Author: Badalian Vardan

ARMENIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT DROPS OUT OF PARLIAMENTARY RACE

ARMENPRESS
Apr 30 2007

YEREVAN, APRIL 30, ARMENPRESS: The former ruling Armenian National
Movement (ANM) of ex-president Levon Ter-Petrosian dropped out of the
race for May 12 parliamentary elections after the country’s Central
Election Commission (CEC) convened on April 29 to consider and approve
its application asking to invalidate its previous registration.

The party’s list of candidates for proportional elections was led
by its current chairman Ararat Zurabian. The list had altogether 70
names. However, several members of the party will be contesting the
elections under the majoritarian election system in single-mandate
constituencies.

The CEC declined also an application from Assyrian organization
‘Atur,’ which sought a permission to observe the May 12 elections,
on grounds that the organization’s regulations do not provide for it.

The CEC said it also decided that the names of the parties contesting
the polls must be printed on ballots in capital letters. CEC chairman
Garegin Azarian said the suggestion was made by the justice ministry
on grounds that the names of parties are registered with its registry
in capital letters.

Azarian said an opposition alliance bearing the English-language
Impeachment name did not agree and only the first letter of its name
will be in capital letter.

THE "DEMOCRATIC WAY" PARTY HOPES TO RECEIVE 7-15% OF THE VOTES

ArmRadio.am
30.04.2007 15:34

During the upcoming parliamentary elections, the "Democratic Way"
(DWP) hopes to gain 7-15% of the electors’ votes, leader of the party
Manuk Gasparyan stated in Yerevan today.

Manuk Gasparyan stated that they are ready to accept their failure
in case they lose in free and democratic elections.

"But if the election results are falsified, our party will appear
in the first lines of the barricades, and after May 13, I will not
return home, until the authorities are gone," Manuk Gasparyan stated.

The DWP is not a pro-Russian or a pro-US force, Manuk Gasparyan
stressed, criticizing the authorities of the USA and Russia, which
hold, according to him, "an evidently anti-Armenian policy." He
described as intolerable the interference of external forces in the
domestic political processes of Armenia, noting that "in case of need,
we will solve our problems ourselves."

The leader of the "Democratic Way" Party stated that he is not going
to run for President in 2008. According to him, the "Democratic Way"
will, most likely, support the candidate of the political force,
which gains the most of votes during the parliamentary elections
of May 12. The only exception, according to Mr. Gasparyan, is the
Chairman of the Council of the Republican Party of Armenia, Prime
Minister Serge Sargsyan.

E-TICKETS S7 AIRLINES ARE ON SALE

Arminfo
2007-04-26 13:20:00

After a test period, the S7 Airlines Air Company has started operation
of the modern technology of e-ticket sale.

As the Company’s press-service told ArmInfo, this method of the air
ticket purchase, offered by all the leading air companies of the world,
is the most popular in Europe and America and the most convenient for
the passengers today. Thus, 567 e-tickets were registered within the
last 5 days (April 20-24) through the site , that makes up
8,4% of the number of air tickets, having been sold over this period
through Internet. "On April 12, the passengers acquired the first
e-tickets for the S7 Airlines flights. This is an important step for
the development of the Russian civil aviation and achievement of the
world passenger service standards", Director General of "Sibir" Air
Company OJSC Vladislav Filiov said. "The implementation of e-ticket
in S7 Airlines was preceded by more than a year’s preparation of
many services of the Air Company and the work with the airports. Now,
the passengers of S7 can buy the tickets just as millions of people
do in other countries", V. Filiov said.

Today, the e-tickets are available for the passengers of S7 to fly
to the dozens of Russian cities, that is the main difference of S7
Airlines from another Russian carriers. The e-ticket is accepted for
all the own flights of S7 Airlines which are carried from Moscow
(Domodedovo), Novosibirsk (Tolmachiovo), Irkutsk, Vladivostok,
Cheliabinsk and the German cities. Only the internal flights are
presently served in Perm, the e-ticket is available in many other
directions, including the flights to CIS countries.

