graffiti appeared in Turkish, warning local Armenians "We Will Return!"

    (Photo by Bradley Jardine/Eurasianet)

    A few weeks ago, residents of the village of Dadash, on Georgia's border with Turkey, blocked the main highway connecting the two countries. Their aim, they said, was to call attention to rampant lawlessness in the area since the opening of the border post with Turkey in 2015.
     
    In particular, they assert that their livestock is being stolen, blaming Turks in neighboring towns.
     
    A member of Georgia's parliament, Enzel Mkoyan, visited the village the day after the protest to hear out their grievances. A large majority of area residents is ethnic Armenian.
     
    Residents told him that cameras on the Turkish side showed that the stolen animals had indeed been taken over the border. They also maintained that local authorities have been of little help.
     
    “We live on the border and are very worried,” one of the villagers, Tsolak Martirosyan said at the meeting, according to an account by local news website JNews.ge. “Why is the Turkish side equipped with video cameras, and our side isn’t? What century do we live in?”
     
    The problem is not new, residents complained. A village nearby, Kartsakhi, staged a similar protest in 2015, threatening to obstruct the construction of a new international railway through the area unless the authorities took action to find stolen property.
     
    Mkoyan promised help. “I called all ministries – the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Foreign Ministry, and also the border police,” he told the crowd. “They are all worried about what happened and they promised to help. The state is behind you.”
     
    But residents across the area say they want more than government assurances. “It used to be much safer here, but now the police are doing very little,” said Rima Gharibyan, the director of JNews. “Robberies have increased dramatically in recent years but no one will help us.”
     
    The municipality of Akhalkalaki, which contains Dadash and Kartsakhi, is highly dependent on remittances from Russia and has been badly affected by the ruble’s decline. This has resulted in a rising crime rate. “Ever since the border with Turkey opened we’ve had nothing but trouble,” said Kristina Marabyan, a reporter for JNews. “Corruption is growing here – it’s like a return to the Soviet era.”
     
    The nearby border crossing, between Çıldır in Turkey and Kartsakhi, was reopened in 2015, after being closed for 10 years, amid growing ties between Tbilisi and Ankara. Georgia’s leadership has been cultivating its relationship with Ankara in recent years, in a bid to attract foreign direct investment and further its own NATO ambitions.

    The situation around Akhalkalaki is particularly sensitive due to the high density of Armenians living there. After the Russian Empire conquered the area in 1828, many Muslims fled to the Ottoman Empire and the tsarist government resettled the area with Armenians, “seeing them as more reliable than the local Muslims,” according to Timothy Blauvelt, a historian of Georgia at Ilia State University in Tbilisi.
     
    Amid the genocide against Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, the south of Georgia took in many people who were fleeing the massacres. “Most of us have family from Kars and Erzerum” in Turkey, Marabyan said. “We became a region of refugees.”
     
    Fear of Turkey has only heightened in recent years. Shortly after the border opened, someone using red paint wrote “we will return” in Turkish on the old Ottoman fortress silently watching over Akhalkalaki, local media reported.
     
    “The problem is that [the Turks] have no respect for our local traditions,” Marabyan said. “I don’t want my country to be somebody’s playground.”
     
    Many in the region saw the Russian military base in Akhalkalaki, which closed in 2007, as an important bulwark against Turkey. An old Soviet military base stands in ruins in Kartsakhki, overlooking the border. “Communism begins here!” is inscribed on its wall, for the benefit of the NATO soldiers who used to be based on the other side. Now, the town is in decline.
     
    Despite the town’s new asphalt road, designed to help speed cargo across the border into Turkey, the village has experienced little economic benefit from the border’s opening. Locals complain that the growing number of heavily loaded trucks passing through the town are actually causing damage to the surrounding houses.
     
    Others complain the open border is accelerating Akhalkalaki’s economic malaise. Turkish citizens regularly visit to buy food, cigarettes and gasoline, all of which are cheaper than in Turkey. Prices are reportedly rising as a result.
     
    There’s also the issue of brothels and prostitution. Several brothels have opened in Akhalkalaki and neighboring Akhaltsikhe, which – locals say – was unheard of before the Turkish border opened.
     
