Author: Emil Lazarian

ARMENIAN GOVERNMENT MAKES DECISION TO ESTABLISH STATE NONCOMMERCIAL
ORGNAIZATION “NATIONAL EXPERT LABORATORY”
YEREVAN, JULY 22, ARMINFO. Today the Armenian Government made a
decision to establish a state noncommercial orgnaization “National
Expert Laboratory” attached to the National Academy of Science of
Armenia.
The Governmental Press-Service told ARMINFO that the decision is
motivated by an agreement of cooperation in the law-enforcement sphere
earlier signed between the USA and Armenia, by control over drugs, as
well as by the RA Law On state noncommercial orgnaizations. The
Government also made a decision to provide a three-storeyed building
(1.092 sq/m) to the new organization. The building earlier belonged to
the state noncommercial orgnaization “Scientific Center for Soil
Science, Agrichemistry and Melioration after G.Petrossyan.”
From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress

Interfax
July 21 2004
Building costs for Armenian gas pipeline section $140 mln
Yerevan. (Interfax) – Russian gas giant Gazprom has completed
feasibility study preparations for the Armenian section of the
Iran-Armenia gas pipeline, which indicate a work cost of roughly $140
million, senior Gazprom executive Alexander Ryazanov said in an
interview with an Armenian media company.
Gazprom is one of the main stockholders in Armrosgazprom, which
intends to be involved in the building and operation of this
pipeline.
The construction work includes laying a 41-kilomenter section of
pipeline from the Iranian border to the two of Kajaran (320 km from
Yerevan in southeastern Armenia), as well as overhauling and replace
parts of the Kajaran-Yerevan gas pipeline.
The project recoupment period is an estimated nine years, Ryazanov
noted.
“Financial sources for the project need to be found now, after which
there will be no other problems for construction,” he said.
Possibilities are inter-governmental loans and “the involvement of
Russia,” he said. The Armenian section of the pipeline might also be
built with “Gazprom funds,” he added.
This pipeline is of great strategic value to Armenia in terms of gas
supply and energy security, Ryazanov said. An inter-governmental gas
cooperation agreement is being readied for Armenia and Russia to
sign, he added.

Armenian foreign minister upbeat about relations with Georgia
Arminfo
20 Jul 04
YEREVAN
Relations between Armenia and Georgia are becoming more interesting
with every passing day and the agenda is deepening, Armenian Foreign
Minister Vardan Oskanyan has told Armenian Public Television,
commenting on the upcoming visit of Georgian Foreign Minister Salome
Zourabichvili to Armenia.
At the same time, the minister said that serious conceptual tasks were
added to the issues to be discussed. “The expansion of NATO is taking
place around us, and Georgia clearly wants to join this organization,”
the minister said.
He added that they also need to discuss such conceptual issues as the
expansion of the European Union, a gas pipeline and railway
communication. It is necessary to coordinate our work to avoid the
emergence of any dividing lines in the Caucasus, the Armenian foreign
minister said.
From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress

Azeri opposition urges government to refuse OSCE’s Karabakh mediation
Interfax news agency, Moscow
20 Jul 04
BAKU
The Democratic Azerbaijan opposition bloc has called on the country’s
authorities to refuse the mediation of the OSCE Minsk Group in
settling the Nagornyy Karabakh conflict, Samir Asadli, a
representative of the Civic Solidarity Party, which is part of the
bloc, told Interfax.
“We think the position of the OSCE Minsk Group is pro-Armenian. At the
same time, it is widely known that it was Armenia that occupied 20 per
cent of Azerbaijan’s territories,” says a statement from Democratic
Azerbaijan.
“The OSCE Minsk Group is supposed to take action, not make
statements. The co-chairmen are not doing anything to settle the
Karabakh conflict. It should be noted that one of the Minsk Group’s
co-chairmen is a representative of France, a country that recognized
the so-called Armenian genocide,” the statement says.
“This is why the Azerbaijani authorities should refuse the OSCE’s
services and attempt to resolve the problem on their own,” the
statement says.
Baku lost control of Nagornyy Karabakh and seven adjoining districts
in a conflict with Armenia in the 1990s. The UN Security Council has
denounced the occupation of Azerbaijani lands and has demanded that
Armenia withdraw its forces. The US, Russian and French co-chairmen of
the OSCE’s Minsk Group are working to settle the conflict.

Agence France Presse — English
July 20, 2004 Tuesday 4:09 PM Eastern Time
Chirac backs Turkey’s EU entry in talks with Erdogan
by HUGH SCHOFIELD
PARIS
French President Jacques Chirac on Tuesday reaffirmed his support for
Turkey’s eventual membership of the European Union during talks with
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
That was a political victory for Erdogan, but the prime minister was
irked at a news conference by questions whether Turkey intended to
apologize for the alleged genocide of Armenians under the Ottoman
empire in 1915.
