ASBAREZ Online [03-25-2004]

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03/25/2004
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WEBSITE AT <;HTTP:// 1) The Ararat Wing of the Opposition Seeks Personal Revenge 2) Latest Efforts to Save World's Historic Armenian Monuments 3) Azerbaijan Cancels Crucial Talks on Karabagh 4) Azerbaijan Warns Against Opening Turkey-Armenian Border 5) Javakhk Council of NGOs Throws Support behind Saakashvili Party 1) The Ararat Wing of the Opposition Seeks Personal Revenge THE AZG DAILY OF YEREVAN, IN ITS MARCH 25 ISSUE, RAN THE FOLLOWING REPORT UNDER THE ABOVE HEADLINE. THE TRANSLATED TEXT OF THAT REPORT FOLLOWS, WITH NO FURTHER COMMENT ON OUR PART. YEREVAN--The home of former Defense Minister Vagharshak Haroutiunian has been converted into the "Strategic Headquarters" for the realization of regime change in Armenia, reliable sources have informed Azg. Leaders of the Armenian opposition--specifically its Ararat wing, led by former Prime Minister Aram Sargsian--regularly gather there to plan out scenarios for toppling the administration of Robert Kocharian. Also active and interested in this matter are the Armenian National Movement, although for now in a supporting role, and the first President of Armenia, Levon Ter Petrosian. The undertaking is reportedly receiving financing from Vatche Manoukian, the London-based millionaire. The opposition will attempt to take to the streets, rallying crowds to surround the President's office and obstruct him from entering his workplace. The former authorities of the Republic are placing their bets on Aram Sargsian, taking into account his family's misfortune: his brother, former Defense Minister and Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsian was the victim of the October 27, 1999 killings, and his other brother, Armen Sargsian, was condemned to 15 years' imprisonment on charges of contracting the killing of chief of Armenian State TV Tigran Naghdalian. The strategists of regime change seem to have made the right choice in Aram Sargsian, who is eager to take revenge on Robert Kocharian. The [current] authorities are in a determined mood and are prepared to stifle the opposition by resorting to forcible means, according to information available to Azg. Only a few weeks ago, during his television interview, Kocharian made it known to the opposition that maintaining the constitutional order is the purview of the power structures--the interior and security forces. The response of Defense Minister Serzh Sargsian was more clear and unadorned: "We'll see who slaughters whom." It is plain, notwithstanding the threats directed at the opposition, that the authorities are becoming upset. 2) Latest Efforts to Save World's Historic Armenian Monuments YEREVAN (Armenpress/ArmeniaWeek)--A Non-Governmental Organization that studies Armenian architecture has located and examined Armenian monuments in the Republic of Armenia, historic Armenia, the Diaspora, as well on sites of deportations. The aim of the organization, Research on Armenian Architecture, has been to photograph, examine, and register Armenian historical monuments and to publish corresponding informational documents. Head of the organization Samvel Karapetian, says that the task at hand is to "preserve Armenian historic and cultural treasures on paper." Examinations of Armenian cultural monuments are being conducted in Georgia, Azerbaijan, certain regions of Northern Iran, historic Gougark, Barskahayk, and Mountainous Karabagh Republic. Unlike Armenia's other neighbors, says Karapetian, Iran not only preserves but also restores Armenian monuments, allocating funds from its national budget towards that goal. Karapetian said he is convinced that the unique Armenian historic and cultural treasures prove that Armenia is an equal among other nations and civilizations. The town of Jugha was the center of Yerndjak province in the late Middle Ages. In 1605, its population was deported to Persia under orders of Shah Abbas I and the town was destroyed. Only Jugha's cemetery was left unharmed, with gravestones dating back to the Ninth Century. In 1648, there were 10,000 khachkars (stone crosses) registered at the cemetery, a number that had shrunk to 2,700 by 1973. In 1998, eyewitnesses on the Iranian side of the border reported seeing Azeris smashing the khachkars with bulldozers and removing the pieces on trucks. In February 2003, Karapetian announced that the Armenian cemetery in the Jugha has been entirely destroyed. "These acts not only harm those who have created culture, but also all of modern civilization," says Karapetian. To date, Research on Armenian Architecture has published 13 volumes, including some in English and Russian. An outline of an additional 30 volumes is ready for print. The organization's archives house 56,000 digital images and 140,000 photographs of Armenian cultural and historical monuments. "We have photographs of the majority of Armenian monuments throughout the world," revealed Karapetian. In Northern Artsakh alone, there are 2,800 monuments and a total of 6,200 in Mountainous Karabagh Republic, with 1,800 in the liberated lands. Georgia houses 650 Armenian churches. Research on Armenian Architecture was founded in Germany in 1983 by Dr. Armen Hakhnazarian. Branches were established in the United States in 1996 and in Armenia in 1998. 