The S7 Airlines company turns the e-ticket from a novelty into a
customary element of comfort for all the passengers of S7. The key
advantages of the e-ticket are as follows: first, much time is saved
during purchase, second, the e-ticket is stored in the electron
form, thus, it cannot be forgotten, lost or stolen. After the e-
ticket purchase, it is always possible to change the flight details
via a 24-hour support service by phone 8(800)200-000-7, or in the
Sales Office of S7 Airlines. Third, registration for the flight with
e-ticket is always simple and takes minimum time.

The details on the advantages of using the new technology, the list
of directions the registered e-tickets are available in the "Electron
Ticket" section.

S7 Airlines company is the biggest Air Company in the internal air
lines of Russia, and it is in TOP-50 of the world air-carriers in
this segment. The S7 takes the second place among the Russian air
companies by the total number of passengers transported. In 2006,
the Company carried out over 40,000 flights and transported 4,9 mln
passengers and over 28,000 tons of cargo and mail. The air park of
S7 consists of 62 airliners Airbus A310, A319, Boeing 737-500/400,
Il-86 and Ty-154M.

ROBERT KOCHARYAN: STRONG, DEMOCRATIC ARMENIA MUST BE RESPONSE TO ORGANIZERS OF ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

Arka News Agency, Armenia
April 25 2007

YEREVAN, April 25. /ARKA/. Strong and democratic Armenia must become
the Armenian people’s response to the organizers and perpetrators
of the Armenian Genocide, RA President Robert Kocharyan stated on
the occasion of the 92nd anniversary of the Armenian Genocide in the
Ottoman Empire.

"Every year we revere the memory of the innocent victims of the
Armenian Genocide in Ottoman Turkey. However, the memory of that
heinous crime has always been in our hearts," says the President’s
message.

Together with the Armenian people, this day is commemorated in many
countries of the world.

"The international community has come to realize that the Genocide
is a crime not only against one people, but also against the entire
humankind. Denial and concealment of this crime are as dangerous as
organization and perpetration," Kocharyan said.

According to the Armenian President, hardships and the sense
of injustice are uniting. "The Genocide made Armenians unite,
strengthened their feeling of identity and aspiration for independent
statehood. The Republic of Armenia, as a realization of all the
Armenians’ centuries-old dream, must develop as homeland for all
Armenians," Kocharyan said.

The RA President, accompanied by his wife Bella Kocharyan, laid a
wreath to the Memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide of 1915.

The Armenian Genocide was the first genocide in the 20th century
organized by the Government of Young Turks in 1915-1923. The
recognition of the Armenian Genocide is of principal importance for
the entire Armenian people, for the Genocide was aimed at doing away
with the Armenian Cause.

The Armenian Genocide has been officially recognized by a number of
countries, 40 US states, as well as a number of foreign Parliaments.

The best representatives of the world’s intelligentsia raised their
voice in support of the Armenian people.

The international community is now more active is expressing its
indignation over the crime against the Armenian people. Politicians
and intellectuals state that timely denouncement of the Armenian
Genocide would have prevented such tragedies as the Jewish Holocaust,
genocides in Cambodia, Sudan and Rwanda.

TURKS PROTEST AGAINST ABDULLAH GUL’S CANDIDATURE FOR PRESIDENTIAL POST

PanARMENIAN.Net
25.04.2007 17:38 GMT+04:00

/PanARMENIAN.Net/ On April 24 protest actions were held in Ankara
against Abdullah Gul’s candidature for the presidential post of
Turkey. Protesters carrying portraits of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
gathered near Chankaya palace, the presidential residence. They
chanted "We want a president loyal to Ataturk’s principles". Drivers
passing by signaled expressing their support to protesters. The first
group of protesters dispersed after warnings of police, after which
another group of protesters gathered near Chankaya. Representatives
of non-governmental organizations also expressed their support for
secular system in Turkey. 14 activists have been detained.

Protesting against actions of riot police some participants of
demonstration chanted, "If it is a crime to hold the banner of Turkey,
arrest us!"

Another group of people in Kugulu Park chanted slogans like "Ways of
Chankaya are closed for shariat!" One more protest was held in the
Golden Crescent Square, where people chanted slogans against the
ruling Justice and Development party, Abdullah Gul and the United
States. Protesters who lined up in front of cordons of riot police
stated that Gul’s candidature does not meet the will of people and
it may increase tension in the society, APA reports.