Erdogan said membership of the EU “does not imply the recognition of
an Armenian genocide” and suggested this was a matter best left to
historians.
However, the French Socialist party says such recognition is
necessary, even if it supports Turkey’s entry into the EU. Turkey was
particularly irritated in 2001 when the French National Assembly
formally recognized that genocide had taken place.
According to a Chirac aide, the president said that “Turkey’s
integration into the EU is welcome as soon as it becomes possible…
Turkey has made considerable progress. It must continue and intensify
the implementation of democratic and economic reforms.”
Erdogan on Wednesday wraps up three-day visit to France to lobby for
support ahead of a crucial decision by EU heads of government in
December whether to grant Turkey the right to accession talks.
Chirac has previously said he believes the path to Turkish membership
is “irreversible,” but he is at odds with many in his own Union for a
Popular Movement (UMP) party and the public who believe the
predominantly Muslim and Asian country has no place in the club of
25.
Speaking to reporters after his lunch with Chirac, Erdogan appeared
keen to reassure a dubious French population, saying that any
decision “would not be on Turkish membership of the EU, but on the
beginning of negotiations on membership.”
He later thanked the president for his “constructive approach” and
positive attititude concerning the prospective Turkish EU membership.
Earlier French Foreign Minister Michel Barnier warned that even if
the talks are given the go-ahead Turkey’s accession would not be
automatic.
“We have to tell the truth. It is not tomorrow that Turkey will be
entering the EU. The road ahead is still long. It has been on this
road for some time preparing itself and making progress,” he told
Europe 1 radio.
The governing majority was not united on the issue. Francois Bayrou,
the leader of Chirac’s coalition partner, the Union for French
Democracy, reiterated his opposition to Turkey’s EU bid, saying that
allowing the bloc to take in “countries that belong to other
continents and other cultures” would create “a weak Europe that will
be incapable of taking action.”
Erdogan met early Tuesday with French business leaders and urged them
to use their weight to argue Turkey’s case for entry. France’s
business elite sides with Ankara, seeing the country as a major
economic opportunity.
“I am convinced that French economic circles can make a contribution
to the diplomatic process, and we await it,” he said.
The debate over Turkey’s right to join the EU has been particularly
robust in France, where there is strong opposition both from those
who fear its implications for immigration and Europe’s cultural
heritage, and those who say it will mean the end of their vision for
a politically integrated continent.
The nationalist leader Philippe de Villiers on Tuesday condemned
Erdogan’s visit and what he described as Chirac’s “determination” to
see Turkey join the EU. He said he would ensure Turkey’s membership
is at the “heart of the debate” ahead of next year’s planned
referendum on the EU constitution.
Meanwhile Chirac’s office confirmed that negotiations to sell mid-
and long-range Airbus passenger aircraft to Turkish Airlines were in
their final stages.

Le Monde
20 juillet 2004
Jacques Chirac confirme son soutien à l’entrée de la Turquie dans
l’Union
L’UMP ainsi qu’une grande partie de l’opinion française sont opposées
à l’adhésion de la Turquie.
Au deuxième jour de sa visite officielle en France, mardi 20 juillet,
le premier ministre turc, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, espérait trouver à
l’Elysée le soutien de Paris à l’adhésion de la Turquie à l’Union
européenne. Cela a été le cas.
Le président français, Jacques Chirac, “a rappelé que l’intégration
de la Turquie dans l’Union européenne était souhaitable dès qu’elle
serait possible”, a rapporté l’Elysée à l’issue d’un tête-à-tête
entre les deux dirigeants suivi d’un déjeuner. Le président français
a souligné que “la Turquie avait fait des progrès considérables, et
qu’elle doit poursuivre et intensifier la mise en `uvre des réformes
démocratiques et économiques”.
Peu avant, devant des journalistes, M. Erdogan avait jugé
“impensable” que la Turquie et la France soient en désaccord
politique, étant donné la vigueur de leurs liens historiques et
économiques. “La France a constamment soutenu la Turquie” depuis le
sommet d’Helsinki, en 1999, où la Turquie a obtenu le statut de pays
candidat, avait-il noté.