3) Azerbaijan Cancels Crucial Talks on Karabagh YEREVAN (RFE/RL)--Azerbaijan's Foreign Minister Vilayat Guliyev has canceled his upcoming crucial meeting with his Armenian counterpart. Armenia had hoped the talks would serve to establish whether the Mountainous Karabagh conflict could be resolved in the foreseeable future. The decision was announced late Wednesday amid renewed Azeri criticism of the American, French, and Russian mediators. President Ilham Aliyev again accused the three co-chairs of the Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe of doing little to achieve a peaceful settlement of the dispute. He also warned ally Turkey against reopening its border with Armenia. Guliyev said that he will not travel to the Czech capital Prague to meet with Foreign Minister Vartan Oskanian because the agenda of the talks scheduled for Monday has not been specified. There was no immediate reaction from the Minsk Group. Russia's top Karabagh negotiator Yuri Merzlyakov, was quoted as only telling an Azeri television channel that the talks initiated by the mediators will not take place because "one of the parties" decided so. The Czech Foreign Ministry confirmed the information on Thursday. The Foreign Ministry in Yerevan declined a comment, though Hamlet Gasparian, told RFE/RL that the ministry has received no written notification from the mediators. Oskanian said last week that the Prague meeting should clarify whether Baku is ready to revive Karabagh agreements reached by the Armenian and Azeri presidents in Paris and in Key West three years ago. He added that Aliyev would have to negotiate only with Karabagh Armenians if he finally backpedals from those agreements. Aliyev, however, reiterated Baku's vehement denial of any peace deals cut by his late father and predecessor Heydar at the Paris and Key West talks. "There was and there is no agreement," he told journalists in Baku. "This is just another lie circulated by the Armenian side." Aliyev went on to attack the Minsk Group, which he said has done "nothing positive" since being set up in 1992. "When we are told that the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia should reach and agreement themselves and the co-chairs will support whatever they decide, that is not mediation," he said. Azeri leaders have repeatedly complained that peace proposals put forward by the mediators in recent years would not return Karabagh to Azeri rule. Aliyev declared recently that his oil-rich nation is not in a hurry to agree to a compromise deal because he believes it is the Armenians who suffer more from the unresolved conflict. 4) Azerbaijan Warns Against Opening Turkey-Armenian Border BAKU (Armenpress/RFE/RL)--Azeri President Ilham Aliyev warned that a reopening of the Turkish-Armenian border, not ruled out by the current government in Ankara, would further complicate the Karabagh peace process because `Azerbaijan would lose in that case an important lever.' `It is no secret that the European Union and other influential countries are putting pressure on Turkey to open its border with Armenia,' he said. `But I have said many times that if that happens then the Karabagh conflict will never be resolved.' Insisting that pressure on Turkey stop if interested parties genuinely seek a peaceful resolution to the Karabagh conflict, Aliyev confidently said that Turkey would not give in to this pressure. "The Turkish-Azeri brotherhood is above everything else both for us and for the people of Turkey." Aliyev also criticized the OSCE Minsk Group for its inability to play a positive role in finding a resolution to the Karabagh conflict. Reacting to the remarks, the Armenian Foreign Ministry said the lifting of the Turkish blockade would, on the contrary, facilitate a Karabagh settlement. `Turkey could really be an important factor in political and economic developments in our region if it abandons its one-sided approaches favoring Azerbaijan,' a ministry statement said. 5) Javakhk Council of NGOs Throws Support behind Saakashvili Party AKHALKALAK (A-Info)-- During its March 24 general session, the Council of Armenian non-governmental organizations (NGO) of Javakhk adopted a statement in support of the National Movement party in the upcoming parliamentary elections. Their support lies in the bloc's `practical approach to carrying out reforms in the country,' reads the statement, stating that the number of Armenian candidates running on the party's ballot was also a consideration. The council stresses the significance of the May 28 elections in deciding the future of the country. With an interest in the establishment of stability in Georgia, the council expressed readiness to contribute to the holding of fair elections, concluding that `constitutional reforms and the establishment of democratic values will give an opportunity to resolve the problems of the population of Javakhk.' Formed by Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili, the National Movement was the opposition party during the Shevardnadze administration. All subscription inquiries and changes must be made through the proper carrier and not Asbarez Online. ASBAREZ ONLINE does not transmit address changes and subscription requests. (c) 2004 ASBAREZ ONLINE. All Rights Reserved. ASBAREZ provides this news service to ARMENIAN NEWS NETWORK members for academic research or personal use only and may not be reproduced in or through mass media outlets.