On April 24 Turkish Prime Minister Recep Erdogan offered Foreign
Minister Abdullah Gul’s candidature for the presidential post from
Justice and Development party.

NEEDED: A FOCUSED, REALISTIC A.S. RESOLUTION
By Matthew L’Heureux

University of California, San Diego
The UCSD Guardian Online, CA
April 23 2007

April 23, 2007 – My eight quarters at UCSD have given me many things:
triumphs and successes, sleepless nights and headaches and perhaps
most importantly of all, the ability to witness numerous occasions of
unadulterated impracticality. As you may or may not find surprising,
many of those moments were spent behind my laptop in Price Center
Ballroom A, also known as the site of my year-and-a-quarter stint as
the A.S. Council beat writer.

A large part of my oft-thrilling job entailed sitting at council
meetings every Wednesday night to observe the highlights (and
lowlights) of our student government’s performance. While I don’t
deny that the council as an entity has done its fair share of
productive things over the years, there was always one particular
agenda item that habitually left me scratching my head and looking at
my watch: the generally well-meaning, but often misguided,
resolution.

For those unfamiliar with the concept of a resolution, it is a
nonbinding statement designed to communicate the council’s opinion on
an issue. In the last two years, the council has passed a whopping 30
of them, ranging in topics from the campus’s automated course
waitlist program, the proposed off-campus Hillel Center, national
immigration policy and – my favorite – a resolution to ban A.S.
President Harry Khanna from the Web site Facebook.com. (Seriously.)

However well-intentioned, most of these resolutions effectively fall
flat almost immediately after their passage – either the subjects
are too lofty to have an easy solution, or the sheer nightmare of
bureaucracy leads to nothing but bickering and wasted time.

Most recently, the council voted on April 18 to pass a resolution
offering condolences to families of the victims from the Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University shootings. After debate
about semantics led to a failed proposal to postpone the resolution
for a week, the meeting broke for a 30-minute recess.

This wouldn’t be the first time.

A little more than a year ago, the outgoing council debated
a resolution in support of establishing April 24 as a day of
remembrance for victims of genocide in Armenia. The stage was set
for what seemed to be an easy vote, with a passionate, knowledgeable
speaker explaining how his organization desired the council’s help
to honor all his countrymen who had died.

Now I’ll be the first to admit that, at the time, I knew next to
nothing about this incident and what I did know was vague and sketchy
(thanks, Making of the Modern World). So, I was not particularly
surprised when several councilmembers commented that they did not
feel prepared enough to vote on such a heated topic. However, this
argument quickly merged with the idea that it was not the council’s
place to make sweeping social generalizations, and that any such
undertaking would ultimately be pointless and ineffective.

Many councilmembers then began to ponder the body’s true purpose.

Some senators said that the council’s purpose is to be a body of action
on behalf of students, which should focus on student issues that it
can feasibly solve. Had I not been forced to hide behind my shield
of impartiality, I’d have been right there with the senators snapping
their fingers in agreement – the issue was not about what a government
would like to do, but understanding the limitations of what it can do.

No one in the room debated the horror of genocide or the
reprehensibility of its perpetuators. Similarly, I’m confident that
no one believed expressing condolences to grieving families was an
unworthy undertaking. But with UCSD’s student government structured
the way it is, resolutions have proven to have a mixed success rate –
often making the council appear weaker than it really is because some
of its rallying cries can realistically accomplish little.

In looking back at the resolutions of the past two years, only a
moderate percentage of them appear to have had any direct effect on
campus (or governmental) policy. Though the council advocated for
them, students lack complete control of their Student-Run Television
station, a problem-free course waitlist system, freedom from excessive
fee hikes, the Hillel Center and certainly a "just and comprehensive"
national immigration policy. As for Khanna and his Facebook addiction,
don’t be fooled – he’s online right now as I sit here writing this
column. None of this can be blamed on the A.S. Council, however,
because these were never problems that the council could actually do
anything about.

