WONDERS OF IRAN: QARA KELISA
By Tamara Ebrahimpour
Press TV
Wed, 26 Nov 2008 17:38:02 GMT
Tehran
The St. Thaddeus Church best known as Qara Kelisa which literally
means Black church is an ancient monument perched on a mountain ridge
in the northern Iranian province of West Azarbaijan.
As one of the oldest and most notable surviving Christian monuments
of Iran, Qara Kelisa carries great significance for the country’s
Armenian Orthodox community.
Armenians hold that Qara Kelisa is the world’s first church and was
constructed in 68 CE by one of the apostles of Jesus, Saint Thaddeus,
who traveled to Armenia, then part of the Persian Empire, to preach
the teachings of Christ.
Located south of the city of Maku, the massive church can be seen
against the natural background of rolling hills; its cuspidate tambours
catches the eye of beauty-seekers.
An ancient chapel two kilometers northwest of Qara Kelisa is said
to have been the place where the first Christian woman, Sandokh,
was martyred. The chapel is believed to be as old as the Black Church.
Throughout the course of history Qara Kelisa sustained damage and
was repaired a number of times.
A large part of the monument was destroyed during the Mongol invasion
in the 13th century. The Persian scientist Khajeh Nasir ad-Din Tousi
oversaw its reconstruction during the reign of the Mongol ruler,
Hulagu Khan.
Much of the existing structure dates back to the 19th century when the
Qajar prince Abbas Mirza renovated the monument using carved sandstone.
Apart from the Armenian architectural elements visible in the structure
of Qara Kelisa, another remarkable feature of the historical church
is its spatial layout, which resembles that of the Echmiazin Cathedral
in Armenia.
Armenians, Assyrians and Catholics visit Qara Kelisa every year to
perform religious rituals.
Every year scores of Armenians, Assyrians and Catholics from Iran
and other countries visit the church to commemorate the martyrdom of
Saint Thaddeus and his faithful followers.
The cruciform building is surmounted by two pyramidal shaped cupolas,
the shorter of which has light and dark colored horizontal bands on
the drum.
The church is composed of two parts: a black structure, the original
building of the church and a white structure, the main church, which
was added to the original building’s western wing in 1810 CE.
The original church is a domed sanctuary built largely of dark-colored
stone, probably dating to the tenth or eleventh century, from which
its name Qara Kelisa is derived.
The main church, built in 1811-1820 is a massive structure, built
of light sandstone and adorned with blind arches and decorative and
geometric shapes.
Its twelve-sided tambour has been built in alternating light- and
dark-colored stones and has an equal number of windows.
The church has two large courtyards, the first of which seems to have
been used for agricultural purposes, while the second encircles the
white structure, the portico, and a number of rooms.
The first courtyard includes oil-extracting rooms, a miniature
windmill, an oven, and a fountain. It is decorated with ornamental
motifs and two intricately designed stone crucifixes.
A small door opens to the second courtyard where the refectory and
the kitchen along with rooms for resident monks and abbots are located.
The portico, which has been left unfinished, dates back to the mid
19th century.
The building’s exterior is adorned with five rows of alternating
dark and light stones as well as numerous round and blind arches,
decorated with rosettes, coats-of-arms, flowers and animal figures.
Statues of angels adorn the front facade of the church and its northern
and southern facades are decorated with dark-colored stone crucifixes.
Sculptured bas-reliefs bearing passages from the Old and New
Testaments, mythical animals and effigies of saints have added to
the beauty of the monument.
In the eastern part of the complex, there is a chapel and a sacristy
hall.
An Armenian inscription, carved on stone, gives an account of the
construction of the buildings.
Another stone inscription can be seen on the front of the old portal,
bearing the date when the monument was reconstructed by Abbas Mirza
Qajar.
Qara Kelisa has been registered as the ninth Iranian
historical-cultural heritage site on the United Nations Educational
Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) World Heritage List.