RADIO FREE EUROPE/RADIO LIBERTY, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC
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RFE/RL Iran Report
Vol. 9, No. 44, 29 November 2006
A Review of Developments in Iran Prepared by the Regional Specialists
of RFE/RL’s Newsline Team
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HEADLINES
* IRAN WILL PROCEED WITH HEAVY-WATER REACTOR
* ZIMBABWEAN PRESIDENT VISITS IRAN
* IRAQI’S VISIT TO TEHRAN POSTPONED
* TEHRAN DECRIES REFUGEE PRESENCE
* LABOR LEADER DETAINED IN TEHRAN
* KURDS IN TEHRAN BARRED FROM CONGREGATIONAL PRAYERS
* STUDENT KILLED IN FRONT OF FIANCEE
* COMMEMORATION FOR SLAIN DISSIDENTS BANNED
* SENIOR CLERIC DIES
* JOURNALISTS DETAINED AT MEHRABAD AIRPORT
* PORNOGRAPHERS FACE DEATH IN IRAN
* DEBATE SHARPENS OVER GENDER SEGREGATION
* IRAN SOCCER SUSPENDED FOR ‘GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE’
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IRAN WILL PROCEED WITH HEAVY-WATER REACTOR. U.S. Ambassador Gregory
Schulte said in Vienna on November 23 that Iran’s request for
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) assistance in completing
its heavy water reactor in Arak, a city south of Tehran, was waived,
RFE/RL reported. "The removal of Arak — an action taken by consensus
— reflects the [IAEA] board’s continued concern about the nature
of Iran’s nuclear program and the intentions of its leadership.
Heavy water reactors are well suited to producing significant
quantities of plutonium, a key ingredient in building nuclear
weapons."
Adding that the 40 megawatt reactor could produce enough
plutonium annually to make two nuclear bombs, Schulte called for
United Nations sanctions against Iran. "The time has now come to back
international diplomacy with international sanctions. Meaningful
measures are needed to convince Iran’s leaders to make the right
choice — a choice for constructive engagement over continued
confrontation, a choice for serious negotiation over repeated
noncompliance."
IAEA Director-General Muhammad el-Baradei, furthermore,
encouraged Iran to be more cooperative with the nuclear watchdog.
The U.S. and many other countries suspect that Iran is trying
to develop nuclear weapons, a charge that Iran rejects. The Iranian
government claims its nuclear program has only peaceful applications,
such as medicine and energy production.
Developing countries feared that rejection of the Iranian
request would set a precedent that would retard their nuclear
programs, "The Washington Post" reported on November 20. According to
"The Washington Post," the IAEA does not have a legal basis for
denying Tehran’s request.
The IAEA governing board will not consider assisting the Arak
project for two more years. Ali Asqar Soltanieh, Iran’s envoy to
the IAEA, tried to portray the IAEA governing board’s decision as
a victory, saying on November 23 that the U.S. failed to prevent
Iran’s submission of a request for assistance, Iranian state
television reported. Soltanieh said Iran’s request was backed by
the non-aligned countries, the Group of 77, China, and Russia.
Soltanieh continued, "this is a proof that the Islamic Republic is
right and that the Islamic Republic’s programs are peaceful and
there is no legal logic in preventing the Islamic Republic from going
ahead with its nuclear activities."
Foreign Minister Manuchehr Mottaki had a different take on
events, telling reporters in Tehran on November 23, "Tehran did not
ask the IAEA for any assistance in the Arak Project," the Islamic
Republic News Agency (IRNA) reported. Mottaki said Iran would
"appreciate" IAEA help, but if it is not forthcoming, "we will do it
on our own."
Soltanieh effectively said the same thing on November 21. He
said Iran intends to build a heavy-water reactor at Arak regardless
of the level of assistance from the nuclear watchdog, state radio
reported. "Even if the IAEA rejects Iran’s request for
technological assistance, the project to complete the reactor will
not stop," Soltanieh said.