    In November, residents of Akhaltsikhe held a protest against the Turkish-oriented sex trade. But it was only ethnic Georgians who participated, Gharibyan said. “Armenians didn’t take part,” she said. “Every time we are involved in protests such as these local officials dismiss it as national hostility toward Turks, so it’s better for us to leave it to the Georgians.”
     
    One of the most controversial symbols of Turkey’s growing presence in the region is the new Baku-Tbilisi-Kars (BTK) railway, which passes through the area and was built with largely Turkish and Azerbaijani labor.
     
    “On the one hand, people in Akhalkalaki are afraid of the BTK strengthening Turkish influence in the region,” said Ghia Nodia, a political scientist at Ilia State University. “But on the other hand they are hoping it will lead to economic opportunities.”
     
    But many have felt left out by the project. In 2016, a local Armenian activist Vahagan Chakhalyan released a public statement attacking the Georgian government’s “Turkification” policies. In Chakhalyan's words, “Turkish-Azeri capital is taking over the business market, and not hiring Christians.”
     
    Chakhalyan and his party, the United Javakh Democratic Alliance, have long had a tense relationship with Georgian authorities, who accuse them of harboring separatist tendencies. Several party activists, including Chakhalyan, were even arrested in 2008 following a fatal bombing at the home of Akhalkalaki’s chief of police.
     
    Locals say that Tbilisi exaggerates the separatist threat. “If we are separatists then where do we go?” Marabyan asked. “Would we join Armenia? They’re in an even worse position than we are.”

    Music: Watch: Tigran Hamasyan Shares "Leninagone" Video on Anniversary of Armenian Earthquake

    Jane Topchian
    Nonesuch Records
    Dec 7 2017

    Watch: Tigran Hamasyan Shares "Leninagone" Video on Anniversary of Armenian Earthquake

    Tigran Hamasyan has shared the music video for "Leninagone," a song from his album An Ancient Observer, which was release in March on Nonesuch Records. Hamasyan dedicates the song and video to the children who survived the devastating Armenian earthquake that hit his home town of Gyumri (its Soviet name was Leninakan) on December 7, 1988, twenty-nine years ago today.

    "I come from the generation of children whose lives were directly affected by this tragic event, followed by the collapse of the Soviet Union three years later," says Hamasyan.

    The video, directed and edited by Melanya Hamasyan, features video footage from the pianist's second-grade end-of-the-year performance in 1995, capture on VHS tape by a member of the audience.

    "This is school N. 10, which at the time was a temporary school that the children attended while the real building was being constructed," Hamasyan recalls. "When I found this tape in my parents' video archives, I felt that this footage was the visual reflection of what I felt when I wrote the song 'Leninagone.' The video portrays the struggle and the hope of all the generations that lived through this apocalyptic time."

    An Ancient Observer is available on iTunes, Amazon, and the Nonesuch Store, where CD and vinyl orders include an instant download of the album, and on Apple Music and Spotify.


    RFE/RL Armenian Report – 12/06/2017

    Jane Topchian 
                                            Wednesday, December 6, 2017

Yerevan Expects More Aid, Exports After New Deal With EU


 . Hovannes Movsisian


Armenia - Deputy Prime Minister Vache Gabrielian at a cabinet meeting
in Yerevan, 16Jun2016.

The European Union will provide Armenia with 176 million euros ($208
million) in fresh assistance over the next three years as a result of
a landmark agreement signed late last month, Deputy Prime Minister
Vache Gabrielian said on Wednesday.

Gabrielian said the aid will support the Armenian government's
wide-ranging reforms that will facilitate faster economic growth. The
government also expects a major boost to Armenian exports to the EU,
he told RFE/RL's Armenian service (Azatutyun.am).

The Comprehensive and Enhanced Partership Agreement (CEPA) commits the
government to implementing political reforms and "approximating"
national economic laws and regulations to those of the EU. This
"regulatory harmonization" will cover business regulation,
agriculture, transport, environment, consumer protection and even
energy.

"We will implement reforms in certain policy areas through [EU]
assistance, increased technical capacity and better legislation," said
Gabrielian. This will in turn help to increase and diversify Armenian
exports, he added.

The CEPA does not provide for a free-trade regime between the EU and
Armenia in view of the latter's membership in a Russian-led trade
bloc. Instead, it says, the two sides will seek to ease non-tariff
barriers to mutual commerce such as technical regulations and
licensing and labelling requirements.