M. Chirac s’est déclaré à de nombreuses reprises et sans ambiguïté en
faveur d’une adhésion alors que son propre parti, l’UMP (Union pour
un mouvement populaire) y est opposé ainsi qu’une grande partie de
l’opinion française. Lors du sommet de l’OTAN à Istanbul le 29 juin,
M. Chirac avait qualifié ce processus d'”irréversible”.
Au deuxième jour de son séjour à Paris, M. Erdogan a donc obtenu un
appui de poids dans sa campagne pour promouvoir la candidature
d’Ankara dans une France très réticente et divisée sur cette
question.
Interrogé sur la radio privée Europe 1, le ministre des affaires
étrangères, Michel Barnier, a cependant estimé, mardi, que “le chemin
était encore long” avant l’adhésion mais que ce pays était sur la
bonne voie.
PARTENAIRE COMMERCIAL PRIVILÉGIÉ
M. Erdogan a, pour sa part, regretté la persistance de doutes, de
réserves ou de débats sur l’adhésion : “Le fait que ces débats
continuent à exister malgré le paquet de réformes qui a été accompli,
cela nous attriste”, a-t-il dit aux journalistes.
L’opposition de gauche française est, pour sa part, favorable à
l’adhésion mais le Parti socialiste exige en préalable la
reconnaissance du génocide arménien de 1915. La communauté arménienne
de France (450 000 personnes) est la plus importante après celle des
Etats-Unis. Elle a appelé à manifester à Paris pour que M. Erdogan
“engage son pays dans le processus de reconnaissance du génocide
arménien”.
Parallèlement, Paris et Ankara ont fait avancer un autre dossier
important, celui de l’achat éventuel d’avions Airbus par la compagnie
nationale turque Turkish Airlines pour le renouvellement de sa
flotte. Ces discussions “sont en cours de finalisation”, a indiqué la
présidence française à l’issue de l’entretien Chirac-Erdogan. Ce
contrat avait été notamment discuté lundi soir par M. Erdogan avec le
premier ministre, Jean-Pierre Raffarin. Le consortium aéronautique
européen Airbus et l’américain Boeing devraient en principe se
partager ce contrat de deux milliards de dollars (1,6 milliard
euros).
M. Erdogan a appelé les milieux d’affaires français, qu’il a
rencontrés mardi au siège du Medef (patronat français), à l’épauler
et à investir dans son pays. La France est le deuxième partenaire
commercial de la Turquie et son quatrième fournisseur.
M. Erdogan sera reçu mercredi par le président de l’Assemblée
nationale, Jean-Louis Debré, et s’entretiendra avec le chef du Parti
socialiste, François Hollande, ainsi qu’avec le président de l’UDF
(centre droit), François Bayrou.
From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress

allAfrica.com
The Central African Republic Formally Begins Participation in the IMF’s
General Data Dissemination System
International Monetary Fund (Washington, DC)
July 16, 2004
Posted to the web July 19, 2004
Washington, DC
The Central African Republic has begun participating in the International
Monetary Fund’s General Data Dissemination System (GDDS), marking an
important step forward in the development of the country’s statistical
system. Comprehensive information on its statistical production and
dissemination practices were published on the IMF’s Dissemination Standards
Bulletin Board (DSBB) on
June 14, 2004.
The GDDS, established by the IMF in 1997, provides a framework to assist IMF
member countries to develop their statistical systems with the objective of
producing comprehensive and accurate statistics for policy-making and
analysis. It addresses the quality and the dissemination of data. In
addition, the DSBB for the Central African Republic shows the country’s
plans for improvements in its statistical infrastructure and its related
technical assistance needs. This information provides the international
community with useful information to develop and coordinate their technical
cooperation projects in the Central African Republic.
Since its inception, 78 countries have participated in GDDS and have had
their metadata published in the IMF’s DSBB. Of this total, four countries
(Armenia, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, and the Kyrgyz Republic) have graduated to
the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS).
Mrs. Carol S. Carson, Director of the IMF’s Statistics Department, noted
that GDDS participation was a milestone for these countries. “I am pleased
to note that the Central African Republic has joined the large number of
countries already participating in the GDDS. The commitment being made by
the Central African Republic to improve statistics is an important one,
allowing the country to take full advantage of this framework for developing
their economic, financial, and socio-demographic data.”

Pasadena Star-News, CA
Los Angeles Daily News, CA
July 17 2004
Measure on Armenian killings fought by GOP leaders
Schiff’s genocide amendment threatened
By Lisa Friedman
Washington Bureau
WASHINGTON — A provision deploring the massacre of Armenians in the
Ottoman Empire after World War I has run afoul of Republican leaders
and the Bush administration, who are demanding it be stripped from a
foreign aid bill.
The largely symbolic amendment by Rep. Adam Schiff, D-Pasadena, would
forbid Turkey from using U.S. funds to lobby against a resolution
designating the killing of 1.5 million Armenians between 1915 and
1923 as a genocide.