President Ahmadinejad, meanwhile, is continuing his defiant
stand and promoting the country’s nuclear pursuits. He said on
November 20 in Tehran that the Islamic republic intends to build
60,000 uranium centrifuges by March 21, the Iranian Students News
Agency (ISNA) reported. This step is necessary to meet the
country’s nuclear-fuel requirements, he said. (Bill Samii)
ZIMBABWEAN PRESIDENT VISITS IRAN. Robert Mugabe, the president of
Zimbabwe, arrived in Tehran on November 20 for a four-day visit,
Radio Farda reported.
Zimbabwe is currently experiencing hyperinflation and has
massive food shortages in some parts of the country. The 82-year-old
Mugabe — whom South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called a
"caricature of an African dictator" — has ruled since 1980. The
African Union’s Executive Council has criticized Mugabe’s
government for the arrest and torture of opposition members of
parliament and human rights lawyers, arresting journalists, the
preventing freedom of expression while stifling other civil
liberties. Mugabe and many members of his government are banned from
traveling to the European Union.
Mugabe and President Mahmud Ahmadinejad discussed political
and economic cooperation.
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei used a meeting with
Mugabe on November 21 to denounce alleged Western efforts to dominate
other countries, IRNA reported. "However, it is witnessed that the
resistance of world nations and independent countries can lead to
constant failure of the world arrogance — particularly the U.S. —
in Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon, Afghanistan, and other regions,"
Khamenei said. He also praised the confiscation of white farmers’
land in Zimbabwe.
Iranian Energy Minister Parviz Fattah said in the November 23
edition of Harare’s "The Financial Gazette" that, in a meeting
with his counterpart, Mike Nyambuya, the Islamic Republic was asked
to build a 1,600 megawatt power station on the Zambezi River. There
also are plans to build a 600 megawatt thermal power plant, to
conduct a feasibility study for an oil refinery, and to erect a
hospital. Iran will accept minerals as payment, the newspaper
reported.
Mugabe, his wife Grace, and Zimbabwean officials returned to
Harare on November 23, ZBC Radio Zimbabwe reported. (Pete
Baumgartner, Bill Samii)
IRAQI’S VISIT TO TEHRAN POSTPONED. Iraqi President Jalal
Talabani, who was scheduled to arrive in Iran on November 26, has
postponed his visit because of a curfew in Baghdad and the
airport’s closure, Reuters reported. Tehran had invited Syrian
President Bashar al-Assad to join Talabani and President Mahmud
Ahmadinejad for a trilateral summit, Reuters reported on November 21.
U.S. State Department spokesman Tom Casey said on November 20
that such an event would be welcome because Iraq should have good
relations with all its neighbors, RFE/RL reported. "While there have
been positive statements from the Iranian government about wishing to
a play a positive role in Iraq, those statements haven’t been
backed up by actions," Casey said. "And so very much what we’d
like to see the Iranian government do is desist, first and foremost,
from negative actions it’s taken in Iraq." (Bill Samii)
TEHRAN DECRIES REFUGEE PRESENCE. Deputy Interior Minister and Bureau
for Aliens and Foreign Immigrants Affairs chief Ahmad Husseini said
in the West Azerbaijan Province city of Urumiyeh on November 20 that
more than 1 million Afghans reside in Iran illegally, IRNA reported.
Husseini said 950,000 Afghans and 60,000 Iraqis are documented
residents. Some 250,000 Afghans were arrested this year as they tried
to enter the country illegally, he added, while 10,000 Afghans,
Bangladeshis, and Pakistanis were arrested as they tried to leave
Iran and illegally enter Turkey. Afghans resist leaving, he said,
because of violence, poverty, and unemployment in their home country.
On October 31, a labor organization official said in Isfahan
Province that 238,000 people are unemployed there, provincial
television reported. He said the problem could be resolved by getting
rid of foreign workers who do not have permits. A law enforcement
official in the governor-general’s office urged employers to
reconsider hiring Afghans over Iranians.