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AFI to Raise Awareness and Expand Outreach Efforts

News Advisory
March 25, 2004
Armenia Fund, Inc., (AFI)
Khachatur Khudikyan
Tel: 818 243-6222
Fax: 818 243-7222
E-mail: [email protected]

AFI to Raise Awareness and Expand Outreach Efforts
-AFI to Generate Momentum for Crucial Development Projects in Armenia
and Karabagh-

LOS ANGELES, CA (March 25) – The Armenia Fund, Inc., (AFI), under new
leadership, announced yesterday its objectives and goals for the
upcoming year. Laying out strategy that will take AFI beyond 2004, the
organization hopes to build on the foundations of the past, while
transitioning and implementing new and innovative outreach and
fundraising projects to benefit the Republic of Armenia and Karabagh.
Since her appointment as chairperson of AFI, Maria Mehranian has met
with numerous community leaders and organizations throughout the Los
Angeles metropolitan area to ensure participation, support and renewed
activism for AFI and its upcoming projects. “Today’s Diaspora is
stronger than ever before with its human capital and access to
resources. The AFI can be an effective channel to direct these resources
to projects that will ensure the continued economic development and
stability of Armenia and Karabagh.,” said Mehranian. “Today marks the
tenth anniversary of the AFI Inc., in California,” stated Ara Aghishian,
Esq., Vice Chair of AFI. “We sincerely thank everyone and every
organization for their support during the past ten years, and look
forward to continuing the gratifying task of aiding our homeland as
Armenian-Americans,” concluded Aghishian.
AFI’s new outreach program identifies several key components necessary
to optimize the Fund’s potential: generate increased awareness of AFI
and its projects, cultivate and solicit new donors at all levels,
enhance contacts with corporate foundations and organizations, expand
grassroots outreach efforts through special events and programs, and
identify Diaspora desired development projects in Armenia and Karabagh.
“AFI, through its annual telethon and newly established fundraising and
outreach efforts, will continue to assist Armenia and Karabagh in
implementing the vital foundations of infrastructure building, economic
growth, and social and cultural development,” concluded Mehranian.

AFI is the US West coast affiliate of the Hayastan All-Armenia Fund
(HAAF). Established in 1994 to facilitate humanitarian assistance to
Karabagh and Armenia through the united efforts of Armenian communities
throughout the world, HAAF has administered over $80 million in
humanitarian, rehabilitation and construction aid – including numerous
projects such as the Goris-Stepanakert Lifeline Highway, the North-South
Backbone Highway, as well as water, heating fuel and electricity
distribution, school and orphanage aid, hospital/health care development
and refugee and earthquake housing.
For more information on AFI and its activities, please contact
Khachatur Khudikyan at 818 243-6222 of the AFI office.
Armenia Fund, Inc., a non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation, is the West
Coast affiliate of the “Hayastan” All Armenian Fund headquartered in
Yerevan, Armenia. Since 1996, AFI has generated over $20 million for
various humanitarian projects