The law already prohibits foreign governments from using American
foreign aid to lobby. Schiff, however, acknowledged his real goal was
to put the House on record as recognizing the Armenian genocide.
His amendment passed by voice vote late Thursday.
House Speaker Dennis Hastert, R-Ill, reacted angrily Friday, issuing
a statement belittling Schiff’s provision. He and House Majority
Leader Tom DeLay, R-Texas, and Majority Whip Roy Blunt, R-Mo., vowed
the resolution will never see the light of day.
“Our relationship with Turkey is too important to us to allow it to
be in any way damaged by a poorly crafted and ultimately meaningless
amendment,” Hastert said.
Eliminating the amendment will likely avert a diplomatic crisis with
Turkey, a NATO ally that is home to the strategic Incirlik Air Base.
But the dispute also has provoked a furor in Southern California,
home to more than 54,000 Armenian-Americans.
“We find it deeply offensive that these officials would let a foreign
nation impose its dictates on Congress,” said Armen Carapethian,
spokesman for the Glendale-based Armenian National Committee of
America-Western Region.
“If we don’t recognize past genocides, then future genocides will
occur.”
Armenians estimate more than 1.5 million died in a planned genocide
campaign. Turkey has consistently denied the assertions, putting the
number at about 300,000 and contending that thousands of Turks also
died in what was a multi-party conflict during the last years of the
Ottoman Empire.
Hastert also was responsible for shelving an Armenian genocide
resolution in 2000. At the time, Turkey threatened not to renew the
mandate for U.S. forces using the Incirlik Air Base to patrol what
was then the no-fly zone in northern Iraq.
Schiff noted Friday that Turkey’s threats to France and other
European nations that have recognized the genocide have not
materialized, and said he isn’t worried about retaliation.
“Our relationship with Turkey will survive recognition of the
Armenian genocide,” Schiff said.
Schiff said supporters of the amendment will fight to keep the
language in the bill, which will be negotiated by House and Senate
leaders.

The Real Roots of Muslim Hatred
FrontPageMagazine.com
June 3, 2004
By Andrew G. Bostom
“Are you Muslim or Christian? We don’t want to kill Muslims.” That’s
what the Islamic terrorists reportedly told their innocent prey during
a murderous shooting spree last Saturday in Khobar, Saudi Arabia, that
left at least 17 civilians dead in the initial assault.(1) How are we
to interpret such repeated acts of terrorism, targeting non-Muslims?
Perhaps the most influential contemporary doyen lecturing to us about
“Islamic fundamentalism” has asserted, in multiple writings since 1990
(2), the following: fundamentalism and its accompanying “Muslim rage”
derive exclusively from a steady decline in the geopolitical power of
Muslim states, evidenced, most dramatically, by the official dissolution
of the Ottoman Caliphate after World War I, and the creation of the
State of Israel after World War II. Despite his erudition, this doyen
appears unwilling to examine an obvious alternative explanation for
the etiology and persistence of Muslim animus toward non-Muslims- what
Muslim children, for generations, have been taught to think about the
infidel “other,” regardless of the geopolitical circumstances.
E.W. Lane wrote an informative firsthand account of life in Egypt,
particularly Cairo and Luxor, composed after several years of
residence there (first in 1825-1828, then in 1833-1835). James
Aldridge in his study Cairo/ /(1969) called Lane’s account “the most
truthful and detailed account in English of how Egyptians lived and
behaved.”(3) Egyptian Muslims, Lane explains, regarded/ /”persons of
every other faith as the children of perdition; and such, the Muslim
is early taught to despise…I am credibly informed that children in
Egypt are often taught at school, a regular set of curses to denounce
upon the persons and property of Christians, Jews, and all
other unbelievers in the religion of Mohammad.”(4) Lane, who had
perfect command of Arabic and went on to write a colossal
Arabic-English lexicon, translated the prayer below from a
contemporary 19th century text Arabic text. It contains curses on
non-Muslims,/ /”which the Muslim youths in many of the schools in
Cairo recite, before they return to their homes,* *every day of their
attendance.”(5) One typical curse is:
“I seek refuge with God from Satan the accursed. In the name of God,
the Compassionate, the Merciful. O God, aid El-Islam, and exalt the
word of truth, and the faith, by the preservation of thy servant and
the son of thy servant, the Sultan of the two continents (Europe and
Asia), and the Khakan (Emperor or monarch) of the two seas [the
Mediterranean and Black Seas], the Sultan, son of the Sultan (Mahmood)
Khan (the reigning Sultan when this prayer was composed). O God,
assist him, and assist his armies, and all the forces of the Muslims:
O Lord of the beings of the whole world.* *O God, destroy the infidels
and polytheists, thine enemies, the enemies of the religion. O God,