In fact, when resolutions pertain to UCSD directly, they seem to have
a much higher success rate – council support for the Office of Academic
Support and Instructional Services last year undoubtedly played a role
in garnering financial backing for the program when it faced severe
budget cuts. Similarly, a resolution encouraging the university to
provide fair trade products on campus might very well have impacted
Housing and Dining Services’ decision to offer fair-trade coffee
options. The problem with resolutions, therefore, is a simple one –
in order for them to be effective, the council must have a realistic
idea of what it can accomplish, and put its time and resources into
those particular projects.

The council recently received a wake-up call through unexpected
student support for Revelle College senior and former independent
presidential candidate Junaid Fatehi, perhaps the only candidate to
openly admit he didn’t want the position for which he was running.

Fatehi, who scorned councilmembers as mere figureheads who make empty
promises, only reinforced the idea that superfluous resolutions fail
to do the council any good. When 388 students vote for a presidential
candidate who urinates on Round Table Pizza’s wall at the announcement
of election returns, it makes a statement (however limited) about
student confidence in their own government. By attempting to solve
more problems than it has the power to change, the council shifts the
focus away from all that it is accomplishing, and dwells on what it
simply has no control over.

My advice to our esteemed leaders, from the perspective of a moderately
informed observer: If you must make a resolution, stick to the realm
of possibility and keep in mind the fine line between being politically
responsible and shooting for the moon.

KIRO MANOYAN: MANY TIMES THE US HAS CONFIRMED ITS RECOGNITION OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

ArmRadio.am
23.04.2007 16:06

The inclusion of the issue of recognition of the 1915 Armenian
Genocide in the foreign policy agenda of Armenia has strengthened
Armenian diplomacy and increased the number of countries recognizing
the fact of the Armenian Genocide, Head of the Armenian Revolutionary
Federation (ARF) Bureau’s Hay Dat and Political Affairs Office Kiro
Manoyan declared in Yerevan today. In his words, today the Armenian
authorities are aspiring to have Turkey recognize the Genocide not
only as a historic fact, but also as an acceptance of their guilt
and responsibility before the Armenian nation.

Kiro Manoyan said the US has many times reconfirmed its stance on the
Genocide. In his opinion, it took place in 1973, 1984 and 1993. Today
the question is on a completely different level – the recognition of
the Armenian Genocide is a fact, and the Congress simply demands from
the President to replace the expression "the tragic events of 1915"
with the word "genocide."

ARF representative expressed the opinion that "Turkey itself has
raised a noise around the House resolution, thus attaching importance
to the document and promoting the activity of the Armenian lobby."

In Kiro Manoyan’s words, the threats of the Turkish authorities to
the United States are common blackmail, since Turkey needs US support
and it will hardly undertake extremist steps against the United States.

Manoyan mentioned also that the opening of the Armenian-Turkish
border cannot be viewed as a reimbursement on the part of Turkey,
and the parties should negotiate the return of territories.

A UNION OF ‘SECLUDED’?
By Ruben Hayrapetian

AZG Armenian Daily
24/04/2007

There has been more information about Armenia and Armenians in the
Russian Media recently. It is connected not only with the death of
Andranik Margarian, or the parliamentary elections, but it seems that
Russia wants to correct its mistake and change its behavior to its
strategic co-worker.

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and the first vice-prime
minister Sergey Ivanov didn’t come only for bettering the bilateral
relations. Iran was the basic theme of this meeting.

The non-governmental approach to the Armenian-Iranian relations is very
interesting. The other countries, especially countries in the region,
don’t like the warm relations between Iran and Armenia and because of
it some of them call these bilateral relations – the union of secluded
countries. Both of these countries are blockaded and because of that
they come together.

Iran ignores the Formula of forbidding the nuclear weapon and Armenia
continues its ‘occupation’ of Karabagh. Tehran, under political,
economic and military pressure, tries to get allied powers, and
Armenia is one of them. Some countries conclude that Armenia can
become a playing card (a tool of pressure) at the hand of Iran.

ARMENIANS MARK 92nd GENOCIDE ANNIVERSARY

ARMENPRESS
Apr 24 2007

YEREVAN, APRIL 24, ARMENPRESS: Hundreds of thousands of Armenians
from Armenia proper and its vast Diaspora struggled today against an
unexpected snowfall to go uphill to the Genocide Memorial in Yerevan
to remember 1.5 million of their ancestors killed brutally at the
orders of the government of Turkey from 1915-1923.