Armenia regrets Uzbek leader’s Karabakh remarks

Armenia regrets Uzbek leader’s Karabakh remarks
Mediamax news agency
25 Mar 04
YEREVAN
The Armenian Foreign Ministry believes that “the Uzbek president does
not have full information about the content and format of the talks
within the framework of the OSCE Minsk Group”.
Mediamax news agency reports that the press secretary of the Armenian
Foreign Ministry, Gamlet Gasparyan, said this in Yerevan today while
commenting on Uzbek President Islam Karimov’s recent statement that
“Armenia must withdraw from the occupied territories” and that the
stage-by-stage as published, actually package option for the
settlement of the Nagornyy Karabakh conflict is not viable.
“Regrettably, in our opinion, the Uzbek president does not have full
information about the content and format of the talks within the
framework of the OSCE Minsk Group. Otherwise, he would have refrained
from making such a controversial statement,” Gasparyan said.

Armenia uninformed about cancellation of Prague meeting

Armenia uninformed about cancellation of Prague meeting
Mediamax news agency
25 Mar 04
YEREVAN
Armenia has not received from the co-chairmen of the OSCE Minsk Group
an official notification about the cancellation of the meeting between
the Armenian and Azerbaijani foreign ministers with the mediators in
attendance in Prague on 29 March.
Mediamax news agency reports that the press secretary of the Armenian
Foreign Ministry, Gamlet Gasparyan, said this in Yerevan today while
commenting on a statement by the Russian co-chairman of the OSCE Minsk
Group, Yuriy Merzlyakov, about the cancellation of the meeting at the
request of one of the sides to the conflict.
Gasparyan said that Armenian Foreign Minister Vardan Oskanyan had
received a written invitation from the OSCE Minsk Group co-chairmen to
take part in the Prague meeting.

What is wrong? (Security reportedly beefed up at ANPP)

What is wrong? (Security reportedly beefed up at Armenian nuclear plant)
Haykakan Zhamanak, Yerevan
25 Mar 04
Extraordinary security measures have been taken at the Armenian
Nuclear Power Station since last week. The security regime has been
tightened by twenty times.
According to our information, the National Security Service and
special police forces have been involved in these security
measures. We did not manage to get any official source to clarify what
these measures are connected with. But the form of the security
measures testifies that the Armenian Nuclear Power Station is being
protected from an external threat.
Rumours are circulating that the Armenian special services have
received information about a sabotage group infiltrating Armenia with
the aim of carrying out a terrorist act at the nuclear
plant. According to another theory, the Armenian authorities are
preparing for expected opposition actions in this way. If necessary,
they can close the highway from Armavir to Yerevan.
Anyway, all our attempts to get an official comment on this yesterday
were in vain.

Energy Min. denies reports of “security measures” in nuclear plant

Armenian ministry denies reports of “security measures” in nuclear plant
Noyan Tapan news agency
25 Mar 04
YEREVAN
The press service of the Armenian Energy Ministry has denied rumours
in the press that extraordinary security measures have been taken on
the Armenian Nuclear Power Station since the middle of the last week.
The press service told Noyan Tapan news agency that the Armenian
Nuclear Power Station will be refuelled again in summer.

Armenia urges Azerbaijan not to play “hide-and-seek” in NK talks

Armenia urges Azerbaijan not to play “hide-and-seek” in Karabakh talks
Mediamax news agency
25 Mar 04
YEREVAN
The Armenian Foreign Ministry today called on the Baku government “not
to play hide-and-seek”, but to “express clearly and honestly” its
unwillingness to take into account the results of the talks on the
Karabakh settlement over the last few years.
Mediamax news agency reports that the press secretary of the Armenian
Foreign Ministry, Gamlet Gasparyan, said this in Yerevan today while
commenting on Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev’s statement that no
agreements were reached on the settlement of the Nagornyy Karabakh
problem in Paris and Key West three years ago.
As for the Azerbaijani president’s proposal “to publish the documents
if they exist”, Gasparyan said that “written documents have been
elaborated not by us, but by the OSCE Minsk Group, and if the
Azerbaijani side has an interest in their publication, let them appeal
to the mediators”.