make their children orphans, and defile their abodes, and cause their
feet to slip, and give them and their families, and their households
and their women and their children and their relations by marriage and
their brothers and their friends and their possessions and their race
and their wealth and their lands as booty to the Muslims: O Lord of
the beings of the whole world.”(6)
Not surprisingly then, Lane describes how the Jews, for example, were
“often…jostled in the streets of Cairo, and sometimes beaten merely
for passing on the right hand of a Muslim…(The Jews) scarcely dare
ever to utter a word of abuse when reviled or beaten unjustly by the
meanest Arab or Turk; for many a Jew has been put to death upon a
false and malicious accusation of uttering disrespectful words against
the Qur’an or the Prophet. It is common to hear an Arab abuse his
jaded
ass, and, after applying to him various opprobrious epithets, end by
calling the beast a Jew.”(7)
Over five decades later, in Tunis, 1888, the following personal
account reveals further evidence of the visceral abhorrence and
hostility inculcated in Muslim children, specifically, toward
non-Muslims: “(The Jew) can be seen to bow down with his whole body to
a Muslim child and permit him the traditional privilege of striking
him in the face, a gesture that can prove of the gravest
consequence. Indeed, the present writer has received such blows. In
such matters the offenders act with complete impunity, for this has
been the custom from time immemorial.”(8)
Mary Boyce, Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies and a pre-eminent
scholar of Zoroastrianism, spent a 12-month sabbatical in 1963-64
living in the Zoroastrian community of Iran (mostly in Sharifabad, on
the northern Yazdi plain). During a lecture series given at Oxford in
1975,(9) she noted how the Iranian ancestors of the Zoroastrians had a
devoted working relationship (i.e., herding livestock) with dogs when
they lived a nomadic existence on the Asian steppes. This sustained
contact evolved over generations such that dogs became “a part in
(Zoroastrian) religious beliefs and practices…which in due course
became a part of the heritage of Zoroastrianism.”(10) Boyce then
provided an historical overview of the deliberate, wanton cruelty of
Muslims and their children towards dogs in Iran, including a personal
eyewitness account:
In Sharifabad the dogs distinguished clearly between Moslem and
Zoroastrian, and were prepared to go…full of hope, into a crowded
Zoroastrian assembly, or to fall asleep trustfully in a Zoroastrian
lane, but would flee as before Satan from a group of Moslem boys…The
evidence points…to Moslem hostility to these animals having been
deliberately fostered in the first place in Iran, as a point of
opposition to the old (pre-Islamic jihad conquest) faith (i.e.,
Zoroastrianism) there. Certainly in the Yazdi area…Moslems found a
double satisfaction in tormenting dogs, since they were thereby both
afflicting an unclean creature and causing distress to the infidel who
cherished him. There are grim…stories from the time (i.e., into the
latter half of the 19th century) when the annual poll-tax (jizya) was
exacted, of the tax gatherer tying a Zoroastrian and a dog together,
and flogging both alternately until the money was somehow forthcoming,
or death released them. I myself was spared any worse sight than that
of a young Moslem girl…standing over a litter of two-week old
puppies, and suddenly kicking one as hard as she could with her shod
foot. The puppy screamed with pain, but at my angry intervention she
merely said blankly, ‘But it’s unclean.’ In Sharifabad I was told by
distressed Zoroastrian children of worse things: a litter of puppies
cut to pieces with a spade-edge, and a dog’s head laid open with the
same implement; and occasionally the air was made hideous with the
cries of some tormented animal. Such wanton cruelties on the Moslems’
part added not a little to the tension between the communities.(11)
Sorour Soroudi, an Iranian Jewish woman and academic, whose family
left Iran in 1970, published this recollection:
“I still remember the rhyme Muslim children used to chant when they
saw an Armenian in the streets, ‘Armeni, Armeni-dog, sweeper of hell
are you!’ “(12)
A decade later, anti-infidel discrimination intensified and became
state sanctioned policy with the ascent of the Khomeini-lead Shi’ite
theocracy in Iran.(13) Professor Eliz Sanasarian provides one
particularly disturbing example of these policies, reflecting the
hateful indoctrination of young adult candidates for national teacher
training programs. Affirming as objective, factual history the
hadith(14) account of Muhammad’s supposed poisoning by a Jewish woman
from ancient Khaibar, Sanasarian notes, “Even worse, the subject
became one of the questions in the ideological test for the Teachers’
Training College where students were given a multiple-choice question
in order to identify the instigator of the martyrdom of the Prophet
Muhammad, the ‘correct’ answer being ‘a Jewess.'”(15)