President Robert Kocharian, Prime Minister Serzh Sarkisian, Parliament
Chairman Tigran Torosian, Catholicos of All Armenians Karekin II and
other top government officials and senior clergy were the first to
remember the victims by visiting the Memorial and laying flowers to
it. The heads of foreign diplomatic missions in Yerevan were the next
to lay wreathes at the Memorial.

On Aril 23 evening thousands of young Armenians marched across the
central Yerevan to the Genocide Memorial in the traditional torchlight
procession to remember the Genocide victims. The torchlight procession
was organized by the Armenian Youth Federation and the Nikol Aghbalian
Student Union, an affiliation of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.

The young people carried national flags singing patriotic songs and
chanting "recognition."

"Turkey has begun to realize that the time is coming for it to
recognize the crime its government committed against Armenians in 1915
and is trying to veil its fears by display of extreme nationalism
and radicalism. We shall continue pressing not only for Turkey’s
acknowledgment of this horrific crime, but also for compensating the
damages Armenians suffered in those years," Kiro Manoyan head of the
Armenian Cause Office said to thousands of young men.

In Georgia the Armenian Cooperation Center organized a peaceful torch
protest April 23 evening outside the Turkish Embassy in Tbilisi to
demand that its government acknowledge the genocide of Armenians in
the last years of the Ottoman empire.

Thousands of Armenians in Athens and Saloniki, the two biggest cities
of Greece, rallied yesterday to remember the genocide victims and
raise their voice of protest against the ongoing Turkish denial of
this crime.

Robert Atarian from the Council of Armenians in Italy, said to
Armenpress a liturgy will be conducted today in memory of the genocide
victims in Saint Nicolaus Armenian Church in Rome and later flowers
will be laid at a cross-stone monument erected in its yard last year
with the permission of the Rome municipality in commemoration of the
Armenian genocide victims.

A special ceremony of repose of souls of the victims will be held by
Father Mikael Muradian in Vatican in front of a cross-stone that was
placed in it as a gift of Catholicos Karekin II, head of the Armenian
Church, to Pope John Paul II.

Armenian foreign ministry said various events will be held in German
cities to pay tribute to the genocide victims.

In Moscow, Russia, the Russian Eparchy of the Armenian Apostolic
Church, the Union of Armenians in Russia and the World Armenian
Congress laid wreaths at the cross-stone erected in front of the Holy
Cross Cathedral and a liturgy in the Holy Cross Church was served
in memory of the Armenian Genocide victims, and a little later the
youth branch of the Union of Armenians in Russia rallied outside the
Turkish Embassy in Moscow demanding that its government recognizes
the genocide.

Extensive events to commemorate the 92nd anniversary of the Armenian
genocide began Monday in California, USA that hosts the biggest
Armenian community worldwide, after Russia, with a flag-raising
ceremony in Fresno. Commemorations also include church and cemetery
services, vigils and a poetry reading.

Despite vast academic recognition of the Armenian Genocide, this has
not always been followed by governments and media. Many governments,
including the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, Ukraine, and
Georgia, do not officially use the word genocide to describe these
events. Although there is no federal recognition of the Armenian
Genocide, 40 of the 50 U.S. states recognize the events as genocide.

In recent years, parliaments of a number of countries where Armenian
Diaspora has a strong presence have officially recognized the event
as genocide. Two recent examples are France and Switzerland.

The French lower house decided on October 12, 2006 to make it illegal
to deny the Armenian genocide. The bill has yet to be ratified by
the French Senate in order to become law.

Countries officially recognizing the Armenian Genocide include
Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy,
Lebanon, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden,
Switzerland, Uruguay, Vatican City and Venezuela.

Although part of the United Kingdom, Wales also officially recognizes
the Armenian Genocide. The Parliament of the State of New South Wales,
Australia passed a resolution acknowledging and condemning the Armenian
Genocide in 1997.

Many newspapers for a long time would not use the word genocide
without disclaimers such as "alleged" and many continue to do so. A
number of those policies have now been reversed so that even casting
doubt on the term is against editorial policy, as is the case with
the New York Times.