In Geneva in October, Iranian Interior Minister Hojatoleslam
Mustafa Pur-Mohammadi expressed concern that Afghans are not
returning home as rapidly as desired (see "RFE/RL Iran Report,"
October 17, 2006). (Bill Samii)
LABOR LEADER DETAINED IN TEHRAN. Mansur Osanlu, head of the Tehran
bus drivers syndicate, was detained by plainclothes security
personnel on November 19, ISNA and the Iranian Labor News Agency
(ILNA) reported. Ebrahim Madadi, deputy head of the syndicate, told
Radio Farda that he was with Osanlu when they stopped to buy a
newspaper at around 9 a.m. Intelligence and Security Ministry
personnel detained Osanlu, according to Madadi, and one of them
pulled out a handgun when Osanlu’s companions objected. Madadi
said the security officer fired his weapon into the air to get the
crowd to disperse. Madadi added that Osanlu had received a summons
the previous day to appear in court on November 20. Osanlu was
arrested in December 2005 and held for approximately eight months
(see "RFE/RL Iran Report," January 9, 2006). (Bill Samii)
KURDS IN TEHRAN BARRED FROM CONGREGATIONAL PRAYERS. Jalal
Jalalizadeh, who represented the predominantly Kurdish city of
Sanandaj in the Iranian parliament from 2000 to 2004, said on
November 19 that Sunni Muslims in Tehran have not been allowed to
hold congregational prayers for two weeks, ILNA reported. Jalalizadeh
noted the absence of a Sunni mosque in Tehran and explained that
Sunnis therefore gathered at the Pakistani Embassy’s school.
"But, as of two weeks ago, as a result of the pressures exerted on
the embassy, they closed the school and moved it elsewhere, where it
is not possible to hold the prayers," Jalalizadeh said. Given the
lack of options, Sunnis gathered in Mellat Park to pray on November
17. Police and plainclothes agents broke up the crowd. Some 9 percent
of Iran’s population is Sunni, while 89 percent is Shi’a.
Shi’a Islam is the state religion. (Bill Samii)
STUDENT KILLED IN FRONT OF FIANCEE. Students gathered outside the
Teachers Training College in the city of Sabzevar on November 19 to
protest the reported killing of a student the previous day, ILNA
reported. Tohid Ghafarzadeh, a student at the city’s Islamic Azad
University, was stabbed to death by a member of the student Basij at
the Teachers Training College on November 18, Radio Farda reported.
Mustafa Sedaqatju, a former member of the student union, told
Radio Farda that this was not a political incident. Ghafarzadeh was
standing in front of the Teachers Training College talking to his
fiancee when the Basij member inquired about their relationship. The
two argued and Ghafarzadeh was killed.
Sedaqatju noted that the authorities have done nothing about
this incident and have remained silent, but they have been very
critical about an event at the University of California-Los Angeles
earlier in the week. In that incident, 23-year-old Iranian-American
Mustafa Tabatabainejad was tasered by police when he refused to
provide his identification or leave the library, the "Daily Bruin"
reported on November 15. A bystander videotaped Tabatabainejad
accusing the police of abusing their authority while he resisted
them. (Bill Samii)
COMMEMORATION FOR SLAIN DISSIDENTS BANNED. The children of two
Iranian dissidents who were murdered eight years ago invited their
compatriots to commemorate the anniversary of the killings, Radio
Farda reported on November 20, citing ISNA and ILNA. Parastu and Arsh
Foruhar, the daughter and son, respectively, of Hezb-i Mellat-i Iran
leaders Dariush and Parvaneh Foruhar, said the event will take place
on November 22.
The Foruhars — as well as poet Mohammad Mokhtari and
writer-translator Mohammad Jafar Puyandeh — were allegedly killed by
so-called "rogue elements" in the Ministry of Intelligence and
Security. The reputed ringleader of the crimes reportedly committed
suicide before his trial, and the killers were sentenced in January
2001 after a trial that failed to establish who actually ordered the
murders.
In August 2001, the Supreme Court reduced the original death
sentences to served time, and in January 2003 those sentences were
reduced again (see "RFE/RL Iran Report," January 29 and August 27,
2001, and February 3, 2003). Parastu Foruhar said the authorities
have yet to respond to their request for a permit to hold a public
gathering, so the event will take place at their home.
On the day the commemoration was scheduled to take place, the
authorities prevented any sort of gathering. Parastu Foruhar said,
"Since this morning, law enforcement personnel have closed off the
two ends of the street on which the Foruhar house is located and they
are even preventing the entry of close relatives," ISNA reported.