The EU is already Armenia's main export market, having imported $496
million worth of Armenian goods and commodities in the first ten
months of this year. Copper, other non-ferrous metals and ore
concentrates account for the bulk of Armenian exports to EU countries.

Gabrielian suggested that the planned introduction of EU standards
should lead to more exports of Armenian manufacturing output. Some
Armenian companies are already "restructuring themselves" for that
purpose, he said.



Karapetian Denies Economic Monopolies In Armenia


 . Karlen Aslanian


Armenia - Prime Minister Karen Karapetian attends his government's
question-and-answer session in parliament in Yerevan 6Dec2017.

Prime Minister Karapetian insisted on Wednesday that his government is
successfully liberalizing lucrative sectors of the Armenian economy
that have long been dominated by a handful of wealthy entrepreneurs.

"We have no classic monopolies as such. What we have is markets with
dominant players," he told an opposition lawmaker during the
government's question-and-answer session in the National Assembly.

Karapetian said that the State Revenue Committee (SRC) can certify
that in those markets "the number of players and the volumes" of their
business operations have increased in the past year. "Work in that
direction is firmly on track," he said.

"The dominant player in a market has better starting conditions and
their, let's say, 70 percent share in the market cannot shrink to 20
percent within a year. But you will see a positive dynamic there,"
added Karapetian.

The lawmaker, Sergey Bagratian of the Tsarukian Bloc, remained
unconvinced, speaking of "state structures sponsoring those who have
dominant positions." "We have young people that would wipe out those
dominant positions within a year if there was free competition," he
said.

"Do you know of a single case where we barred somebody from entering a
market?" countered the premier. "If you do, tell us. Nobody is stopped
at the border and told that `you can import this but not that.'"

Karapetian pledged to improve the domestic business environment and
open up all sectors to greater competition shortly after he was
appointed as prime minister in September 2016. Opposition politicians
remain skeptical about reforms promised by him.

The lack of competition has been particularly acute in lucrative
imports of some essential products to Armenia. Samvel Aleksanian, a
government-linked tycoon, has long enjoyed a de facto monopoly on
imports of sugar, wheat, other basic foodstuffs as well as some
medicines.

Critics have accused Aleksanian of using his government connections to
ward off competition and evade taxes. He has always denied that.

The SRC nearly doubled the total amount of taxes collected from
Aleksanian's companies in the first half of this year. The tax agency
is now headed by a figure close to Karapetian.

Karapetian on Wednesday also claimed to have markedly improved the
macroeconomic situation in Armenia which he said is "manageable"
now. He argued that economic growth in the country is on course to
exceed this year a 3.2 percent rate that was forecast by his cabinet
in late 2016.

Another Tsarukian Bloc deputy, Gevorg Petrosian, recalled a 2013
statement by President Serzh Sarkisian that an Armenian government
failing to achieve a growth rate of at least 7 percent must step
down. He wondered whether Karapetian's cabinet will "fulfill" that
directive.

Answering the question, Deputy Prime Minister Vache Gabrielian said
the current government is guided by its five-year policy program that
was approved by the parliament in June. The 120-page document commits
the government to ensuring that the Armenian economy expands by around
5 percent annually.

"Thank you for not answering my question," Petrosian responded to
Gabrielian.



`Contaminated' Agricultural Produce Found In Yerevan


 . Tatev Danielian


Armenia -- A food market in Yerevan.

Researchers from Armenia's National Academy of Sciences claimed on
Wednesday to have found high concentrations of toxic substances in
fruits and vegetables sold in Yerevan.

A research center of the state-funded academy said tomatoes, apples,
peppers, carrots and greens examined by it were dangerously rich in
toxic heavy metals such as copper, mercury and lead.

The head of the center dealing with food safety, Davit Pipoyan, warned
that they pose a serious risk to the lives of consumers. Heavy metals
are specifically known to cause cancer, he told RFE/RL's Armenian
service (Azatutyun.am).

Pipoyan said researchers from his center could not determine in which
parts of Armenia the contaminated agricultural products were grown. He
also noted in that regard that a separate study conducted recently in
a southeastern Armenian village close to a copper mine found even
higher concentrations of the toxic metals in crops grown by local
farmers.