Armenia denies Azeri leader’s remarks on opening of Turkish border

Armenia denies Azeri leader’s remarks on opening of Turkish border
Mediamax news agency
25 Mar 04
YEREVAN
The Armenian Foreign Ministry today expressed its disagreement with
Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev’s statement that “the Nagornyy
Karabakh settlement will be generally impossible if Turkey opens its
border with Armenia because Azerbaijan will have lost an important
lever”.
Mediamax news agency reports that the press secretary of the Armenian
Foreign Ministry, Gamlet Gasparyan, said in Yerevan today that “we, on
the contrary, are confident that the opening of the Armenian-Turkish
border will not only help develop regional cooperation, but will also
have a favourable influence on the settlement of the Karabakh
problem”.
“Turkey can actually become an important lever in the economic and
political development of our region, if it gives up its lopsided
pro-Azerbaijani position,” Gasparyan said.

Some key facts about Georgia

FACTBOX-Some key facts about Georgia
TBILISI, March 25 (Reuters) – Here are some basic facts about the
former Soviet republic of Georgia, which holds a parliamentary
election on Sunday:
POPULATION – Estimated at 4,489,000 as of January 2001 by the state
statistics department. According to Central Election Commission
estimates, there are more than 2.3 million eligible voters excluding
the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which are
boycotting the poll.
BREAKAWAY REGIONS – Abkhazia and South Ossetia have long wanted full
independence from Georgia, while the Adzhara province has refused to
acknowledge Tbilisi’s authority for years. Abkhazia has run itself as
a de facto independent state since a 1992-93 war, which left thousands
dead.
ETHNIC COMPOSITION – As of 1997, 69 percent of the population is
Georgian, 9.0 percent Armenian, 7.4 percent Russian and five percent
Azeri. Other indigenous minorities, including Ossetians and Abkhazians
make up a small fraction of the population.
AREA – 69,700 square km (26,900 square miles). Georgia, occupying the
western part of the Caucasus mountains, borders Russia to the north,
Azerbaijan and Armenia to the east and southwest, and Turkey to the
south. Its western border runs along the Black Sea. Its frontier with
Russia includes a mountainous stretch bordering the rebel region of
Chechnya.
RELIGION – Most Georgians belong to the Orthodox Church of Georgia,
dating back to the year 337. There are small communities of Muslims,
Catholics and other faiths.
ECONOMY – Traditionally agricultural, producing fruit, wine, oils,
tobacco and spices. Industries include manganese and coal mines, crude
oil and gas production and food processing.
Privatisation began after independence in 1991 and large-scale
sell-offs of communications and manufacturing enterprises are
continuing.
The state statistics department says GDP per capita is $700. GDP
growth was 8.6 percent in 2003 and is projected to be 6.0 percent in
2004.
CURRENCY – Lari. The exchange rate was 2.0 lari to one U.S. dollar on
March 24.
GOVERNMENT – Georgia is defined as a democratic republic under the
1995 constitution. The president is directly elected for a five-year
term and cannot serve more than two terms.
03/25/04 07:27 ET