(Bill Samii)
SENIOR CLERIC DIES. Grand Ayatollah Mirza Javad Tabrizi has died in
Qom, Fars News Agency reported on November 21. The funeral procession
took place in Qom on November 22. The Iranian government declared a
day of national mourning for Tabrizi, who was in his early 80s. (Bill
Samii)
JOURNALISTS DETAINED AT MEHRABAD AIRPORT. The Iranian
journalists’ guild on November 21 denounced the detention of
correspondents who had just arrived at Tehran’s Mehrabad airport
after undergoing training in Holland, Radio Farda reported. The
journalists were interrogated for several hours. A hard-line
newspaper, "Siyasat-i Ruz," earlier denounced the journalists, and
the Aftab website argued that the timing of the arrests signals a new
wave of media repression. (Bill Samii)
PORNOGRAPHERS FACE DEATH IN IRAN. Tehran prosecutor and press-court
Judge Said Mortazavi warned on November 21 that producers of
pornographic videos will be put to death and their distributors will
be punished severely, state radio reported. An uproar followed news
that a video purporting to show intimate scenes of an Iranian
television star and her boyfriend is currently available on the
Internet (see "RFE/RL Iran Report," November 21, 2006). (Bill Samii)
DEBATE SHARPENS OVER GENDER SEGREGATION. Conservative elements in
Iran are pushing to increase the segregation of men and women in
public.A new park for women is due to open in the capital, Tehran,
and reports say plans are under way for single-sex hospitals and
women-only public transport. Supporters claim the effect will be a
more moral and Islamic society, but activists warn that the moves are
aimed at curbing women’s participation in public life.
The separation of men and women has arguably been part of
Iranian culture for longer than its Islamic-based government. But
gender-based segregation in public life was institutionalized
following the establishment of the Islamic republic in 1979.
Some fundamentalists consider it a solution to prevent social
interaction that they regard as a potential source of evil.
Iran’s schools are already segregated to some extent.
Young men and women sit in separate rows in university classes. All
metro trains in the capital have distinct compartments for women, and
women and men must sit in separate sections on public buses.
In the past 27 years, there have been attempts to introduce
segregation in other pubic places — including health institutions
and parks. So far, those attempts have failed in part due to
impracticality, but also because of efforts by vociferous opponents.
Since former hard-line Tehran Mayor Mahmud Ahmadinejad
assumed the presidency, the segregation efforts appear to have gained
momentum. As mayor, Ahmadinejad reportedly imposed a system of
segregated elevators.
The recent moves to further separate the sexes are backed by
some senior clerics and legislators.
Former reformist legislator Fatemeh Rakei tells RFE/RL that
she thinks the new push for segregation is unlikely to succeed.
"In the early years of the revolution, some people wanted to
do the same in the universities and, as far as I know, the late Imam
[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini] opposed it," Rakei says. "But currently
there are some strange radical views, which also exist in the Islamic
world — unfortunately — but I don’t think they can implement
these views."
Despite such criticism, advocates of segregation appear
determined to enforce gender segregation in public arenas.
In one of the latest initiatives, a senior official within
Iran’s Social Welfare Organization, Abbas Maleki, ordered that
gender segregation be implemented in that organization’s offices
as soon as possible.
In mid-November, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei’s
representative to universities, Hojatoleslam Mohammad Mohamadian,
called for segregated classes and said boys and girls can currently
mingle more easily in universities than in parks.
Conservatives say such measures would lead to a healthy
Islamic society. But critics reject it and say gender segregation has
neither a religious basis nor scientific support.
Ex-lawmaker Rakei says clerics and open-minded Islamic
scholars should speak out against the push.
"I speak as someone who is deeply religious — the
segregation of men and women is not essential to a moral life," Rakei
says. "Instead of such physical measures, they should explain
teachings by different religions on issues such as morality and
spirituality."
Azadeh Kian, a lecturer in political science and an Iran
researcher at France’s National Center for Scientific Research
(CNRS), says she thinks it is difficult to enforce segregation laws
beyond some government offices.
"How do they want to apply segregation, for example, on all
public transportation?" Kian asks. "How do they want to segregate
parks, hospitals, and streets? Women would have to walk on this side
of the street and men on the other side. Currently women who are
close to the government are on the city councils — what do they want
to do about that? For example, how would they have meetings of
Tehran’s city council? They would have to put women in one room
and men in another."
Some backers of segregation have conceded that it is
impossible to implement such a policy in all public places. But they
have said men and women should be separated where possible if it does
not hinder the workflow.
A member of the parliament’s education committee,
Mussalreza Servati, recently told the semi-official ILNA news agency
that it would be good — if possible — to implement segregation in
universities like that in schools.
Servati also expressed support for segregation in workplaces
and said it would liberate workers from certain obligations. He cited
as an example the danger of women in mixed workplaces falling in love
with colleagues and leaving their husbands.
One female legislator, Efat Shariati, was quoted as saying
recently that segregation in the office would lead to increased
efficiency and commitment.
Former legislator Rakei warns that the new push for gender
segregation could prompt a backlash.
"Those who have such views and do such things should know
that by stepping up such measures, they will have negative results,"
Rakei says. "People will escape from the religion [that those people]
advocate."
There have been conspicuous public calls for women to return
to their traditional roles as housewives in recent months.
Kian tells RFE/RL that support for gender segregation is the
result of a patriarchal view in which women should be confined to the
home, housework, and satisfying the desires of their husbands.
"Instead of bringing up the issue of gender segregation, I
think the current government should express the depth of its view —
and that is that women should not be active in public spheres, with
the exception of those who hold the same view as the government,"
Kian says.
Ahmadinejad said in October that women should devote more
time to their main mission of raising children. He suggested that
women can work part-time on full-time salaries. The comments were
denounced by activists as an attempt to isolate women.
One senior cleric, Grand Ayatollah Safi Golpayegani, recently
described mountain hiking by women as shameful, and said there is no
honor in women being elected to city councils. He instead praised
housekeeping as a "holy" job.
Kian says the new measures will meet resistance from women
who now compose about two-thirds of new university students.
"These attempts will fail, because today women in Iran have a
very high level of knowledge," Kian says. "They are very active in
public spheres, and they can’t — through public segregation —
force women to return and stay in their homes." (Golnaz Esfandiari)
IRAN SOCCER SUSPENDED FOR ‘GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE.’ FIFA, world
soccer’s governing body, has suspended Iran from all
international competition.
In an interview with RFE/RL, FIFA spokesman Pekka Odriozola
said the decision was made on November 22 and that it was due to
Iranian government interference in soccer matters.
"The FIFA Emergency Committee took this decision after
determining that the Iran Football Federation was not adhering to the
principles of the FIFA statutes regarding the independence of member
associations, the independence of the decision-making process of the
football governing body in each country, and the way in which changes
in the leadership of associations are brought about," Odriozola said.
Earlier this year, Mohammad Dadgan, the Iranian
federation’s elected president, and his board were forced out of
office by Iranian authorities.
Odriozola said the Iranian federation then failed to meet a
FIFA deadline of November 15 to reinstate Dadgan and his board and to
comply with FIFA rules.
"In this respect, FIFA and the AFC [Asian Football
Confederation] adopted the clear position that Dr. Dadgan and the
members of his board remained the recognized and legitimate president
and leadership of the Iran football federation," Odriozola said.
"This deadline was not met by the Iran Football Federation."
Iran took part in the 2006 World Cup in Germany and last week
beat South Korea 2-0 to qualify for next year’s Asian Cup.
To play in that cup and other events, FIFA said in a
statement that the Iranian federation must meet a "road map" of
conditions, including drafting new statutes based on FIFA rules and
holding elections to appoint a new president and board under the
supervision of FIFA and the AFC.
The Zurich-based FIFA also called on the Iranian federation
to set up a "normalization committee." Its members would be appointed
by FIFA and the AFC to oversee Iran’s full compliance and
implementation of the road map.
Iran is the second country to face recent FIFA sanctions.
Last month, Kenya was also suspended for failing to respect signed
agreements and for recurrent problems in its federation. (Jeffrey
Donovan)
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Copyright (c) 2006. RFE/RL, Inc. All rights reserved.
The "RFE/RL Iran Report" is a weekly prepared by A. William Samii on
the basis of materials from RFE/RL broadcast services, RFE/RL
Newsline, and other news services. It is distributed every Monday.
Direct comments to A. William Samii at [email protected].
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