Armenia's State Service for Food Safety said that it cannot comment on
the scientists' claims before conducting a more thorough and
large-scale examination of agricultural products sold in markets and
grocery stores. Such research is due to be launched in the coming
months, said a spokeswoman for the government agency, Nvard Arakelian.

"The problem is not new," Arakelian told RFE/RL's Armenian
service. "It's not that we must immediately start dealing with it. The
problem requires a systemic and comprehensive solution."

For its part, the Armenian Health Ministry said it will comment on the
issue later on.



Press Review



"Haykakan Zhamanak" believes that the sacking of a deputy chief of the
Armenian army's General Staff, Haykaz Baghmanian, is aimed at shoring
up the positions of Defense Minister Vigen Sargsian. The paper notes
in this regard that Sargsian is widely regarded as a potential
candidate for the post of prime minister. It speculates that President
Serzh Sarkisian could become defense minister and install his "most
trusted cadre" as prime minister after completing his final term in
April 2018.

"Hayots Ashkhar" suggests, meanwhile, that Vigen Sargsian is simply
pressing ahead with defense reforms that were promised by him. Those
reforms involve, among other things, a "refreshing" of the top army
brass, says the pro-presidential paper.

"Zhoghovurd" comes up with a grim assessment of President Sarkisian's
decade-long rule, saying that it has been marked by an increase in
poverty and emigration of more people from Armenia. The paper claims
that he has failed to achieve a "single positive result" for the
Armenian economy. "This is the result of Serzh Sarkisian's ten years
in power," it says.

"Zhamanak" is concerned about the official rate of poverty in Armenia
which the National Statistical Service (NSS) says fell slightly to
29.4 percent in 2016. "The most troubling thing is that the published
figure did not surprise anyone, including the public strata, the
opposition and the government," comments the paper. "Armenia has grown
accustomed to this poverty indicator."

"Hraparak" comments on dramatic developments in Ukraine where former
Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili is facing arrest and
prosecution because of his efforts to topple the Ukrainian
government. "From our Armenian perspective, he is either crazy or an
adventurer who must be sent to prison or psychiatric clinic," writes
the paper. "But history is made thanks to such crazy persons. They are
the ones who set stagnation in motion, force governments to work hard
and get the masses to the streets."

(Karlen Aslanian)



Reprinted on ANN/Armenian News with permission from RFE/RL
Copyright (c) 2017 Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, Inc.
1201 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington DC 20036.
www.rferl.org

    ANCA-WR Endorses Luis Lopez for California State Assembly

    Jane Topchian
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    State Assembly candidate Luis Lopez

    LOS ANGELES—The Armenian National Committee of America-Western Region announced Wednesday its endorsement of Luis Lopez for California’s State Assembly. The endorsement comes in the course of California’s 51st district special election, which is set to take place December 5.

    “Luis Lopez has proven to be knowledgeable and compassionate about issues of importance to the Armenian-American community, and the ANCA-Western Region is proud to issue its endorsement of his candidacy. We are confident that he will continue to be a strong voice for our concerns once he is elected to the California State Assembly, and we look forward to continuing our positive relationship with him,” stated ANCA-WR Chairperson Nora Hovsepian.

    “Honoring the diversity of our communities and recognizing the struggles and contributions of immigrant families is a requirement of public service, especially at this moment in America. I am pleased to be judged worthy of endorsement by the ANCA-Western Region. And I am committed to working with all of my Armenian American sisters and brothers to build bridges of understanding and opportunity here in California through education, solidarity, just and humane public policy, and civic participation,” said Democrat for Assembly Luis Lopez.

    Through the years, Lopez has developed a dependable relationship with members of the Armenian-American community including LA City Councilmember Paul Krekorian and Assemblymember Adrin Nazarian. He also was a reliant advocate for Glendale City Councilmember Zareh Sinanyan and School Boardmember Shant Sahakian during their respective races. Lopez also helped rally support for Ardashes “Ardy” Kassakhian’s bid for the State Assembly in 2016.

    Lopez has affirmed his support for some of the most pressing Armenian-American issues including genocide recognition and recognition and support for the Republic of Artsakh.

    Lopez, a Democrat with a track record of more than 15 years of service and leadership for the communities of Northeast Los Angeles, has devoted his career to ensuring all people have access to quality and affordable healthcare. He has been a leader for affordable housing, parks, and transportation in Los Angeles for over a decade.