The ongoing proliferation of Saudi Arabian-sponsored educational
programs rife with bigotry against non-Muslims has been well
documented. A recent comprehensive report provided unambiguous
examples of these hatemongering teaching materials, accompanied by
this triumphal pronouncement from a Saudi royal family publication:
“The cost of King Fahd’s efforts in this field has been astronomical,
amounting to many billions of Saudi riyals. In terms of Islamic
institutions, the result is some 210 Islamic centers wholly or partly
financed by Saudi Arabia, more than 1,500 mosques and 2,002 colleges
and almost 2,000 schools for educating Muslim children in non-Islamic
countries in Europe, North and South America, Australia, and
Asia.”(16)
Vilification of non-Muslims has been intrinsic to the religious
education of Muslim children and young adults for centuries, an
ignoble (and continuing) tradition that long antedates the modern or
even pre-modern Muslim “fundamentalist” revival movements. We must
acknowledge this reality and begin to think and act beyond the
well-intentioned but limited constructs of even our most respected
doyens. Perhaps it would be wise to heed the sober advice of this
courageous madrassa dropout and secular Muslim “apostate” Ibn Warraq:
First, we who live in the free West and enjoy freedom of expression
and scientific inquiry should encourage a rational look at Islam,
should encourage Koranic criticism. Only Koranic criticism can help
Muslims to look at their Holy Scripture in a more rational and
objective way, and prevent young Muslims from being fanaticized by the
Koran’s less tolerant verses…We can encourage rationality by secular
education. This will mean the closing of religious madrassas where
young children from poor families learn only the Koran by heart, learn
the doctrine of Jihad – learn , in short, to be fanatics…My priority
would be the wholesale rewriting of school texts, which at present
preach intolerance of non-Muslims, particularly Jews. One hopes that
education will encourage critical thinking and rationality. Again to
encourage pluralism, I should like to see the glories of pre-Islamic
history taught to all children. The banning of all religious education
in state schools as is the case in France where there is a clear
constitutional separation of state and religion is not realistic for
the moment in Islamic countries. The best we can hope for is the
teaching of Comparative Religion, which we hope will eventually lead
to a lessening of fanatical fevers, as Islam is seen as but another
set of beliefs amongst a host of faiths.(17)
Until Warraq’s recommendations are heeded, we can look forward to an
endless jihad/.
/ENDNOTES:
1.) Reuters, “Gunmen hunted “infidel” Westerners”
//Sun May 30, 2004 06:30 AM ET,
;storyID=520188&section=news
< html?type=topNews&storyID=520188&section=n ews>
2.) i.e., Bernard Lewis, for example, in 1990

; November/December
1998 <; "License to Kill: Usama bin Ladin's Declaration of Jihad", Foreign Affairs; 2002 ; 2003 m 3.) Quoted by J.M. White, in his introduction to, Lane, E.W./ /An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, New York, 1973, p. v. 4.) Lane, E.W./ /Modern Egyptians, p. 276. 5.) ^ Lane, E.W./ /Modern Egyptians, p. 575. 6.) Lane, E.W./ /Modern Egyptians, p. 575. 7.) Lane, E.W./ /Modern Egyptians, pp. 554-555. 8.) Fellah. "The Situation of the Jews in Tunis, September 1888.", Ha-Asif (The Harvest) [Hebrew] 6 (Warsaw, 1889), English translation in, Bat Ye'or, The/ /Dhimmi-/ /Jews/ /and/ /Christians/ /Under Islam, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1985, p. 376. 9.) Boyce, Mary. A Persian Stronghold of Zoroastrianism (based on the Ratanbai Katrak lectures, 1975), 1977, Oxford. 10.) Boyce, M. A Persian Stronghold, p. 139. 11.) Boyce, M. A Persian Stronghold, pp. 141-142. 12.) Soroudi, Sorour. "The Concept of Jewish Impurity and its Reflection in Persian and Judeo-Persian Traditions" Irano-Judaica 1994, Vol. III, p. 155 (footnote 33): 13.) See Tabandeh, Sultanhussein. A Muslim Commentary on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, translated by F.J. Goulding, London, 1970, pp. 17-19. Tabandeh was a Sufi Shi'ite ideologue whose writings had a profound influence on Ayatollah Khomeini's discriminatory policies towards non-Muslims in Iran, as discussed in Sanasarian, Eliz. Religious Minorities in Iran, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 24-27. 14.) Sahih Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 47, Number 786: Narrated Anas bin Malik: "A Jewess brought a poisoned (cooked) sheep for the Prophet who ate from it. She was brought to the Prophet and he was asked, 'Shall we kill her?' He said, 'No.' I continued to see the effect of the poison on the palate of the mouth of Allah's Apostle." 15.) Sanasarian, E. Religious Minorities in Iran, p. 111. 16.) Stalinsky, Steven. "Preliminary Overview. - Saudi Arabia's Education System: Curriculum, Spreading Saudi Education to the World and the Official Saudi Position on Education Policy," Middle East Media Research Institute <;Area=sr&ID=SR01202#_edn25>,
December 20, 2002.