Decay and Glory: Back to Byzantium

New York Times
March 26 2004
Decay and Glory: Back to Byzantium
By MICHAEL KIMMELMAN
N 1440, Canon Fursy de Bruille arrived in Cambrai, France, with an
icon of the Virgin and Child he had received in Rome, which he had
been told was a holy relic painted by St. Luke. The image shows Jesus
squirming in his mother’s arms. Mother and child, doleful and shy,
turn slightly toward us, as if they are watching or waiting for
something. Many artists copied the picture. The canon gave it to the
Cathedral of Cambrai, where thousands of pilgrims saw it.
Modern historians are not sure who painted the Cambrai Madonna or
where, but it conforms to a type, the Virgin of Tenderness, an
invention of the late Byzantine era. The canon had returned home with
a contemporary picture, which looked as if it had the glorious
authority of antiquity. Because the Byzantine empire by then was
politically and militarily a wreck, nearly expired, St. Luke seemed
not just a more desirable creator for the icon but almost a more
plausible one, too. But as “Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557)”
at the Metropolitan Museum of Art reminds us, artistic decline does
not necessarily accompany political decay.
The show, vast and humblingly beautiful, is the sort of exhibition
that could have been done only by a great museum, maybe only the Met
these days, when it has pulled out all the stops. More than the usual
abundance of glittery objects and a feat of cultural diplomacy, it
alters how we read history. Most exhibitions celebrate what we
already believe. This one rewrites a past most of us barely know.
It is the climax to what has become a virtual Met franchise, the
third installment – call it “Byzantium III: The Empire Strikes Back”
– in a cycle. Helen C. Evans, the curator, also organized “The Glory
of Byzantium” in 1997, a survey of the years 843 to 1261. She has
again teamed with Mahrukh Tarapor, the museum’s associate director
for exhibitions, to cajole and wrangle loans from nearly 30
countries, a far-flung horde of icons, ivories, textiles, mosaics,
manuscripts and drawings.
I suspect that even the Met wasn’t sure that this late period of
imperial history would be worth a show until “The Glory of Byzantium”
turned out to be such a success, and then a sequel seemed obligatory.
It is full of amazing exotica. An illustrated Gospels from Khizan, in
Greater Armenia, painted in 1455, a mélange of Islamic and Armenian
motifs in wild colors, looks almost like a modern cartoon, with wavy
motion lines and weirdly liquid bodies. Christ descends into hell to
free Adam and Eve wearing robes resembling blue and purple pantaloons
with bright yellow boots – a Khizan warrior, trampling the Devil and
pushing darkness away.
In “War and Peace” Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, dying on the battlefield
at Austerlitz, notices the icon that his sister, the pious Princess
Maria, hung around his neck on a gold chain and wishes he could see
in it what his sister did. “How happy and calm I should be if I could
now say: `Lord, have mercy on me!’ ” he says. “But to whom should I
say that?”
If, like Bolkonsky, we are not Eastern Orthodox believers, we may
still settle for awe, the earthly pleasure of aesthetic spectacle
linked with historical enlightenment. This show is neither about
early Byzantine history after the settlement of the new capital of
the Roman Empire in Constantinople (the Met’s “Age of Spirituality”
in 1977, the first Byzantine installment, was that), nor does it
cover the apex of Byzantine authority during the Middle Ages, when
the empire dominated Christianity.
It surveys the tottering regime after the Byzantine general Michael
VIII Palaiologos reclaimed Constantinople in 1261 from the Crusaders
who had taken it over in 1204. His successors, surrounded by
increasingly hostile powers, held onto the capital as a tenuous
leader among disparate states in the Byzantine sphere, until the
Ottoman Turks took over once and for all in 1453.
They did no more damage than the Crusaders, who, as Edward Gibbon
wrote in “Decline and Fall,” “trampled underfoot the most venerable
objects.” But Ottomans erased various monuments of the former
imperial city. Melchior Lorck, a Danish draftsman, produced a
meticulous prospect of the Ottoman capital in 1559, which is in the
show: Hagia Sophia had now become the city’s great mosque; the
Byzantine Church of the Holy Apostles, founded by Constantine in the
fourth century, had been torn down to make way for the tomb of Mehmet
the Conqueror.
Ms. Evans has contrived a terminus for the show, 1557. That is when a
German scholar, Hieronymus Wolf, came up with the word Byzantium,
derived from the name of an ancient Greek town, Byzantion, near which
Constantinople was founded, to describe what had then become a
phenomenon of history, a lost empire of Hellenic origins based on the
Bosphorus, the past of Yeats’s future dreams.
This conceit of a late date allows Ms. Evans to sneak in not only
Lorck’s drawings, but also a Persian miniature painting from 1557, of
Sokollu Mehmed, an Ottoman grand vizier, a convert from Eastern