    Lopez has also worked to bring more immigrants into the electorate and elected office. Among other matters, environmental protection has always been a priority for Lopez as he’s been an advocate for smarter waste policies.

    Born in East Los Angeles and raised in El Monte, Lopez graduated from public schools and went on to earn degrees from Pomona College and Harvard UniversitHe currently works as the Director of Government Affairs at City of Hope in Duarte, California.

    The 51st Assembly District includes Eagle Rock, Highland Park, Echo Park, Silver Lake, El Sereno, and Chinatown.

    The Armenian National Committee of America-Western Region is the largest and most influential Armenian-American grassroots advocacy organization in the Western United States. Working in coordination with a network of offices, chapters, and supporters throughout the Western United States and affiliated organizations around the country, the ANCA-WR advances the concerns of the Armenian American community on a broad range of issues.





    Robot Obolot continues its adventures (video)

    Jane Topchian
    • 19:13 | November 29,2017 | Social
    • Հայ

    Crazy, friendly and funny robot Obolot was created by Digitec Animation Studio.

    Rafik Mkhitaryan, head of the studio, presents the project. It is mean for children of the pre-school age. “Our purpose is to to develop imagination and creative thinking of children as a result of combination of colors, objects, or forms.”

    The Robot Obolot cartoon is broadcast once a week on the YouTube channel. In each series, the robot exposes new objects and prepares for children, showing the way they are to be used. The cartoon contains Armenian elements, music, architectural values, and paintings.

    The project does not have any language, it is of an international format. 

    Armenian animation studios mainly get orders from abroad, mostly form Russia. There are still no serious investments that would be able to develop Armenian animation.

    Arpine is also involved in creating animated cartoons. She and her friends prepare plasticine heroes in the studio, giving them life and ability to move.

    Details are available in the video

    PwC Canada appoints Diane Kazarian as the Greater Toronto Area’s New Managing Partner

    Jane Topchian
    Business Insider
    Nov 21 2017
     
     

    PRESS RELEASE PR Newswire

    Nov. 21, 2017, 12:02 PM

    TORONTO, Nov. 21, 2017 /CNW/ – PwC Canada is pleased to announce the appointment of Diane Kazarian as the Greater Toronto Area's (GTA) new Managing Partner, as of January 1, 2018.

    For more than 25 years, Diane has been serving a broad base of public and private clients at PwC. Since 2012 in her role as National Financial Services Leader, Diane has built a robust practice, leading teams in the banking and capital markets, asset management, insurance, real estate, and private equity sectors. She is also very active speaking in conference and media on topics of innovation, notably FinTech, Blockchain, and emerging technologies impacting the financial services sector.

    "We're excited to announce Diane Kazarian as head of PwC Canada's GTA Practice. Diane has a successful track record of strong leadership and delivering value and success to our clients. Her focus on innovation and working with clients to solve important problems is invaluable in today's rapidly changing world," said Nicolas Marcoux, National Managing Partner, Montréal office and Major Cities. "In this role, Diane will continue with her great efforts to support our clients and stakeholders, as well as support our people and communities across the GTA."

    Diane, a champion for diversity and inclusion and co-sponsor of PwC Canada's Women in Leadership program, was a recipient of the Women's Executive Network's (WXN) Canada's Most Powerful Women: Top 100 Awards. She is also a board member of Bryant University and Kingsway College School.

    Diane will continue in her role as National Financial Services Leader.

    For more information on Diane Kazarian and her background, click here for her LinkedIn profile and here for her Twitter account.

    For more information on PwC Canada, click here. 

    Follow PwC on Twitter at @PwC_Canada and on Facebook at www.facebook.com/pwccanada.

    About PwC Canada
    At PwC, our purpose is to build trust in society and solve important problems. More than 6,700 partners and staff in offices across the country are committed to delivering quality in assurance, tax, consulting and deals services. PwC Canada is a member of the PwC network of firms, which comprises more than 236,235 people in 158 countries. Find out more by visiting us at www.pwc.com/ca.

    © 2017 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an Ontario limited liability partnership. All rights reserved.

    PwC refers to the Canadian member firm, and may sometimes refer to the PwC network. Each member firm is a separate legal entity. Please see http://www.pwc.com/structure for further details.

    SOURCE PwC (PricewaterhouseCoopers)