17.) Warraq, Ibn. “A True Islamic Reformation,”
<; FrontPageMagazine.com, May 19, 2003 Andrew G. Bostom, MD, MS is an Associate Professor of Medicine at Brown University Medical School, and occasional contributor to Frontpage Magazine. He is the editor of a forthcoming essay collection entitled, "The Legacy of Jihad". From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress

Humanities Magazine, DC
July 14 2004
Recreating Pompey for Modern Eyes
By Cynthia Barnes
In 55 B.C.E., Romans applauded the debut of the world’s first modern
entertainment complex, a mammoth structure constructed by Gnaeus
Pompeius Magnus–better known as Pompey the Great, military conqueror
and rival to Julius Caesar. The showy consul named the theater for
himself. Today, using archaeology, three-dimensional modeling,
virtual reality technology, and digital research, architecture
experts are slowly raising the curtain on the Theater of Pompey.
“It’s shockingly enormous,” says James Packer, a Northwestern
University professor. “The scale is just astonishing.”
Crowds of between twenty-five and forty thousand people flocked to
see the latest spectacles played out on the 260-foot-wide stage.
Modern sports fans would recognize the curved stadium seating, the
barrel vaults, the VIP balconies–everything but the lack of
advertising–and feel right at home.
Pompey also had a curia constructed for meetings of the Senate. It
was here that Julius Caesar met his death, assassinated before a
statue of the theater’s namesake.
The Theater of Pompey became the model for all theaters throughout
the Roman Empire, says Packer. The plan for its seating areas and
façade served as models for the amphitheaters that inspired the
design for many contemporary sports venues.
Packer is directing the excavation of the theater as part of a
research project begun in 1996 with Richard Beacham of the University
of Warwick (U.K.). In 2002 Packer joined with archaeologist Cristina
Gagliardo, architect Dario Silenzi, and engineer Massimo Aristide
Giannelli to undertake the first excavation of the theater since
1865.
Until the end of the Roman Empire in the West, the Pompey Theater
remained the preferred venue for theatrical representations in the
capital. Yet, despite its renown and architectural significance, the
Theater of Pompey’s structure almost completely disappeared through
the centuries.
Today, the façade of a movie theater conceals the entrance to a
fortress and the piazza known as the Campo dei Fiori subsumes the
remains of the theater. The inner curve of the theater’s orchestra
survives in the Palazzo Pio’s curved façade along the Via di Grotta
Pinta. Its outer curve can be seen in the Via dei Giubbonari, the Via
Della Biscione, and on the Piazza Pollarola. These outlines hint at
what the theater once was. Leisure gardens were enclosed within the
Porticus Pomeianae, a rectangular colonnade. An elaborate temple
honored Venus Victrix, or Venus the Victorious. Galleries displayed
rare works of art from throughout the Roman world. A bronze statue of
Hercules–now in the Vatican Museum–probably adorned the stage
building or the Porticus Pompeianae. The story goes that the statue
was struck by lightning, removed from its original position, and
buried next to the south foundation walls of the Temple of Venus
Victrix, outside the theater, where it was found.
Built on the marshy “Field of Mars” beyond Rome’s seven hills, the
theater’s design took advantage of new techniques in vaulted concrete
architecture with sloping barrel vaults, which supported the internal
seats and a curved stone façade. Two imitators–the Theater Marcellus
and the Theater Balbus–were quickly constructed, and the design was
widely copied throughout the Mediterranean basin. The grandeur of the
theater and the sumptuous occasions held there astounded contemporary
Romans. Dio Cassius reported on the reception Nero gave the Armenian
king, Tiridates I:
Not merely the stage but the whole interior of the theater round
about had been gilded, and all the properties that were brought in
had been adorned with gold, so that the people gave to the day itself
the epithet of “golden.” The curtains stretched overhead to keep off
the sun were of purple and in the center of them was an embroidered
figure of Nero driving a chariot with golden stars gleaming all
around him.