Orthodoxy, in his plumed turban receiving a defeated Hungarian
commander. Byzantine and other cultures mingled long after the fall
of Constantinople.
Art during the late Byzantine era still served what Priscilla Soucek,
an art historian writing in the catalog for “The Glory of Byzantium,”
called “the politics of bedazzlement.” Demonstrating the big and the
small of the bedazzlement initiative were huge icons and miniature
mosaics. Late Byzantine icons had a new depth of pathos: meatier
figures, almost ballooning, advertising grandeur. Miniature mosaics,
hand-size devotional objects, were the era’s gems, sublime
achievements of the Middle Ages, which spoke to unbroken traditions
of refinement.
Manuscripts and paintings in the show, like the ones of Khizan and
Sokollu Mehmed, meanwhile proved the continuing reach of Byzantine
aesthetics, even beyond where we might have thought to look. The last
room of the exhibition, pure magnificence, is a virtual museum of
great Northern Renaissance paintings indebted to icons.
Now Byzantine icons look both ancient and modern. A “Man of Sorrows”
(from Moscow), black and hypnotic, brings to mind late Picasso.
Westerners rediscovered Byzantine painting a century ago. Painters
were inspired, and art critics dreamed up connections. Roger Fry, the
critic, said Cézanne and Gauguin looked Byzantine. Clive Bell wrote
that modern artists “shook hands across the ages with the Byzantine
primitives and with every vital movement that has struggled into
existence since the arts began.”
Abstraction, absent religious conviction, is our instant access route
to these icons, which are, however, fascinating for how they resist
21st-century Western eyes. Billowing robes and sinuous silhouettes
against gold backgrounds form patterns on flat surfaces with luminous
colors. But formal design and repetition, modern attributes, had
other meanings to the Byzantines.
Repetition reinforced a belief that each image, no matter where it
was, in Constantinople or Crete or Cambrai, faithfully represented
the same reality. This reality was not depicted by the image but
contained by it: icons held the “presence” of Christ or the Virgin or
the saints, as if in a kind of limbo, waiting to be activated by the
fervor of the faithful.
That is what mother and child in the Cambrai Madonna are waiting for.
They are waiting for us.
Icons stare out with sometimes disconcerting intimacy, questioning
our certitude about their incarnation. Their formality – what we can
see as proto-modern – is an expression of taxis: the Byzantine belief
that through poise and harmony of design “it was possible for human
beings,” as the historian Peter Brown has put it, “to create little
pools of order in this world which would bring to earth a touch of
the true, inviolable `glory’ of heaven.”
Mr. Brown has also written that Byzantine painting is “a courtly art
in that, at the center, stands a court thought of as a clear mirror
of the court of heaven.”
“But just because that center is, itself, a mirror,” he continues,
“so the glory caught in its reflecting surface can also be caught
faithfully in innumerable smaller mirrors. And in this world of
infinite reflections, what you see is what takes you to the threshold
of what you `fervently long’ to get. Great or small, at
Constantinople or in a distant village, there is always a glory
beyond the glory that you see.”
One of the grand icons in the show is from Novgorod, a metaphor of
reflected glory, painted around 1475. It shows three tiered scenes of
the legend of the siege of the city in 1170 by the army of Suzdal. On
the top, Novgorod’s revered icon of the Virgin Orans is transported
to the state’s fortress before the invaders come. In the middle,
Suzdal soldiers shoot the icon with arrows. At the bottom, avenging
Novgorodians, through the intercession of the tearful Virgin,
awakened from her iconic slumber, thwart their enemies with help from
the Archangel Michael and Russian saints.
The Virgin’s icon, depicted within the icon of the siege, brings
about the return of order, glory within glory, the work itself an
allegory of hoped-for glory, painted when Novgorod was besieged by
Moscow. Although the Ottomans owned Constantinople by then, the
crumbled Byzantine empire clearly endured in faraway places, as a
dream.
>From Novgorod back to Cambrai: mirrored reflections return us to
where we started and where the show ends, with more distant memories
of Byzantine glory. Around 1490, Gerard David, the Renaissance
master, painted a tiny version of the Virgin and Child,
heart-stoppingly beautiful. David’s sources included other Western
painters who also looked at icons like the one in Cambrai, so that
his painting was an evocation of an evocation of an icon, with its
gold background, a touch outmoded in David’s day, purposefully
conjuring up the idea of an ancient relic.
The Virgin is downcast, the child wide-eyed and expectant. The image
is all silence and poise. It is framed as a pendant to be worn around
the neck, like Bolkonsky’s icon. You don’t have to be a true believer
to find heaven in it.