On June 15, 2005, the German Bundestag passed a resolution that "honors
and commemorates the victims of violence, murder and expulsion among
the Armenian people before and during the First World War". The German
resolution mentions that "many independent historians, parliaments and
international organizations describe the expulsion and annihilation
of the Armenians as genocide", but stops short of doing so itself. It
also contains an apology for any German responsibility.

On 10th May 2006, the Bulgarian Government rejected a bill on
recognition of the Armenian Genocide. This came after Emel Etem
Toskova, the Deputy Prime Minister of Bulgaria and one of the leaders
of the MRF, the main Turkish party in Bulgaria, declared that her party
would walk out of the coalition government if the bill was passed. The
bill itself was brought forward by the nationalist Ataka party.

International bodies that recognize the Armenian genocide include
the European Parliament, the Council of Europe, the United Nations
Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of
Minorities, the International Center for Transitional Justice, the
International Association of Genocide Scholars, the Union of American
Hebrew Congregations, the World Council of Churches and the Permanent
Peoples’ Tribunal.

On 4 September 2006, Members of the European Parliament voted for the
inclusion of a clause prompting Turkey "to recognize the Armenian
genocide as a condition for its EU accession" in a highly critical
report, which was adopted by a broad majority in the foreign relations
committee of the Strasbourg Parliament. This requirement was later
dropped on 27 September 2006 by the general assembly of the European
Parliament by 429 votes in favor to 71 against, with 125 abstentions.

On September 26, 2006, the two largest political parties in the
Netherlands, Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the Labor Party
(PvdA), removed three Turkish-Dutch candidates for the 2006 general
election, because they either denied or refused to publicly declare
that the Armenian Genocide had happened.

On November 29, 2006, the lower house of Argentina’s parliament
adopted a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide. The bill
was overwhelmingly adopted by the assembly and declared April 24th,
the international day of remembrance for the Armenian genocide as an
official "day of mutual tolerance and respect" among peoples around
the world.

On July 17, 2006, the Brazilian state of Ceara became the second state
after Sao Paulo to ratify a bill recognizing the Armenian Genocide. On
March 8, 2007, Turkish nationalist Dogu Perincek became the first
person convicted by a court of law for denying the Armenian Genocide,
found guilty by a Swiss district court in Lausanne.

EU declares trivialising genocide a crime
by David Charter, Luxembourg

Weekend Australian
April 21, 2007 Saturday
NSW Country Edition

CONDONING or "grossly trivialising" genocide will become a crime
punishable by up to three years’ prison across Europe after justice
ministers agreed on a new law yesterday.

But they failed to agree on a specific ban on denying the Holocaust.

Germany used its presidency of the European Union to push through the
first Europe-wide race hate laws, seen by Berlin as a historic
obligation in the 50th anniversary year of the union, created to
preserve peace and prosperity after World War II.

Under pressure from nations worried about freedom of speech, led by
Britain, Germany scaled back ambitions to replicate its strict laws
of Holocaust denial and dropped plans to outlaw the display of Nazi
symbols at an EU level. Holocaust denial was outlawed in Germany in
1985 and Nazi insignia are forbidden.

All 27 EU nations will be obliged to criminalise "publicly
condoning, denying or grossly trivialising crimes of genocide, crimes
against humanity and war crimes" but the test for prosecution was
set deliberately high to secure agreement in Luxembourg. Cases will
succeed only where "the conduct is carried out in a manner likely to
incite violence or hatred".

German Justice Minister Brigitte Zypries hailed the decision as "an
important political signal" following failures in 2003 and 2005 to
reach such a deal.

The definition of genocide will be that set at the Nuremberg trials
and by the International Criminal Court, meaning it will include Nazi
crimes and those in Rwanda and Yugoslavia but not the Armenian
genocide — a definition disputed by Turkey.

Poland, Slovenia and the Baltic states lobbied hard for — but failed
to win — the inclusion of a crime of denying, condoning or
trivialising atrocities committed in the name of Joseph Stalin.

But they secured a pledge that the commission would prepare a green
paper on 20th-century genocidal crimes and carry out a review within
two years on whether denying these should come under the race hate
law.

Britain pushed successfully to ensure religious attacks would be
covered only if they were of a racist or xenophobic nature, so that
criticism of Islam or other faiths would not automatically fall under
the new measures.