After the fall of Rome, the Pompey Theater remained in use until
medieval times. It was repaired around 500 C.E. by Theodoric, king of
Gothic Italy. In the ninth century C.E., it was included in the
Einsiedeln itinerary, a document listing the sights of Rome written
for Christian pilgrims during the reign .of Charlemagne. By that
time, flooding from the Tiber and continuous occupation had taken its
toll, but the structure was still recognizable as an ancient theater.
By the year 1100, two Christian churches had been built on the site,
and the transformation of the theater into other structures had
begun. The church of Santa Maria in Grotta Pinta was built into one
of the vaults under the semi-circular seating area called the cavea,
and houses were built into the theater. Beginning about 1150, the
powerful Orsini family began buying out and combining these houses,
creating a powerful fortress from which they controlled the road to
Naples.
The assimilation continued. Pompey’s masterpiece was built into and
buried under the buildings near the Campo dei Fiori. The structure
became integrated into the medieval neighborhood. Archaeological
excavations by Victoire Baltard, a French architect working in the
first decades of the nineteenth century, and Pietro Righetti, then
owner of the Palazzo Pio, cleared and reburied only part of the
monument. Their reports detailed the plan of the curved lower section
of the façade of the seating area and the circular corridor behind
it, and Righetti reported fragments from the upper storeys of the
Temple of Venus Victrix.
Most medieval and ancient remains from the theater are unaccounted
for. The city is awash in archaeological treasures, and fragments
uncovered before today’s strict accounting methods often were not
tagged or labeled as to their origins. “There are storerooms
throughout the city filled with piles of capitals, slews of column
shafts, fragments of friezes. In earlier times, all these things were
put in storerooms,” says Packer. “When they were transferred, no
information was transferred with them. So we know that there were
pieces from Pompey. They are mentioned in earlier records, both
published and unpublished. But we haven’t been able to find these
things. We don’t know what’s become of them.”
Stripped of their archaeological context, the fragments are reduced
to pieces in a jigsaw puzzle. From 1996 through 2001, Packer
collaborated with Beacham to document the accessible surviving
remains of Pompey’s theater.
Choosing new spots to excavate is no easy task. The modern streets
that pave over the site present both political and practical
problems. Disrupting traffic and rerouting underground electrical and
sewer utility services from the neighborhood is not feasible. Cellar
rooms under the theater’s cavea are accessible from Ristorante Da
Pancrazio–the arched barrel vaults of the old theater now make a
cool and cozy ceiling for diners enjoying Roman specialties such as
roast lamb with potatoes, spaghetti alla carbonara, and ravioli
stuffed with artichoke hearts.
But because these cellar rooms were filled with concrete, they cannot
now be excavated without damaging foundations and subjecting
residents to the sound of the pneumatic drills required to cut
through the fill. Extensive excavation could weaken the foundation of
centuries-old buildings like the Palazzo Pio, an archaeological and
architectural treasure in its own right.
The research in 2002 took place in one of the Palazzo Pio’s cellar
rooms, a part of the theater’s ambulacrum–the walkway, or circular
passage immediately behind the façade–adjacent to the foundations of
the stairs that led through the cavea to the Temple of Venus Victrix.
At the beginning of the excavation, researchers found that the room
had been filled with rubble from excavation in 1865 and from
post-World War II construction at the adjacent restaurant.
Removal of this detritus cleared the top of the medieval
archaeological strata that filled the excavation area and yielded
fragments of ancient, medieval, and eighteenth-century pottery. A
medieval wall closed one end of the ambulacrum. In a hole cut through
it were blocks of stone and an ancient impost block, which the
excavators temporarily left in place at the end of their season.
Rubble was hand-carried in plastic bags up a steep and narrow
staircase. “It was quite a chore,” Packer says. He and his colleagues
plan to install a small conveyor belt for the next excavation.
Packer is gathering information for a multi-authored monograph. The
Pompey Project will feature a computerized online database that spans
the entire history of the site. Virtual reality renderings of the
theater, acoustical renderings and sight lines, all known textual
references, plans of modern structures along with detailed plans of
the ancient remains, and digital photographs of all artifacts and
remains recovered at the site will be included.
It is the virtual reality modeling that may give the theater an
audience undreamed of in ancient times. By rebuilding the theater
three-dimensionally in cyberspace, any person on the planet with
access to the internet can stroll the gardens, admire the stage, or
marvel at the travertine marble-clad grandeur of Pompey’s monument.
They can examine the ornate temple where Venus received her
offerings, or even stand in the portico where Caesar met his end.
Cynthia Barnes is a writer in Columbia, Missouri.
Northwestern University received $35,000 in NEH support for the
excavation of the Pompey Theater.
From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress